Download 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Traditional uses of medicinal plants in

Literature review
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Traditional uses of medicinal plants in fertility regulation
A large number of plants or their extracts have been used as antifertility
agents in traditional medicine in indigenous systems of medicine in different
countries throughout the world. Throughout history, women have tried to control
their fertility with various levels of societal support. The information was passed
from mother to daughter and generation to generation. Many herbal remedies are
traditionally used as contraceptives (to prevent ovulation or fertilization),
abortifacients (to prevent implantation), emmenagogue (to stimulate uterine flow)
or oxytocic (to stimulate uterine contractions, particularly to promote labour)
agents1. This study presents certain data indicating that traditional medical systems
practised by various ethnic groups all over the world employed plants/plant based
formulations as means of birth-control measures.
The use of plants as abortifacients, emmenagogues, and as local
contraceptives might have been known to the ancient physicians of India as reported
in some of the available books, journals, monographs and reviews2-19. Traditional
use of plants for fertility regulation in other countries, i.e., Africa, Brazil, Camroon,
California, Haiti, Korea, Russia, Trininad & Tabago is also evident from the
available literature20-28. In this literature review, the correct botanical names were
mentioned after verification from published literature and available database. In
some cases, the plant family names have been updated on their taxonomy and
nomenclature29-31.
Therefore, a comprehensive data of medicinal plants (Table 3), inhabitating
throughout the world regarding their traditional usage by females of various
tribes/ethnic groups for fertility regulation, has been prepared by us32.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
21
Literature review
Table 3: Plants with traditional/folkloric use in fertility regulation29 & references therein
S.
No.
Plant Name with Family
Part
used*
Dosage
form
used†
Traditional
use
where used
††
Country
1
Aa paleacea (H.B.K.) Rchb.
f. [Orchidaceae]
LF
-
C,S
Peru
2
Abroma angusta Linn.
[Sterculaceae]
RT
DE
E
India
3
Abrus precatorius Linn.
RT, SD
DE, PO
A
India
[Fabaceae]
4
Abuta grandiflora (Mart.)
Sand. [Menispermaceae]
RT, ST
-
C
Peru
5
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
[Fabaceae]
FR, FL
-
C
Egypt
6
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)
DE
C
India
Willd. [Fabaceae]
BR, LF,
GU
Acalypha grandis Benth.
LF
PO
C
Vanuatu
PL
DE
E
India
7
[Euphorbiaceae]
8
Acalypha indica Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
9
Acalypha wilkesiana Muell.,
Arg. [Euphorbiaceae]
PX
EX
A
Papua New
Guinea
10
Achillea clavenae Linn.
[Asteraceae]
PX
DE
E
Italy
11
Achillea millefolium Linn.
[Asteraceae]
PL
IN
A, E
Europe, America
12
Achyranthes aspera Linn.
[Amaranthaceae]
LF
DE
A
India
RT
DE
C
Pakistan
Achyranthes bidentata
Blume. [Amaranthaceae]
LF,
JU, PA
C
India
14
Aconitum heterophyllum
Wall. [Ranunculaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
15
Acorus calamus Linn.
[Araceae]
RT
DE, IN
A
India
16
Acosmium dasycarpum
(Vogel) Yakovlev [Fabaceae]
BR
DE
A
Brazil
13
RT
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
22
Literature review
Adhatoda vasica Nees Syn.
Justicia adhatoda L.
[Acanthaceae]
PL
DE
A,E
India
RT
PO
A
Pakistan
18
Adiantum Capillus-veneris
[Adiantaceae]
PX
DE
A
Spain
19
Aerva lantana (L.) Juss. ex.
Shult [Amaranthaceae]
RT
-
A
India
20
Aframomum sceptrum K.
Schum. [Zingiberaceae]
SD
-
A
Africa
21
Agave americana Linn.
[Agavaceae]
RT Sap
DE
A
India
22
Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
FL
-
A
Cameroon
17
[Asteraceae]
23
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
[Simaroubaceae]
SB
PA
C
India
24
Alangium salvifolium (L. f.)
Wang. [Alangiaceae]
RT
JU
A
India
Albizia lebbek Linn. Benth
SB
DE
A
Cameroon
25
[Fabaceae]
26
Alangium salvifolium (L.f.)
Wang. [Alangiaceae]
RT
EX
A
India
27
Allium cepa Linn. [Liliaceae]
BU
-
A, E
India
28
Allium sativum Linn.
