Download Totalitarian,WWII Notes

UNIT 7 – RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM AND WWII
Chapter 17 – World War II and its Aftermath notes
I.
From Appeasement to War
A. Aggression goes unchecked
1. According to the League of Nations (WWI), countries should renounce war as a national policy
2. Japan Overruns Manchuria and Eastern China
a. Japan imperializes Manchuria in 1931
i. League of Nations did nothing to stop them
b. Japan continues imperial notions in china (league does nothing again)
3. Italy Invades Ethiopia
a. With no army to support, Ethiopia was easily overrun by Italy
b. League of Nations tried to stop Italy but had no standing army to provide military support
4. Hitler Goes Against the Treaty of Versailles
a. Builds up German military
b. Sent troops into Rhineland(industrial area of France lost in WWI)
i. Britain and France appease Hitler
5. Keeping the peace
a. Britain and Frances were to poor to stand up against Hitler
i. Neither country wanted another World War (pacifism)
b. U.S. Neutrality Acts – U.S. tried to keep away from European problems
6. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
a. Axis Powers – Italy, Germany, Japan
i. Agreed not to try and stop each others’ imperialistic notions
B. Spain collapses Into Civil War
1. Francisco Franco leads Spanish revolt
a. Spain becomes Fascist
C. German Aggression Continues
1. Hitler has goal of uniting all German people under one government
a. Germans’ had the right to conquer inferior people
2. Austria Annexed
a. German population in Austria helped Hitler take control of Austria
3. The Czech Crisis
a. Sudetenland – area in Czechoslovakia with many Germans living there
i. Hitler wanted to annex it into Germany
ii. Munich Pact
a) France and Britain appeased Hitler’s demands
b) Asked him to stop taking land
4. Peace for our Time
a. Britain and France thought appeasing Hitler would stop the war
D. Europe Plunges Toward War
1. Hitler defies Munich Pact and takes Czechoslovakia
2. Nazi-Soviet Pact
a. Secret pact which Hitler and Stalin would divide up Poland and not fight each other
i. Hitler was trying to prevent Eastern Front War
ii. Stalin was trying to revive poor Russia
3. Invasion of Poland
a. Hitler invades Poland on September 1, 1939
b. Britain and France declare war on Germany
II. The Axis Advances
A. The Axis Attacks
1. Hitler attacks Poland from the West
a. Blitzkrieg – Lightening war
i. Attack your enemy quickly and heavily before they have time to respond
ii. Luftwaffe – German air force that was used to bomb airfields, factories, towns and cities
2. Stalin invades Poland from the West
3. The Miracle at Dunkirk
a. Hitler was able to surround British and French troops
b. British used fishing boats to help soldiers escape off the beaches and return to Britian
4. France Falls
a. Hitler easily overran French Forces
5. Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain)
a. Britain was only non fascist state in Europe
b. Hitler tried to attack Britain through air, bombing cities and civilians
6. Germany Launches the Blitz
7. Hitler Fails to Take Britain
a. British were able to hold off Hitler and create a stalemate
i. Hitler’s first non victory in the war
8. Africa and the Balkans
a. Helped by Germany, Italy was able to take northern Africa and Greece
B. Germany Invades the Soviet Union
1. Operation Barbarossa
2. Hitler wanted to crush communism and get resources in Ural Mountains
3. Soviets were not prepared and forced into a retreat
a. Scored earth strategy – as soviets ran, they set fires to destroy all factories so the Germans could use
them
4. Germany’s Siege of Leningrad
a. Hitler’s forces reach Leningrad (St. Petersburg)
i. Soviets were able to hold off German army until winter
ii. Germans were not prepared for Soviet winter and froze to death
b. Stalin signs agreement with Britain asking for help
C. Life Under Nazi and Japanese Occupation
1. Hitler’s “New Order”
