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Who‟s Who in United States History A. Philip Randolph (1889—1879) He was the founder of the first black labor union and a prominent Civil Rights leader ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) Founded in 1920 by Roger Baldwin, Crystal Eastman, Helen Keller, and Walter Nelles, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonpartisan organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." It works through litigation, lobbying, and community education. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk, focusing in the 1920s on freedom of speech; expanded its scope to include the rights of artists and striking workers, combating racism and discrimination. During the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and for Native American rights. In the 1940s, the ACLU defended Japanese-American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps. This was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany during World War II. His rise to power was marked by nationalism, anti-Semitism and the establishment of a “New Order” where Nazi Germany dominated the world. He was the first American to travel into space; he was also the only of the orginial Mercury astronauts to walk on the Moon. An avid golfer he hit two golf balls from the lunar surface. This was a Scottish-American scientist who is most widely known for his invention of the telephone. Adolf Hitler (1889—1945) Alan Shepard, Jr. (1923—1998) Alexander Graham Bell (1847—1922) Alfred Mahan (1840—1914) American Expeditionary Force (AEF) American Federation Of Labor (AFL) American Indian Movement (AIM) Andrew Carnegie (1835—1919) Andy Warhol (1928—1987) Anti-Imperialist League Anwar Sadat (1918—1987) Axis Forces Axis Of Evil Ayn Rand (1905—1982) Ref 001, Jan 2014 Admiral of the U.S. Navy who encouraged the United States to build up its military strength, changed how America viewed its Navy. This was the official name for the American military force sent to aid the British and French in 1917. This was one of the first labor unions in the United States founded by Samuel Gompers. The AFL was organized for skilled workers only and later merged with the CIO. This was an uprising of Native Americans in the United States that included the seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and a standoff at Wounded Knee. This Scottish-born American industrialist made his fortune in the steel industry. Example: He also was known for giving away millions of dollars to charities at the end of the 19th century. He was an American painter and filmmaker, known for his leadership in the Pop Art movement and coining the phrase “15 minutes of fame.” This group was established in 1898 in opposition to the proposed annexation of the Philippines by the United States government. He was the President of Egypt when the Camp David Accords were reached, but was assassinated three years later in 1981. This was the alliance of nations (Germany, Italy, and Japan) that opposed the Allies in World War II. This term was used by President George W. Bush to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea She was the author of such books as “The Fountainhead” and “Atlas Shrugged.” Replaces previous edition dated Nov 2013 SAB- x5030 Babe Ruth (1895—1948) Baby Boomers Banana Republic Barack Obama (1961—present) Beatles Benito Mussolini (1883—1945) Dr. Benjamin Mays (1894—1984) Betty Friedan (1921—2006) Bill Gates (1955—present) Billy Graham (1918—present) Black Panthers Bob Woodward (1943—present) Booker T. Washington (1856—1915) Buffalo Soldiers Bull Connor (1897—1973) Carrie Nation (1946—1911) Known as the “Sultan of Swat” this baseball great played for the New York Yankees, was the “Home Run King” until 1974, and is often credited with saving the game of baseball after the disgrace of the 1919 World Series. These are the almost 80 million people who were born during a population “explosion” after World War II, between the years 1946-1960. This is a pejorative term used to describe any Central or South American country that is politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and corrupt clique. He was the first African American President elected in the United States, winning the election of 2008 and re-election in 2012. In 1962 the band became popular, and ever since John, Paul, George, and Ringo have arguably become the most important band in Rock and Roll history. He was a leader of Italy during World War II and ally to Adolph Hitler. He created a fascist state through the use of state terror and propaganda. This African-American minister and scholar was the president of Morehouse College from 1940-1967 and mentored Martin Luther King, Jr. He wrote many books and has a high school named in his honor. She was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known her book “The Feminine Mystique” (1963) is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). A businessman and philanthropist, he took a little computer program in the 1970s and 1980s and turned it into the cornerstone of the Microsoft Corporation. Example: His company created the Windows computer system. He was an evangelical minister who held public, outdoor "Crusades" from the 1940s through the early-2000, and has been a spiritual advisor to each President since Harry Truman. This was a political party founded in Oakland by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale on October 15, 1966, advocating a policy of protecting black neighborhoods from police brutality and supporting social welfare programs in major cities around the country. He is an American investigative journalist and non-fiction author who (along with another journalist, Carl Bernstein) while working for the Washington Post in 1972 broke the original story on the Watergate scandal that led to numerous government investigations and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. He was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time; he said blacks could be socially separated from whites, but together on certain other issues. This is the nickname given to black soldiers with the U.S. Cavalry who helped to spread the U.S. westward in the decades following the Civil War. Example: Bob Marley's song "Buffalo Soldiers" is an homage to them and to all AfricanAmericans who helped forge the continent. He was the Public Safety Commissioner of Birmingham, Alabama, in the 1960s, becoming a symbol of bigotry and police brutality when he infamously used fire hoses and police attack dogs against protest marchers. Born before the Civil War, she became a leading proponent of not just temperance but the complete prohibition of alcohol. 