[Liliaceae]
SD, BU
-
E
India
Aloe barbadensis Mill.Syn.
A. indica, A. litoralis, A. vera
[Liliaceae]
LF
-
A
India
30
Alphitonia zizyphoides
(Soland.) A.Gray
[Rhamnaceae]
SB
JU
A
Vanautu
31
Alternanthera philoxeroides
Griseb. [Amaranthaceae]
PL
-
A
India
32
Alstonia pacifica Seem.
[Apocynaceae]
Sap
DE
C
Vanuatu
33
Alstonia spectabilis R. Br.
[Apocynaceae]
BR, LF
EX, Raw
A,C
Papua New
Guinea
34
Alstonia vitiensis Seem. var.
neo-ebudica Monachino
LF BU
MA
C
Vanuatu
29
[Apocynaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
23
Literature review
35
Alysicarpus vaginalis
[Fabaceae]
RT
-
C
India
36
Amaranthus spinosus Linn.
[Amaranthaceae]
-
-
A
India
37
Ambrosia arborecens Mill.
LF
IN
C
Peru
-
-
A
Trinidad and
Tobago
LF,ST
-
C
Argentina
LF
-
A
Pakistan
PX
IN
A
Paraguay
[Asteraceae]
38
Ambrosia cumanenesis Mill.
[Asteraceae]
39
Ambrosia elatior Linn.
[Asteraceae]
40
Ambrosia maritama Linn.
[Asteraceae]
41
Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.
[Asteraceae]
42
Anacardium occidentale
Linn. [Anacardiaceae]
BR
DE
A,C
Brazil
43
Ananas comosus Merr.Syn.
A. sativus [Bromeliaceae]
FR
JU
A
India,Malaya
LF
PA
A
India
44
Anastatica hierochuntica
Linn. [Brassicaceae]
-
-
A,C
India
45
Aneilema conspicuum Kunth.
[Commelinaceae]
RT
-
E
India
46
Aneilema scapiflorum Wight.
[Commelinaceae]
-
-
E
India
47
Anethum sowa Kurz.
[Apiaceae]
FR
DE
C
India
48
Anisomeles malabarica (L.)
R.Br. ex. Sims. [Labiatae]
PL
-
E
Mauritius,
Malasya
49
Annona reticulta Linn.
[Annonaceae]
SD
PO
A
India
50
Annona squamosa Linn.
[Annonaceae]
SD
PO
A
India
RT
PA
A
India
Anthemis cotula Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF, FL
-
E
America,
Australia,
Europe, Siberia
51
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
24
Literature review
52
Anthemis nobilis Linn.
[Asteraceae]
Oil
-
E
India
53
Anthocephalus cadamba
Miq.syn. A. cadamba
[Rubiaceae]
RT, FL
-
A
India
54
Anthriscus nemerosa (M.
Bieb.) Spreng. [Apiaceae]
PL
-
A
India
55
Anthurium paraguariense
Engl.[Araceae]
-
-
A,E
Argentina
56
Anthurium tessmannii
[Araceae]
LF
PO
C
Columbia
57
Antidesma ghaesaembilla
Gaertn. Syn. A. Paniculatum
Roxb. [Euphorbiaceae]
WD
-
E
India
58
Apium graveolens Linn.
[Apiaceae]
SD
DE
A,E
India
59
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Linn. [Apocynaceae]
RT
DE
60
Aquilegia canadensis Linn.
[Apiaceae]
PL
-
E
Massachusettes,E
urope
61
Arctium lappa Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF, RT
IN
A
Pakistan
62
Areca catechu Linn.
[Arecaceae]
FR
DE
A
India
IF
-
A
India
63
Arecastrum romanzoffianum
[Arecaceae]
RT
IN
A
Paraguay
64
Argemone mexicana Linn.
[Papaveraceae]
ST
DE
E
West Indies
65
Argyreia speciosa Sweet.
[Convolvulaceae]
TU
PA
C
India
66
Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.)
Windham [Pteridaceae]
PL
-
C
Argentina
67
Arisaema atrorubens
[Araceae]
RH
IN
C
Canada
68
Arisaema leschenaultii
[Araceae]
TU, SP
PA
C
India
69
Arisaema tortuosum Wall.
Schott [Araceae]
TU, SP
PA
C
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
North America
25
Literature review
70
Arisaema triphyllum Torr.