a. Hitler put people of Aryan race in control over countries his army had conquered
i. People of inferior races were put aside for more “living space”
b. Nazi’s took all resources and factories of conquered lands to use in war effort
c. Concentration camps
i. Detention centers for enemies of the state
d. The Nazi’s commit Genocide
i. Hitler’s program to remove people of inferior race
a) Jews, disabled, gays, political and religious leaders who spoke out against Germany, Gypsies
ii. Death Camps
a) Areas designed to help in the removal of the unwanted
b) Hitler hired scientists to devise ways of killing people cheaply and easily
iii. Holocaust – Six million Jews killed
e. Japan’s Brutal Conquest
D. Japan Attacks the United States
1. American Involvement Grows
a. Lend Lease Act – U.S. would lend war materials to “any country whose defense if vital
b. Atlantic Charter
i. U.S. and Britain set goals for the war
2. Japan and the U.S. Face off
3. Attack on Pearl Harbor
a. December 7, 1941 – Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
i. “A Day which will live in infamy”
ii. Got U.S. directly involved in the war
4. Japanese Victories
a. Japan crippled U.S. Pacific fleet b/c of Pearl Harbor
i. Allowed Japan to take early battles in the Pacific
III. The Allies Turn the Tide
A. All-Out War
1. Governments Increase Power
a. War Economy – Allies turned all their industrial factories into ones which produced war products
b. Rationing – only allowing citizens to get some food b/c the rest goes to the soldiers
c. Limited rights of foreigners in their country
i. U.S. put Japanese Americans in Concentration camps
2. Women Help Win the War
a. Women took the jobs of men in the factories
i. Rosie the Riveter
B. The Allies Forge Ahead
1. Japanese Navy Battered
a. Battle of Coral Sea – fought only with Aircraft Carriers
i. Enemy ships never saw each other
ii. Won by U.S.
2. The Big Three Plot Their Strategy
a. U.S. , Britain, Russia (Roosevelt, Churchhill , Stalin)
b. Decided to attack Germany through “soft underbelly of Europe”
i. Africa and Italy
3. Allied Victory in North Africa
a. Led by Dwight Eisenhower
4. Allies Advance Through Italy
a. Defeat Italy and eliminate Mussolini
5. Germans Defeated at Stalingrad
a. Stalingrad
i. Named after Joseph Stalin
ii. Long battle but Russian soldiers refused to give up “namesake city”
C. The Allies Push Toward Germany
1. The D-Day Assault
a. Operation Overlord
b. Largest land and sea operation in history
c. Led by Eisenhower
2. Allies Continue to Advance
a. Once in Europe , allies began pushing Germany back quickly
b. Battle of the Bulge
i. Hitlers Last stand
ii. Almost broke through allied lines, but could not
3. Uneasy Agreement at Yalta
a. Yalta Conference
i. Meeting of Big Three
ii. Agreed to divide Germany up into 4 zones after the war
iii. Russia would help U.S. in Pacific
iv. There would be free elections in Europe after the war
IV. Victory in Europe and the Pacific
A. Nazi’s Defeated
1. V-E Day, Hitler’s troops surrender to Russians in Berlin (1944)
B. Struggle for the Pacific
1. Japanese had controlled much of the Pacific in 1942
a. Very cruel to their captives/POWs
2. Battles of Midway, Coral Sea, Guadalcanal
a. U.S. begins taking offensive
b. Island Hopping
i. Taking small islands on the way to big island (Japan)
ii. Douglas MacArthur
C. Defeat for Japan
1. Invasion or Bomb?
a. Japanese fought very hard
b. Would rather die than become captive (kamikaze)
c. U.S. was working on Atomic weapons
i. Manhattan Project
ii. FDR dies in 1945 and Harry Truman becomes president of United States
a) Truman warns Japan that we have the bomb
2. Utter Devastation
a. Hiroshima
i. August 6, 1945 U.S. drops first Atomic weapon in History
ii. Instantly killed 70,000 people, more to die later from radiation poisoning
b. Nagasaki
i. August 8,1945 U.S. drops second atomic bomb
ii. Killed 40,000 instantly with more to come
c. V-J Day September 2,1945
i. Japan officially surrenders