2 Cesar Chavez 1927—1993) Chatauqua Movement Chicano Colin Powell (1937—present) Committee on Public Information Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Conservation Movement CORE Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794—1877) Creel Committee Cyrus McCormick (1809—1884) Dorothea Dix (1802—1887) Doughboys Earl Warren (1891—1974) Ed Sullivan (1901—1974) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815—1902) Elvis Presley (1935—1977) Emilio Aguinaldo (1869—1964) Emperor Hirohito (1901—1989) Entrepreneur He was the founder of the National Farm Workers‟ Association, seeking better working conditions and equal rights for his union members. Like Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., he used non-violent protest tactics to win advances for his members. American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th and 20th centuries - brought experts in their subjects into communities to lecture This civil rights movement of the 1960s was formed to guarantee equal rights to Mexican Americans. Example: El Movimiento He was the Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the First Gulf War (1991) and was the Secretary of State (2001-2005) under George W. Bush. Organization also known as the Creel Commission which was responsible for rallying American‟s around the war effort through propaganda This was a federation of unions created to organize industrial workers in the U.S. and Canada between 1935 and 1955. Example: This later joined with the AFL This is the plan for the protection of plant and animal species as well as the habitats they live in from human influences. This became an important issue in America in the late 1800s. This group (Congress Of Racial Equality) was founded in 1942 by James Farmer to coordinate a non-violent resistance movement to Jim Crow laws. He was a U.S. entrepreneur who gained his wealth in the 19th century through shipping and railroads. Example: aka, The Commodore Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (19171919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty Invented mechanical reaper (harvester) Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first US mental asylums This was the nickname given to American infantrymen in World War I. While the origin of the name is unclear, the term is commonly believed to have derived from the buttons on their uniforms that looked like dumplings. The term was replaced by “G.I.” during World War II. This Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 helped determine many decisions by the Supreme Court including racial segregation, civil rights and separation of church and state. His television variety show ran from 1948 until 1971, with the appearance by The Beatles in 1964 being one of the show‟s most famous moments. A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott which would rally for women‟s‟ suffrage This person was an American singer, musician, and actor. One of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century with hits such as “Hound Dog” and “Jailhouse Rock.”, he is often referred to as “the King of Rock and Roll”, or simply, “the King”. Filipino General - helped US take Philippines during Spanish-American war - helped Philippines gain independence from US He was the leader of Japan before, during, and after World War II. This is a person who takes the risk of a new business enterprise. 3 Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Eugene V. Debs (1855—1926) F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) Farmers Alliance Feminist Movement Fidel Castro (1926—present) Flappers Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882—1945) Franz Ferdinand (1863—1914) Free Silver Movement Freedom Rides Gamal Nasser (1918—1970) George Pullman (1831—1897) George Wallace (1919—1998) Georgia O'Keeffe (1887—1986) He was an American author and journalist whose literary works included “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, “A Farewell to Arms”, and “The Sun Also Rises.” His understated literary style had an influence on other authors of the 20th century, while his adventurous life and public image influenced later generations. Hemmingway was one of the “Lost Generation” of authors of the 1920s. He was a US labor leader who ran for president as a member of the Socialist Party and was jailed during the Pullman Strike. This 20th century American writer is best known for his 1925 work “The Great Gatsby” which told of the wealth and opulence of the Jazz Age. Another of the “Lost Generation” Fitzgerald wrote stories of youth and promise along with age and despair including “Tender is the Night” and “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”. This is the name of an organization of agricultural workers who pushed for better economic treatment in the 1880s by trying to raise commodity prices by collective actions of individual farmers (working together). Example: The Grange was part of this movement. This is the movement aimed at equal rights for women. He was the Cuban Marxist-Leninist