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The plate tectonic story Earth science for KS3 geography Earth Science Education Unit www.earthscienceeducation.com © The Earth Science Education Unit Copyright is waived for original material contained herein if it is required for use within the laboratory or classroom. Copyright material included from other publishers rests with them. www.earthscienceeducation.com New cover to be added here The plate tectonic story Earth science for KS3 geography The plate tectonic story Summary ‘The plate tectonic story’ workshop gets to grips with the wideranging evidence for the theory that underpins our detailed modern understanding of our dynamic planet – the theory of Plate Tectonics. The workshop begins with an introduction and progresses through a series of activities that are designed to help students develop their understanding. It uses several independent sources of evidence supporting the theory, including using rock and fossil evidence, seismic records, geothermal patterns, geomagnetism, and large-scale topographical features, both above and below sealevel. The workshop provides a reconstruction of plate movements over the past 450 million years which explains the record contained in the rocks of the UK - of an amazing journey across the face of our planet. It concludes by investigating some of the Earth hazards linked to plate tectonics, and how we can reduce loss of life. The plate tectonic story Workshop outcomes The workshop and its activities provide the following outcomes: • an introduction to plate tectonics; • distinction between the ‘facts’ of plate tectonics and the evidence used to support plate tectonic theory; • a survey of some of the evidence supporting plate tectonic theory; • explanation of some of the hazards caused by plate tectonic processes earthquakes and eruptions • methods of teaching the abstract concepts of plate tectonics, using a wide range of teaching approaches, including practical and electronic simulations; • approaches to activities designed to develop the thinking and investigational skills of students; • an integrated overview of the concepts involved in teaching the processes of plate tectonics, as described in the KS3 geography curriculum. The plate tectonic story • • • • • • • • • • • Think through the processes using this wide range of activities: Note: those practical activities needing apparatus/materials are shown with a * The big picture and the ‘facts’ of plate • Faults in a Mars™ Bar* tectonics • The magnetic stripes evidence* Geobattleships* • Destructive plate margins - recycling The earthquake distribution evidence material Why are the Earth’s tectonic plates • Plates in Motion – cardboard replica* called plates?* • Fold Mountains in a Chocolate Box* The seismic evidence for the structure • Continental jigsaws* of the Earth • Plate Animation – Britain’s journey Properties of the Mantle – potty putty™* • What is the speed of a plate? Push, pull or drag – simulating solid • Plate Riding – how is the plate you live convection on moving now? From Magnetic Globe to Magnetic Rock • Brickquake – can earthquakes be Evidence* predicted?* The heat flow evidence • How Predictable are Volcanic Evidence from the age of the sea floor Eruptions? – party popper simulation* Constructive plate margins - adding new plate material The plate tectonic story Carry out risk assessments before the following activities: Model Earth - PlasticineTM spheres Magnetic stripes ‘Brickquake’ – can earthquakes be predicted? How predictable are volcanic eruptions? - party popper simulation The plate tectonic story The big picture and the ‘facts’ of plate tectonics The plate tectonic story The Earth has a crust, mantle, outer and inner core Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core The plate tectonic story The upper part of the mantle and the crust Over geological time the mantle can flow Replace The plate tectonic story A subduction zone When one plate goes down it partially melts and volcanoes are produced The plate tectonic story A subduction zone Sometimes the molten rock cools down below the surface The plate tectonic story A subduction zone When two plates carrying continents collide – mountain chains are built The plate tectonic story An oceanic ridge If plates are being destroyed, new plate material must be being made somewhere else … at new plate margins The plate tectonic story Map of plates The result is - the map of plate margins today The plate tectonic story ● So – that is the ‘big picture’ of plate tectonics ● But plate tectonics is not a series of facts, as suggested in the story above, but is a theory supported by evidence ● But what is this evidence and how does it support the theory? Note: The theory of plate tectonics is outlined in narrative form as the ‘Story for teachers: plate tectonics’ on an early page of the ‘The plate tectonic story’ booklet. The plate tectonic story Where on Earth are earthquakes and volcanoes? - Geobattleships The plate tectonic story Where on Earth are earthquakes and volcanoes? - Geobattleships Earthquakes Volcanoes The plate tectonic story Distribution of