[Araceae]
RT
DE
C
United states
71
Aristolochia bracteata Retz.
[Aristolochiaceae]
RT
PO
E
India
72
Aristolochia rugosa Lam.
[Aristolochiaceae]
RT
-
A
Trinidad,
73
Aristolochia clematitis Linn.
[Aristolochiaceae]
SD
-
C
Hungary
74
Aristolochia tagala Cham.
[Aristolochiaceae]
RT
DE
E
Bangladesh
75
Aristolochia trilobata Lam.
[Aristolochiaceae]
LF
DE
A
Trininad
76
Armoracia rusticana P.
Gaertn. [Brassicaceae]
-
-
A
-
77
Artemisia absinthium Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF
Taken in
E
United States
78
Artemisia compestris Linn.
[Asteraceae]
PL
-
E
Jordan
79
Artemisia siversiana Willd.
[Asteraceae]
LF
DE
A
India
80
Artemisia vulgaris Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF, RT
PO
C
India
81
Aristolochia indica Linn.
[Aristolochiaceae]
RT
-
A,E
India
82
Asarum canadense Linn.
RT,
DE
C
North America
[Aristolochiaceae]
RH
83
Asclepias hallii A. Gray
[Asclepiadaceae]
PL
IN
C
United States
84
Asclepias syriaca Linn.
[Asclepiadaceae]
RT,
IN
C
Canada
85
Asparagus acutifolia Linn.
[Liliaceae]
FR
DE
C
Europe
86
Asparagus officinalis Linn.
[Liliaceae]
FR
DE
C
Europe
87
Aspidosperma excelsum
Benth. [Apocynaceae]
BR
MA
A,C
Brazil
Tobago
warm
water
RH
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
26
Literature review
88
Aspidosperma quebrachoblanco Schltdl.
[Apocynaceae]
LF
-
C
Argentina
89
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
Linn. [Polypodiaceae]
PL
-
C
India
90
Asplenium nidus Linn.
[Aspleniaceae]
LF
-
C
Vanautu
91
Atractylis gummifera Linn.
[Asteraceae]
RT
DE
C
Arabia
92
Austroeupatorium
inulaefolium HBK. Syn.
Eupatorium inulaefolium
HBK. [Asteraceae]
PX
DE
A
Paraguay
93
Avicennia marina Forssk.
Vierch. [Avicenniaceae]
LF
EX
A
India
94
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
[Meliaceae]
GU
-
C
India
FR
Oil
C
Pakistan
95
Baccharis cylindrica (Less.)
DC. [Asteraceae]
LF
IN
A
Paraguay
96
Bahia dissecta (A. Gray)
Britton [Asteraceae]
RT
DE
C
United States
97
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)
Willd.Syn. B. bambos
(L.)Voss [Poaceae]
RT, LF
DE
E
India
98
Barleria crista Linn.
[Acanthaceae]
RT
PO
A
India
99
Barringtonia edulis Seem.
[Lecythidaceae]
SB
IN
C
Vanautu
100
Basella alba Linn.
[Basellaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
LF
MA
A
Cameroon
101
Bauhinia racemosa Lam.
[Fabaceae]
SB
PA
A
India
102
Bauhinia retusa Ham.
[Fabaceae]
RE
-
E
India
103
Berberis aristata DC.
[Berberidaceae]
EX
DE
E
India
104
Beta vulgaris Linn.
[Chenopodiaceae]
LF, RT,
SD
-
E
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
27
Literature review
105
Betula bhojpattra Wall. & B.
Utilis.[Betulaceae]
SB
DE
A
India
106
Bischofia javanica Bl.
[Bischofiaceae]
SB
JU
A
Vanautu
107
Blechnum orientale Linn.
[Blechnaceae]
PX, LF
Eaten raw
S
Papua New
Guinea
108
Blumea balsamifera L. DC.
[Asteraceae]
LF
DE
E
India
109
Blumea lacera
DC.[Asteraceae]
PL
-
E
India
110
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.
[Nyctaginaceae]
RT
PO
A
Pakistan
111
Bombax ceiba L.
[Bombacaceae]
SD
PO
A
India
112
Bombax ellipticum Kunth.
[Bombacaceae]
-
IN
S
Mexico
113
Borassus flabellifer Linn.
RT
DE
C
India
[Arecaceae]
114
Boswellia glabra Roxb.