communist leader of the Cuban Revolution that succeeded in toppling Juan Batista from power in 1959. Castro served as Cuba‟s Prime Minister and President from 1976 to 2008. The nickname given to women of the 1920s who wore their dresses short, their hair shorter, and lived a very active social life. He was the longest-serving president of the United States and the only president elected more than twice; commonly known by his initials FDR proposed a New Deal domestic reform program to lift the U.S. out of the Great Depression and lead the U.S. against Nazi Germany and Japan during World War II. The assassination of this heir to the Austrian throne by a Serbian led to a diplomatic crisis resulting in World War I. A U.S. political issue that occurred in the late 19th century after large silver reserves were found in the U.S. Beginning in May 1961, this was a series of Civil Rights actions in which integrated groups of activists rode commercial buses (such as Greyhound and Trailways) into the segregated South. A US Supreme Court decision in 1960 had said that interstate bus routes could not be segregated, regardless of laws in the individual states they passed through. These actions were designed to test that ruling and to help overturn Jim Crow laws in southern states. He was the second president of Egypt (1956-1970), nationalized the Suez Canal that same year, and held great influence in the Middle East. This 19th Century industrialist is best known for his company's production of the “sleeping car” for railroad travel, and for the 1894 labor strike surrounding its production. He was a four-term governor of Alabama during the height of the civil rights struggles in the South. He is shown here at the door of the University of Alabama, refusing to comply with a federal order to integrate the school on June 11, 1963. She became a major American artist in the 1920s, known mostly for her work painting pictures of flowers of New Mexico where she had moved. O”Keeffe is recognized as the Mother of American Modernism. 4 Golda Meir (1898—1978) She was elected Prime Minister of Israel in 1969 and was Israel‟s first and the world‟s third female to hold such an office. Harry Truman (1884—1972) He was 33rd President of the United States, taking over after the death of Franklin Roosevelt, and was responsible for giving the orders to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945. Henry Cabot Lodge (1850—1924) Hideki Tojo (1884-1948) Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations He was a General in the Japanese Imperial Army and the country's Prime Minister during World War II. Horace Greeley (1811-1872) “Go West, young man” is a quote by American author Horace Greeley concerning America‟s expansion westward, related to the then-popular concept of Manifest Destiny. Greeley favored westward expansion. He saw the fertile farmland of the west as an ideal place for people willing to work hard for the opportunity to succeed. This is the name of the group in the House of Representatives (House Un-American Activities Committee) that, in 1947, began hearings to expose communist infiltration in American life. Unfortunately, a good deal of the evidence they used was based on hearsay and conjecture, meaning innocent people were harmed by their findings. These men were bitter opponents of the Treaty of Versailles in the United States in 1919. Specifically, the term refers to about 12 to 18 United States Senators, both Republicans and Democrats, who fought intensely to defeat the ratification of the treaty by the Senate in 1919. They succeeded, and the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the League of Nations. He was a U.S. banker and financier who was a leader in corporate finance and industrial mergers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Morgan refinanced railroads during the depression of 1893; built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competing railroads. This was the first African-American major league baseball player. He started playing first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947 ending over 6 decades of racial segregation and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement. Early 1900s muckraker (investigative reporter) who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel “How The Other Half Lives”; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen to the middle class Americans prompting social reform. In 1962, this African American Air Force veteran won a federal case that allowed him to enroll in the University of Mississippi, an all-white school. Meredith used Kennedy‟s inaugural address to exercise his constitutional right to civil rights granted all Americans. Jessie Owens was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the sprints and the long jump. He participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals and beating the Nazi as well as other country‟s athletes; he was considered the most successful athlete at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The New York industrialist who made hundreds of millions of dollars in the 19th century with his Standard Oil Company controlling 90% of oil refining capability nationwide and pioneered the corporate strategy of vertical integration. He was White House Counsel (1969-1970) under Richard Nixon, was partially responsible for attempting to cover up information during the Watergate Scandal, and was convicted of felonies for his role in that cover-up. HUAC Irreconcilables J. P. Morgan (1837—1913) Jackie Robinson (1919—1972) Jacob Riis (1849—1914) James Meredith (1933—present) James Cleveland (Jessie) Owens (1913—1980) John D. Rockefeller (1839—1937) John Ehrlichman (1925—1999) 5 John J. Pershing (1860—1948) The 35th President of the United States, he was known for leading the failed “Bay of Pigs” invasion, successfully leading