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Parallel Structure A balancing act in writing Parallel Structure: Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Parallel Structure Rules O For a list of actions or items, you must maintain parallel structure. O To do this, use equal grammatical units. If the first item is a noun, then the following items must also be nouns; if the first item is a verb, then make the other items verbs as well. How does parallel structure look with nouns? O Parallel structure, the correct way to write, looks like this: O At the garden store, Larissa bought , , and . . O At the garden store, Larissa bought trees, flowers, and shrubs. O Each underlined word is structurally the same just like the three pictures are the same; we call that a parallelism. How does parallel structure look with verbs? O Parallel structure, the correct way to write, looks like this: O At the garden store, Larissa bought , , and . O At the garden store, Larissa lugged trees to her cart, selected bright pink flowers, and hastily grabbed green shrubs. O Each underlined word is structurally the same just like the three pictures are the same; we call that a parallelism. What does nonparallel structure look like? O Nonparallel structure does not follow the formula. It looks like this: O At the garden store, Larissa bought , , and . O At the garden store, Larissa bought trees, flowers, and hastily grabbed green shrubs. O The first two words in the list are nouns. The final part is a verb. They do not match; therefore, they are not parallel. The Solution O Once you discover a nonparallel item, you have two options. O First, you can make it conform to the other grammatical items in the sentence. O Look at this example: O We spent the hour in the waiting room reading old magazines, eating stale cookies from the vending machine, and we wiggled on the hard plastic chairs. O Explain both ways to fix this. Special Cases O Not only ... but also, either ... or, and 1 2 neither ... nor are all phrases that require 3 special attention when you are proofreading for parallelism. These correlative conjunctions require equal grammatical units after both parts of the conjunction. Case #1: Not only…but also O You can have two main clauses like this: O Not only did Jerome buy flowers for his mother, but he also purchased a bouquet for Yolanda, his wife. O “buy flowers” and “purchased a bouquet” work because they are both verbs; in this case, they have to be used in different tenses, but they are still parallel. Case #2: Either…or O For a shorter sentence, use two prepositional phrases: O (prepositional phrase= preposition + object of the preposition) O Jerome bought flowers not only for his mother but also for Yolanda, his wife. O “for his mother” and “for Yolanda, his wife” are both prepositional phrases O This is a parallelism because the two prepositions are equal grammatical units. Case #3: Neither…nor O Or you can have two nouns as this version does: O Jerome bought flowers for neither his mother nor Yolanda, his wife. O “his mother” and “Yolanda, his wife” are both nouns. O This is grammatically correct because both are nouns, which follows parallel structure. O All of the previous information can be accessed at http://chompchomp.com/rules/structurerules.htm Simple Examples: O Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. (All are gerunds) O Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. (All are infinitives) O The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. (All are adverbs) Practice! O Using the handout, follow along with the interactive presentation. O Mark the answers down on your paper as we go! O http://chompchomp.com/str ucture01/structure01.01.htm Let’s Practice! O For the next four slides, you will see an image. O Create a parallelism or a sentence with parallel structure for each image. O This can be done on your notes. O Make sure to follow the formula and rules! Show what you know! O Complete the handout and turn it in to the folder when you finish. O Make sure you write your name! Ticket out the Door O On a half sheet of paper, respond to the following question: How does using parallel structure enhance my writing?