[Burseraceae]
RE
-
E
India
115
Boswellia serrata Roxb.
[Burseraceae]
RE
-
E
India
116
Brassica indica
[Brassicaceae]
SD
PO
C
India
117
Brassica juncea Coss
[Brassicaceae]
Oil
-
E
India
118
Brassica nigra Linn. & Koch.
[Brassicaceae]
SD
DE
A
India
119
Bromelia pinguin Linn.
[Bromeliaceae]
FR
JU
A
Jamaica
120
Brownea latifolia Jacq.
[Fabaceae]
FL
IN
A
Trininad
121
Bryonia dioica Jacq.
[Cucurbitaceae]
RT
MA
E
Italy
122
Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.
[Euphorbiaceae]
BR
EX
C
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
28
Literature review
123
Bromelia balansae Menz.
[Bromeliaceae]
RH
IN
A
Paraguay
124
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
[Buddlejaceae]
RT
-
A
India
RT
DE
A
Pakistan
125
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.)
Clarke
[Cyperaceae]
LF,ST
-
C
Argentina
126
Bursera simaruba
(L.)Sarg.[Burseraceae]
BR
DE
C
Panama
127
Butea monosperma (Lam.)
FL,LF,
-
A,E
India
Kuntze [Fabaceae]
SD
128
Caesalpinia bonducella Linn.
[Fabaceae]
SD
PO
E
India
129
Caesalpinia pulchrrima
(Linn.) Swartz. [Fabaceae]
LF
IN
A,E
India,Nigeria
130
Caesalpinia sappan Linn.
[Fabaceae]
WD,LF
DE
E
India
131
Caladium seguinium (Jacq.)
Vent. [Araceae ]
PL
JU
C
South America,
Germany,India
132
Calendula officinalis Linn.
[Asteraceae]
FL
-
A,E
India
133
Callicarpa macrophylla
Vahl. [Verbenaceae]
-
-
C
India
134
Callicarpa sp. [Verbenaceae]
LF
JU
C
Torres-Straits
135
Calotropis gigantea (Linn.)
R. Br. [Asclepiadaceae]
RB
JU
A
India
136
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.
Br.
LA, PL,
DE
A
India
RT
[Asclepiadaceae]
137
Camptosema paraguariense
var. Parviflorum
Hassl.[Fabaceae]
LF,RT
DE
C
Paraguay
138
Canarium indicum (L.)
[Burseraceae]
FR (Nut)
PO
S
Papua New Guinea
139
Cannabis sativa Linn.Syn. C.
indica (Lamk.)Wehmer
[Moraceae]
-
-
A,E
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
29
Literature review
140
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Moench. [Brassicaceae]
PL
IN
A,E
Ethopia
141
Careya arborea Roxb.
[Lecythidaceae]
FB
PA
C
India
142
Carica papaya Linn.
[Caricaceae]
SD
DE
A,E
India
143
Carthamus tinctorius L. Syn.
Cnicus indicus [Asteraceae]
FL
-
A
Indochina
144
Carum carvi Linn.
[Apiaceae]
FR
DE
S
India
145
Cascabela thevetia (Linn.)
Lippold [Apocynaceae]
SD
PA
A
India
146
Casearia ilicifolia Vent.
[Flacourtiaceae]
LF
DE
A,E
Haiti
147
Cassia alata L. Roxb.
LF
DE
A
Cameroon
[Fabaceae]
148
Cassia fistula Linn.
[Fabaceae]
FR
Pulp
A
India
149
Cassia lanceolata Linn. &
Forsk. [Fabaceae]
LF
PO
C
India
150
Cassia occidentalis Linn.
[Fabaceae]
RT
PO
C
India
151
Castilleja angustifolia
[Scrophulariaceae]
-
DE
C
United States
152
Casurina equisetifolia J.R. et
G.Forst. [Casuarinaceae]
SB,
JU
C
Vanautu
153
Catasetum fimbriatum Lindl.
[Orchidaceae]
Bu
S
C
Paraguay
154
Caulophyllum thalictroides
L. [Berberidaceae]
RT
DE
A, C
United States
155
Cayratia trifolia Domin.
[Vitiaceae]
FR
FR
C
Vanautu
156
Cedrela odorata L.
[Meliaceae]
BR
IN
A
Mexico
157
Cedrela toona Roxb.
[Meliaceae]
FL
-
E
India
158
Celastrus paniculata Willd.