the country during the “Cuban Missile Crisis”, and for being assassinated while in Dallas, Texas, in November of 1963. John Glenn is a retired USMC pilot, astronaut, and current U.S. senator from Ohio. On February 20, 1962, he flew the Friendship 7 mission and became the first American to orbit the Earth and the fifth person in space. On October 29, 1998, while still a sitting Senator, he became the oldest person to fly in space, and the only one to fly in both the Mercury and Space Shuttle programs, when at age 77, he flew on Discovery (STS-95). This US General was in charge of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in World War I. He is known for his tough demeanor and his nickname, “Blackjack.” John Steinbeck (1902—1968) This 20th century American author is best known for writing “Of Mice and Men” (1937), “The Grapes of Wrath” (1939) and “East of Eden” (1952). Joseph Pulitzer (1847—1911) He was a powerful newspaper publisher, known both for helping create “yellow journalism” and, later, for the prize created in his name that honors excellence in journalism. He was the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 through 1953. Example: When we hang the capitalists, they will sell us the rope we use to do it! John F. Kennedy (1917—1963) John Glenn (1921 to present) Joseph Stalin (1878—1911) Knights of Labor Labor Langston Hughes (1902—1967) League Of Nations Lincoln Steffens (1866—1936) Lost Generation Louis Armstrong (1901—1971) Louis Farrakhan (1933—present) Lucretia Mott (1793—1880) Lyndon Johnson (1908—1973) Malcolm X (1925—1965) Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929—1968) This is the name of a secret labor union founded in 1896 in Philadelphia to protect the rights of all who worked for a living. First union to allow all laborers This is one of the main factors of production. It is the measure of the work done by people. He was a prolific African-American poet, novelist and playwright who is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. This is an international organization whose goals included disarmament; preventing war through collective security; settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy and improving global welfare, it was to be formed after WWI. He was a “muckraker” during the Progressive Era, best known for his “The Shame of the Cities” which exposed the political corruption found in major U.S. cities. This is a nickname given to a group of American artists and authors who lived in Paris after World War I. This musical pioneer gained fame with his trumpet and his raspy singing voice, and his improvisational style had a major impact on the development of jazz. He has led the Nation of Islam since 1978, after the death of Elijah Muhammad and the subsequent split of the Nation into two main groups. He was the organizer of the Million Man March to Washington, DC in 1995. A leading anti-slavery advocate prior to the Civil War, Mott used that experience to advocate for universal suffrage allying with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to help organize the Seneca Falls Convention for women‟s suffrage. He was the 36th President, and took over following the assassination of his predecessor, John Kennedy, in 1963. He escalated US involvement in the Vietnam war by sending over 550,000 American troops to fight; domestically his “Great Society” upheld civil rights, environmental protection, aid for education, the creation of Medicare and Medicaid and his “War on Poverty”. Often associated with confrontational Civil Rights protest, he was a leader in the Nation of Islam in the United States, an early advocate of “Black Power,” but became a more moderate voice in the Civil Rights movement before his assassination in 1965. This was an American clergyman, humanitarian, and political activist who was the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement. MLK focused on using nonviolent civil disobedience to achieve his goal of advancing of civil rights for all people. 6 Medgar Evers (1925—1963) He was an African American civil rights leader and NAACP official who was assassinated in Mississippi in 1963. Menachem Begin (1913—1992) He was the Prime Minister of Israel (1977-1983) and worked to bring peace with Egypt in the Camp David Accords of 1978. Modernism This refers to the general term describing artistic and cultural movements of the 20th century and beyond. This is the name of the conservative religious special interest group that was founded by Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979. This group of authors and journalists wrote of horrible working conditions in American industry in the early 20th century, resulting in more governmental protection of workers. Example: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle is the most popular example of Muckraking literature. This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). Members have referred to it as The National Association. 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers This is the historical term given to the people who inhabited North America prior to European colonization and after. Example: Do not confuse this group with the Indians who live in the country of India. In order to be President, a person must be ______ ______, 35 years of age, and 14 years a resident of the United States. In the late 19th century, this political and social movement swept through the United States, its followers believing that all people who were not born in the U.S. and were of European heritage should be banned from the country. This is an international organization (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) created by the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by the Soviet Union. This Indian tribe, led by Chief Joseph, attempted to flee to Canada rather than go to a reservation, though this eventually