earthquakes – what does the distribution show? The plate tectonic story Distribution of earthquakes – what does the distribution show? Plate margins – shown by earthquake distributions Plate shapes Deep focus earthquakes = subduction Shallow focus earthquakes only = constructive margins The plate tectonic story Why are the Earth’s tectonic plates called plates? The plate tectonic story The seismic evidence for the structure of the Earth The plate tectonic story Velocities of P and S waves as they travel into the Earth The plate tectonic story The structure of the Earth – from the seismic evidence crust average 15 km thick The plate tectonic story The lithosphere, asthenosphere and below: Note 1. The crust has a mean thickness of 35 km beneath continents and 6 km beneath oceans giving an overall mean of about 15 km. Note 2. The crust is too thin to form plates – plates are made of rigid lithosphere – around 100 km in thickness The plate tectonic story Modelling the lithosphere and asthenosphere (?) The plate tectonic story Modelling the lithosphere and asthenosphere (?) The crust – trainers The extreme upper mantle – skate board The asthenosphere wheels The asthenosphere (wheels) flows, carrying the plate of lithosphere = trainers (crust) + extreme upper mantle (skateboard) along The plate tectonic story Properties of the mantle – Potty Putty™ Showing how the solid mantle can flow The plate tectonic story Modelling the mantle The plate tectonic story What drives the plates? The plate tectonic story What drives the plates? The plate tectonic story What drives the plates? The plate tectonic story The magnetic evidence From magnetic globe to magnetic rock evidence The plate tectonic story Model magnetic Earth The plate tectonic story Preserving remanent magnetisation The plate tectonic story The heat flow evidence The pattern of heat flow from the Earth Replace The plate tectonic story The pattern of heat flow from the Earth High heat flow – from rising current at ridge Heat flow reducing as plate cools Replace Lowest heat flow at trench High heat flow from volcanicity The plate tectonic story The age of the ocean floor evidence: ocean floors are young where new plate is being formed, becoming older outwards The plate tectonic story Evidence from the age of the sea floor Photograph of 'The Geological Map of the World’. © Open University Age of the sea floor – youngest = dark yellow, oldest = pale green The plate tectonic story Constructive plate margins adding new plate material The plate tectonic story Activity at an oceanic ridge – a constructive plate margin The plate tectonic story Mid-Atlantic ridge http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-ocean-bathymetric-map (Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal) The plate tectonic story Black smoker activity The plate tectonic story Icelandic-type eruption The plate tectonic story Ancient pillow lavas The plate tectonic story Faults in a Mars™ bar Modelling a constructive plate margin The plate tectonic story Faults in a Mars™ bar The plate tectonic story Faults in a Mars™ bar central ‘rift valley' rigid ‘lithosphere’ moving left rigid ‘lithosphere’ moving right ductile flowing ‘asthenosphere' solid ‘mantle' The plate tectonic story The magnetic stripes evidence Research ship used to tow magnetometer The plate tectonic story The equipment used The plate tectonic story The plate tectonic story The plate tectonic story Destructive plate margins - recycling material The plate tectonic story Destructive plate margins - recycling material Ocean v ocean destructive plate margin – one oceanic plate subducted beneath another Ocean v continent destructive plate margin – an oceanic plate subducted beneath a continental plate Continent v continent destructive plate margin – two continental plates colliding The plate tectonic story Ocean-ocean convergence The plate tectonic story Destructive plate margins: where plate material is recycled A satellite view of the Aleutian Islands, Pacific Ocean The plate tectonic story Island arc volcanism Zavodovski Island, South Sandwich Island, South Atlantic The plate tectonic story Ocean-continent convergence The plate tectonic story Ocean-continent convergence: Mount St Helens The plate tectonic story Continent-continent convergence The plate tectonic story Plates in motion – cardboard replica A working model of how colliding continents produce mountain chains The Tibetan Plateau, Himalayas The plate tectonic story Continent-continent convergence The rapid northward drift of the Indian plate (at 15-40cm per year) produced the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau when it collided with the Eurasian plate. Folds at Lhotse (Himalayas) The plate tectonic story Plates in motion: cardboard replica plates in motion The plate tectonic story Plates in motion: cardboard replica plates in motion The plate tectonic story Plates in motion: cardboard replica plates in motion The plate tectonic story Fold mountains in a chocolate box The plate tectonic story Fold mountains in a chocolate box Note: This activity forms part of the ‘Dynamic Rock Cycle’ ESEU workshop The plate tectonic