[Celastraceae]
SD
Oil
A, E
India
LF
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
30
Literature review
159
Celosia argentea Linn.
[Amaranthaceae]
RT
PA
A
India
160
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.
[Poaceae]
ST,
PO
A
India
161
Cerbera manghas Linn.
[Apocynaceae]
FR
-
A
India
162
Cerbera odollam Gaertn.
SD,
JU
A
India
[Apocynaceae]
LF
163
Cestrum nocturnum Linn.
[Solanaceae]
FL,LF
IN
A
Mexico
164
Cetraria islandica L. Ach.
[Parmeliaceae]
TH
DE
E
Italy
165
Cheirantus Cheiri L.
[Brassicaceae]
FL,SD
DE
E
Jordan
166
Chelidonium majus Linn.
[Papaveraceae]
PL
JU
C
Soviet Union
167
Chenopodium album Linn.
[Chenopodiaceae]
PL
-
A
Hungary
168
Chenopodium ambrosioides
L. [Chenopodiaceae]
PL
-
A, E
Central and South
America
169
Chenopodium botrys Linn.
[Chenopodiaceae]
LF
Syrup
E
Massachusettes
170
Chenopodium hybridum
Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
LF
IN
E
Massachusettes
171
Chenopodium multifidum
Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
PL
-
A,E
Central and South
America
172
Chrysanthemum indicum
Linn.
-
-
E
India
SD
[Asteraceae]
173
Chrysanthemum parthenium
(L.) Pers. [Asteraceae]
LF
DE
A
Pakistan
174
Chusquea ramosissima
Lindm. [Poaceae]
YS
Chewed
C
Paraguay
175
Cicer arietinum Linn.
[Fabaceae]
-
-
E
India
176
Cichorium intybus Linn.
[Asteraceae]
SD
-
E
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
31
Literature review
177
Cicuta maculata Linn.
[Apiaceae]
RT
Chewed
C
United States
178
Cienfuegosia drummondii
Lewton [Malvaceae]
RT
DE
C
Paraguay
179
Cinchona calisaya Wedd.
BR
DE
A
India
[Rubiaceae]
180
Cinnamomum camphora
Nees & Eberm. [Lauraceae]
-
Oil
E
India
181
Cinnamomum cassia Blume
[Lauraceae]
-
Oil
E
India
182
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
(Breyn) Nees [Lauraceae]
BR
DE
A
Spain
183
Cissampelos pareira Linn.
RT
DE
E
India
[Menispermaceae]
184
Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.
[Cucurbitaceae]
RT
PO
A
India
185
Citrus bergamia Risso
[Rutaceae]
-
Oil
C
Italy
186
Citrus medica Linn.
[Rutaceae]
FR
DE
E
India
187
Clerodendrum phlomidis
Linn. f. [Verbenaceae]
RT
PO
S
India
188
Clobba marantia
[Zingiberaceae]
-
-
C
Melanesia, Gunantuna
189
Cnicus benedictus
[Asteraceae]
PL
IN
C
North America
190
Cocos nucifera Linn.
[Arecaceae]
SD
JU
C
Java
191
Codiaeum variegatum (L.)
Bl. [Euphorbiaceae]
PL
-
A
Vanautu
LF
Eaten
C
Papua New Guinea
raw
192
Coffea arabica L.
[Rubiaceae]
BE
DE
A
Italy
193
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
[Poaceae]
SD
IN
A,E
Korea
194
Commelina erecta Linn.
[Commelinaceae]
PX
DE
C
Paraguay
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
32
Literature review
195
Commiphora mukul (Hook.
Ex Stocks) [Burseraceae]
RE
-
E
India
196
Copaifera guyanensis Desf.
[Fabaceae]
SD
DE
A
Brazil
197
Cordia dichotoma Forst. f.
[Boraginaceae]
FR
DE
A
India
198
Cordia gharaf Roxb.
[Boraginaceae]
LF
-
A
India
199
Cordia quarensis Gürke
RT
Chewed
C
Africa
[Boraginaceae]
200
Cordia rothii Roem. & Schult
[Boraginaceae]
RT
-
A
India
201
Costus speciosus Koeing
RH
PA
A
India
[Zingiberaceae]
202
Crassocephalum montuossum
[Asteraceae]
LF
DE
A
Uganda
203
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.
[Capparidaceae]
ST twig
-
A
Pakistan
204
Crataeva nurvala Buch.Ham.