failed in 1877. Example: The name means “Pierced Noses.” The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and where the first meeting took place in July 1905. The Niagara Movement was a call for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington. He was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Bay of Pigs invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Moral Majority Muckrakers NAACP National Labor Union Native American Native Born Nativism NATO Nez Perce Niagara Movement Nikita Khrushchev (1894—1971) NLRB Norman Rockwell (1894—1978) Norman Vincent Peale NOW OAS This was a U. S. government agency (National Labor Relations Board) charged with administering the National Labor Relations Act (1935). He was a 20th century American artist who is best known for this idealistic paintings, such as those for war bond advertisements and for his version of “Rosie the Riveter.” He was a well-known minister and conservative political supporter of the midto-late 1900s whose book “The Power of Positive Thinking” was a national best seller for many years. This is an American feminist group (National Organization for Women) founded in 1966 that seeks to advance women to equal standing with men. This is the name of a group of countries in the Western Hemisphere that was created after World War II to strengthen cooperation on democratic values, defend common interests and debate the major issues facing the region and the world (Organization of American States). 7 OPEC Pablo Picasso (1881—1973) Pancho Villa (1873—1923) PLO Political Machine Populists (Populist Party) Progressive Movement Reservationists Robber Barons Robert F. Kennedy (1925—1968) Robert LaFollette (1855—1925) Ronald Reagan (1911—2004) Rosa Parks (1913—2005) Rosie the Riveter Rough Riders Ruby Bridges (1954— ) Saddam Hussein (1937—2006) Samuel Gompers (1850—1924) This is an international cartel (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) developed in 1965 to stabilize international oil prices, oversee petroleum imports and investments. He was a Spanish artist who, in the early 20th century, pioneered the Cubist style of painting. This Mexican revolutionary was the focus of a U.S. military expedition in 1916 and 1917 after he led several deadly raids on towns in the southwest United States. This is a multi-party confederation (Palestinian Liberation Organization) founded in 1964 representing the Arab peoples of the Middle East. They have been in constant conflict with Israel over disputed lands. This term refers to a political structure in which a powerful „boss‟ commands the support of followers who receive favors in exchange for their efforts. Example: They were common in many major cities in the late 1800s, but the most notorious of all was the „Tammany Hall‟ machine in New York run by „Boss‟ William Tweed. Founded in 1891 this movement advocated state control of railroads, currency expansion (the so-called free coinage of silver and paper money), national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. (1901 -1917) Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax. Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made; this group was led by Henry Cabot Lodge. American capitalists of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales). Example: Rockefeller, Carnegie He was Attorney General of the United States under his brother, John Kennedy. He was killed while running for President himself. Republican Senator from Wisconsin who ran for president under the Progressive Party. He was a proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations. He won Presidential elections in 1980 and 1984, and is credited by many with bringing hope and optimism back to the United States. Example: The oldest person to be President of the United States (aged 78). She was a Civil Rights leader who, in 1955, refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Her actions led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott that eventually led to the court-ordered end of segregation on the city's busses. Cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes. At the age of 6, she became famous for becoming the first African American child to attend and all-white school in the American south, New Orleans, Louisiana. He was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. He was in power during the Persian Gulf War and repressed independence movements of groups within Iraq. He was the founder and leader of the American Federation of Labor for 38 years and worked for higher wages for laborers and against socialist and communist presence within the movement. 8 Scabs SCLC SEATO Semi-skilled Labor Sioux Sitting Bull (1831—1890) SNCC Solid South Steve Jobs (1955—2011) Stokely Carmichael (1941—1998) Strom Thurmond (1902—2003) The Honorable Elijah Muhammad (1897—1975) The Nation of Islam Theodore Roosevelt (1875—1919) Thomas Edison (1847—1931) Workers called in by an employer to replace striking laborers. Using scab allows a company that is under a strike to continue working and to avoid having to bargain with the union or workers. This is a civil rights organization (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) that was instrumental in the 60s Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King was its first president and it is rooted in nonviolent civil disobedience. This is the name of a group of countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, that was created after World War II to act as a mutual defense for the member states (South East Asia Treaty Organization). It is similar to NATO in Europe. Workers that may master a specific job with a few weeks of limited training. This is the name given to the Native American ethnic group of the Great Plains, represented by such leaders as Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud. Example: Custer at