story Fold mountains in a chocolate box Note: This activity forms part of the ‘Dynamic Rock Cycle’ ESEU workshop The plate tectonic story Fold mountains in a chocolate box The ‘squeezebox’ set up for tensional forces The plate tectonic story Continental jigsaws - the ‘matching’ evidence The plate tectonic story The continental jigsaw (the outlines of the Gondwana continents) The plate tectonic story The continental jigsaw (continental shelf match at 1000m depth below sea level) The plate tectonic story The continental jigsaw (former distribution of ice across the Gondwana continents) The plate tectonic story The continental jigsaw The distribution of ancient rocks across South America and Africa The distribution of younger rocks across South America and Africa up to the beginning of the continental split The plate tectonic story The continental jigsaw (distribution of land/freshwater animals and plants in the continents of ‘Gondwanaland’) The plate tectonic story Plate animation - Britain’s journey The plate tectonic story Map of plates The plate tectonic story What is the speed of a plate? The plate tectonic story What am I doing? Published by Jim Henderson under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication as File:30th St hiline balancing on rails jeh.jpg The plate tectonic story Plate-riding The plate tectonic story Plate-riding ‘How fast am I going?’ ‘What is happening in front of me?’ ‘In which direction am I travelling?’ ‘What is happening behind me?’ ‘How can I tell I’m moving?’ The plate tectonic story Plate-riding ‘How fast am I going?’ (as fast as our fingernails grow); ‘In which direction am I travelling?’ (towards the East); ‘What is happening behind me?’ (new plate material is being formed, as in Iceland); ‘What is happening in front of me?’ (I’m heading towards the Japanese subduction zone, with its earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains); ‘How can I tell I’m moving?’ (GPS measurements over several years, magnetic stripe evidence; evidence from the age of ocean floor sediments.) The plate tectonic story Brickquake – can earthquakes be predicted? How earthquakes work – and how difficult they are to predict The plate tectonic story Brickquake – can earthquakes be predicted? How earthquakes work – and how difficult they are to predict The plate tectonic story ‘Brickquake’ – can earthquakes be predicted? ‘Brickquake’ results Distance moved (cm) Force (Newtons) Relative energy released 2 15 30 7.5 45 337.5 3.5 35 122.5 4 25 100 The plate tectonic story How predictable are volcanic eruptions? – party popper simulation The plate tectonic story Copyright Needs checking: - add two photos by David Bailey of Slab drag and photo of person balancing for ‘plate surfing’ ‘Brickquake’ © ESEU Set up for the party popper activity © Peter Kennett Mid ocean ridge © Press & Siever, redrawn by ESEU Ocean-ocean convergence (subduction zone) - reproduced with kind permission of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), redrawn by ESEU The Internal structure of the Earth - reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU The upper part of the mantle and the crust © Chris King and Dee Edwards, redrawn by ESEU Molten rocks cools down below the surface - reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU Two plates carrying continents collide - reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU Map of plates - reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU Cover from ‘The Origin of Continents and Oceans’ © Dover Publications Inc Similar shapes of coastline © Author/origin unknown – redraw by Peter Kennett The Geology of the South American and African coast areas © Dover Publications Inc Distribution of land/freshwater animals and plants in the continents of ‘Gondwanaland’ - reproduced with kind permission of USGS An alternative explanation of the distribution of fossil plants and animals © Continental Drift: A Study of the Earth’s Moving Surface (1972), redrawn by ESEU © Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Traces of the Permo-Carboniferous inland glaciation … © Dover Publications Inc Displacement of Greenland © Dover Publications Inc Debating the reconstruction of the super-continent of ‘Gondwanaland’ © Peter Kennett The Continental jigsaws (the outlines of the Gondwana continents) © Author/origin unknown – redraw by Peter Kennett The Continental jigsaw, continental shelf © Andrew McLeish in ‘Geological Science’ The Continental jigsaws (former distribution of ice across the Gondwana continents) © Andrew McLeish in ‘Geological Science’ Distribution of ancient rocks across South America and Africa © Andrew McLeish in ‘Geological Science’ The plate tectonic story Copyright continued… Distribution of younger rocks across South America and Africa - source unknown, redrawn by ESEU Petri-dish magnetic field preserved in iron filings in wax © Michèle Bourne, ESEU Marking the points and direction of magnetism using cocktail sticks © ESEU Model magnetic Earth (Plasticine™ sphere) © Peter Kennett Magnetic inclination plotted against latitude (graph) © Chris King Battleship grid - Where on Earth are earthquakes and