[Capparidaceae]
SB
DE
C
India
205
Crocus sativus Linn.
FL
-
A,E
India
[Iridaceae]
206
Crotalaria juncea Linn.
[Fabaceae]
LF
-
A,E
India
207
Croton lobatus HBK.
Hutch.[Euphorbiaceae]
PL
IN
S
Ivory Coast
208
Croton penduliflorus Hutch.
[Euphorbiaceae]
FR
PA
A
Nigeria
209
Croton tiglium Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
RT,
Oil
A
Africa
Cuminum cyminum Linn.
[Apiaceae]
FR
-
A,E
India
FR
DE
A
Tunisia
211
Cupressus sempervirens
Linn. [Cupressaceae]
-
-
A
Italy
212
Curarea tecunarum Barneby
& Krukoff [Menispermaceae]
ST
WE
C
Brazil
210
SD
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
33
Literature review
213
Curcuma longa Linn.
[Zingiberaceae]
RH
DE
E
India
214
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.
[Zingiberaceae]
RH
-
E
India
215
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
[Convolvulaceae]
-
DE
E
India
SD
-
C
Pakistan
216
Cuscuta sp. (Tourn.) Linn.
[Convolvulaceae]
PL
-
C
United States
217
Cydista potosina (K Schum
& Loes) Loes [Bignoniaceae]
-
IN
A
Mexico
218
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Staph Syn. Andropogon
citratus DC. [Poaceae]
RT
DE
E
Latin america
219
Cynodon dactylon Pers.
[Poaceae]
PL
WE
A
India
220
Cyperus esculentus
[Cyperaceae]
PE
IN
A
Cameroon
221
Cyperus redolens Maury
RT
MA
C
Paraguay
TU
-
E
India
LF
DE
A
Pakistan
[Cyperaceae]
222
Cyperus rotundus Linn.
[Cyperaceae]
223
Cytisus scoparius Linn.
[Fabaceae]
224
Daphne genkwa Sieh, et
Zucc. [Thymelaeaceae]
FL, RT
-
A
China
225
Datura metel Linn.
[Solanaceae]
LF, FR,
RT
DE
C
India
226
Daucus carota Linn.
[Apiaceae]
SD
IN
A
India
227
Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn.
f.) Ettingsahusen
[Loranthaceae]
ST
PA
A
India
228
Dendrocalamus strictus
(Roxb.) [Poaceae]
LF
PA
A
India
229
Derris brevipes Baker.
[Fabaceae]
RT
PO
C
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
34
Literature review
230
Desmodium retroflexum DC.
[Fabaceae]
RT
-
E
India
231
Dieffenbachia sequine (Jack)
Schott [Araceae]
LF, ST
Chewed
C
Dominic Puerto Rico,
Santa Lucia, Cuba
232
Dioscorea composita
(Hemsl.) [Dioscoreaceae]
TU
-
C
Indio’s American
233
Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn.
[Dioscoreaceae]
TU
EX
C
India
234
Dioscorea sativa Thunb.
[Dioscoreaceae]
TU
Eaten
raw
C
Australia
235
Diospyros cordifolia Roxb.
FR,
DE
A
India
[Ebenaceae]
RT
236
Diospyros mespiliformis
Hochst. [Ebenaceae]
RT
DE
A
Cameroon
237
Dolichandrone falcata Seem.
[Bignoniaceae]
-
-
A
India
238
Drosera burmannii Vahl.
[Droseraceae]
PL
PA
A
India
239
Duckesia verrucosa (Ducke)
Cuatrec. [Humiriaceae]
SD
DE
C
Brazil
240
Dryopteris felix-mas (Linn.)
Schott [Polypodiaceae]
RT,
IN
C
Europe, India
241
Dryopteris normalis C. Chr.
[Polypodiaceae]
-
DE
C
Mexico
242
Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum
(Juss.) Miq. [Meliaceae]
LF
Tea
A
Vanautu
243
Echinochloa frumentacea
Linn. [Poaceae]
SD
-
S
India
244
Echinops echinatus Roxb.
[Asteraceae]
PL
DE
A
India
245
Ehretia cymosa Thonn.
[Boraginaceae]
LF, BR
-
C
Nigeria
246
Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.
[Iridaceae]
BU
-
A,E
Haiti, Peru
247
Embelia ribes Burm. f.