Little Big Horn He was the Lakota Indian Chief who helped defeat General Custer in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876, and whose arrest helped to set off the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee. This group (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was formed in 1960 to organize peaceful disobedience to segregation laws throughout the American South. They played key roles in organizing the Freedom Rides in 1961 and the famous March on Washington two years later. The term Solid South describes the electoral support of the Southern United States for Democratic Party candidates from 1877 (the end of Reconstruction) to 1964 (the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). During this time, the vast majority of local and state officeholders in the South were Democrats, as were federal politicians the region sent to Washington, D.C. In the late 1970s his company, Apple, developed and released the first "personal" computer. Example: Macs and iPods Known as Kwame Ture until his death in 1998, he was a TrinidadianAmerican activist in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and later as the “Honorary Prime Minister” of the Black Panther Party. Initially an integrationist, he later became affiliated with black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements. He is known for having widely promoted the phrase, “Black Power.” He was South Carolina's governor from 1947 to 1951, a former segregationist presidential candidate, and a U.S. Senator from 1956 to 2003. He led the Nation of Islam from 1935 to 1975, taking over leadership of the group from its founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad. He is also known for having been a mentor to Malcolm X. His most famous book is called “Message to the Blackman in America.” This is a religious group founded in Detroit, Michigan, by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. It strives to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of the black men and women of America. It also promotes the belief that God will bring about a universal government of peace. The letters on the group's flag stand for Justice, Freedom, Equality, and Islam. This was a 26th President of the United States; hero of the SpanishAmerican War; Panama canal was built during his administration; said “Speak softly but carry a big stick” (1858-1919). He was considered by many to be the nation‟s first conservation President. Example: He was the youngest person ever to be President. Known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” he is famous for his hundreds of inventions, including the incandescent light bulb, phonograph, the Dictaphone, and hundreds of others. 9 Thurgood Marshall (1908—1993) United Nations Unskilled Labor Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) W.E.B. DuBois (1868—1963) Wilhelm II (1859—1941) William Jennings Bryan (1860—1925) William Faulkner (1897—1901) This was the African-American lawyer who won the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 and eventually became the first African-American Supreme Court Justice in 1967. This is an international organization created following World War II to provide a way to negotiate disputes. Workers who are not trained to do a specific task or operate specialized machinery. Muckraking author who wrote a book (The Jungle) about the horrors of food productions in 1906. Black civil rights activist, historian, sociologist, author, and editor; DuBois was the first black to earn a doctorate from Harvard, he was a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Atlantic University and one of the cofounders of the NAACP in 1909. His insistence on full civil rights and political representation broke with his fellow civil rights leader Booker T. Washington because of the former‟s opposition to the Atlanta Compromise. He was the German Emperor from 1888 to 1918 and led Germany into World War I. Principle figure in the Populist Party. He served as Secretary of State under President Wilson (he resigned in protest of the lack of involvement of the US in WWI). In 1925 he served as the state‟s prosecutor in the Scopes Trial. Many consider this Mississippi author the most important and accomplished Southern writer in the 20th Century. Example: The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1937) William McKinley (1843—1901) He was the U.S. President during the Spanish-American War, but was later assassinated in 1901. William Randolph Hearst (1863—1951) William Seward (1801—1872) William Tweed (1823—1878) Winston Churchill (1874—1965) A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism." US Secretary of State who negotiated purchase of Alaska from Russia in his quest to achieve Manifest Destiny. Most famous political machine boss - headquartered in NYC Wobblies A radical labor union with many Socialists that focused on unskilled workers. It mainly represented western miners. Lumbermen, migrant farm workers, and some eastern textile workers. He was 28th President of the United States; led the United States through World War I, his 14 point plan was the basis for the Treaty of Versailles and secured the formation of the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson (1856—1924) Alvin York (1887—1964) Zelda Fitzgerald (1900—1948) Zora Neale Hurston (1891—1960) He was a British statesman and leader during World War II. Known also by his rank, Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I, receiving the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers, and capturing 132 others. This was a prolific female artist and writer from Alabama. Wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald. This Harlem Renaissance author produced four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays. Example: She is best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. 10