volcanoes? © Dave Turner Galunggung eruption by USGS – image in the public domain Photograph, ‘North All Trucks’ © USGS Distribution of earthquakes - source unknown, redrawn by ESEU The Internal structure of the Earth - reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU Graph of 'Velocities of P and S waves as they travel into the Earth © ESTA, redrawn by ESEU The Structure of the Earth – from the seismic evidence – reproduced with kind permission of USGS, redrawn by ESEU The lithosphere, asthenosphere and below © ESEU Skateboard x 2 © Peter Kennett, ESEU Picture of a plate © Peter Kennett Student pulling Potty Putty™ © ESEU Photographs of Potty Putty™ x 3 © Peter Kennett The pattern of heat flow from the Earth © Chris King & Dee Edwards, redrawn by ESEU ‘Sea bed’ by National Science Foundation – image in the public domain The plate tectonic story Copyright continued… ‘Ancient pillow lava’ by US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration – image in the public domain The age of the sea floor © Dale S. Sawyer: http://plateboundary.rice.edu/home.html ‘Submarine volcano’ by US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration – image in the public domain 'Mid-Atlantic Ridge' Map © Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-oceanbathymetric-map ‘Black Smoker’ by US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration – image in the public domain Black Smoker © This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics, USGS Icelandic-type eruption - reproduced with kind permission of U.S. Department of Interior, USGS Ancient Pillow lavas © Peter Kennett Gap between the North American and Eurasian continental plates © Randomskk Faults in a MarsTM Bar x 2 © Peter Kennett Research ship used to tow magnetometer © Peter Kennett Photograph of ‘the equipment used’ to show magnetic anomalies © Peter Kennett Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge © Geoscience, redrawn by ESEU Magnetic evidence for ocean floor spreading © This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics, USGS, redrawn by ESEU Classroom demonstration of concepts … © ESTA, redrawn by ESEU Destructive Plate Margins – recycling material © US Geological Survey, redrawn by ESEU The plate tectonic story Copyright continued… Oceanic ridge © ESTA, redrawn by ESEU ‘A satellite view of the Aleutian Islands, Pacific Ocean’ by NASA - image in the public domain Zavadovski Island © Peter Kennett Mount St Helens © USGS/Cascades Volcano Observatory Volcano in the lab video © Peter Kennett ‘The Tibetan Plateau, Himalayas’ by NASA – image in the public domain Folds at Lhotse (Himalayas) by Michael Searle © University of Oxford Eurasian Plate (India's movement) © This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics, USGS, redrawn by ESEU Continent-continent convergence, India’s movement © This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics, USGS, redrawn by ESEU Cardboard replica of plates in motion (photograph) © ESEU Cardboard replica of plates in motion (diagram) © ESTA, redrawn by ESEU Fold mountains in a chocolate box x 3 © Peter Kennett Image from Britain's Journey animation © Cambridge Paleomap Services Ltd Map of Plates © This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics, USGS, redrawn by ESEU Photograph of 'The Geological Map of the World’ © Open University ‘Surfer’ by Agc – image in the public domain ‘Surfer’ by United States Marine Corps – image in the public domain / Image of the Earth © Noldoaran How Predictable are Volcanic Eruptions? - party popper simulation © Peter Kennett, ESEU The plate tectonic story Workshop outcomes The workshop and its activities provide the following outcomes: • an introduction to plate tectonics; • distinction between the ‘facts’ of plate tectonics and the evidence used to support plate tectonic theory; • a survey of some of the evidence supporting plate tectonic theory; • explanation of some of the hazards caused by plate tectonic processes - earthquakes and eruptions • methods of teaching the abstract concepts of plate tectonics, using a wide range of teaching approaches, including practical and electronic simulations; • approaches to activities designed to develop the thinking and investigational skills of students; • an integrated overview of the plate tectonic concepts involved in teaching the processes of plate tectonics, as described in the KS3 geography curriculum. The plate tectonic story The plate tectonic story Earth Science for KS3 Geography Earth Science Education Unit www.earthscienceeducation.com © The Earth Science Education Unit Copyright is waived for original material contained herein if it is required for use within the laboratory or classroom. Copyright material included from other publishers rests with them. Download all sizes Use this file The plate tectonic story on the web Use this file •File Email a link I,on thea wiki •File history copyrig •File usage htto this file Information •Metadata File:30th St hiline balancing on rails jeh.jpg From Wikimedia Commons holder about reusing of this work, Size of this preview: 735 × 600 pixels. 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