[Myrsinaceae]
RT
DE
C
India
248
Endopleura uchi (Huber)
Cuatrec. [Humiriaceae]
BR
DE, MA
A
Brazil
SD
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
35
Literature review
249
Entada scandens Benth.
[Fabaceae]
SD
Raw
C
Australia
250
Epimedium alpinum Linn.
[Berberidaceae]
LF,
C
Europe
RT
Taken in
wine
251
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.)
Engl.[Araceae]
LF
JU
A
Vanautu
252
Eriogonum jamesii Benth.
[Polygonaceae]
RT
DE
C
United States
253
Eriosema crinitum (Kunth)
G. Don [Fabaceae]
RT
DE
A,C
Brazil
254
Eryngium foetidum L.
[Apiaceae]
RT
DE
A,E
Cuba, Venezuela
255
Erythrina indica Lam.
[Fabaceae]
LF, RT
-
E
India
256
Erythrina variegata Linn.
Var. [Fabaceae]
-
-
E
India
257
Erythroxylum coca Lam.
[Erythroxylaceae]
LF
-
E
India
258
Eugenia uniflora L.
[Myrtaceae]
LF
IN
E
Mauritius
259
Euodia elleryana F. Muell.
BR
JU
C
Papua New Guinea
Eupatoriun odoratum Linn.
[Asteraceae]
RT
-
C
Central America
PL
-
E
India
261
Eupatoriun squalidum DC.
[Asteraceae]
IF
-
C
Paraguay
262
Euphorbia atoto Forst. f.
[Euphorbiaceae]
-
JU
A,E
Philippines, Vietnam
263
Euphorbia caducifolia Hains.
[Euphorbiaceae]
RT
DE
A
Pakistan
264
Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
265
Euphorbia resinifera Berg.
-
-
A
India
PL
JU
E
India
[Rutaceae]
260
[Euphorbiaceae]
266
Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
36
Literature review
Excoecaria agallocha Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
PL
JU
A
India
RT
DE
A
Papua New Guinea
268
Ferula assa-foetida Linn.
[Apiaceae]
RE
Mixed
with
food
E
India
269
Fevillea passiflora Vell.
[Cucurbitaceae]
SD
-
A
Brazil
270
Ficus religosa Linn.
[Moraceae]
FR
Mixed
with
sugar
C
Pakistan
271
Ficus wassa Roxb.
[Moraceae]
RT
-
C
Papua New Guinea
272
Flagellaria indica Linn.
[Flagellariaceae]
LF
JU
C
Vanautu
273
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) J.
St.-Hil Syn. Moghania
strobilifera (L.) J. St.-Hil.
[Fabaceae]
SD
Chewed
C
Papua New Guinea
274
Fleura aestuans Linn.
[Urticaceae]
RT
DE
A
Cameroon
275
Flemingia strobilifera R. Br.
[Fabaceae]
PL
-
A
Islanders of Indian
ocean
276
Flueggea virosa (Willd.)
Voigt [Phyllanthaceae]
RT
DE
A
Uganda
277
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
[Apiaceae]
SD
-
E
India
278
Franseria artemisioides
Willd. [Asteraceae]
PL
DE
C
Colombia
279
Fragaria vesca Linn.
[Rosaceae]
LF, RH
DE
E
Italy
280
Galium mexicanum var.
LF
IN
A
Mexico
267
mexicanum de Wit
[Rubiaceae]
281
Garcinia morella Desr.
[Clusiaceae]
RE
-
E
India
282
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
[Rubiaceae]
LF
-
A
China
283
Geum urbanum L. [Rosaceae] RT
DE
E
Italy
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
37
Literature review
284
Glochidon sp.
[Euphorbiaceae]
LF
-
C
Vanautu
285
Glandularia platensis
(Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
[Verbenaceae]
LF
-
C
Argentina
286
Gloriosa superba Linn.
[Liliaceae]
TU
DE
A
India
287
Glossocardia bosvallia DC.
[Asteraceae]
PL
-
E
India
288
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
[Fabaceae]
RT
DE
E
India
289
Gossypium barbadense Linn.
[Malvaceae]
RT
DE
A,C,E
Mexico,Central
America
290
Gossypium herbaceum Linn.
[Malvaceae]
RT
DE
C
India, South America
291
Gossypium indicum Lam.
[Malvaceae]
SD
-
A, E
India
292
Grewia colunnaris Sm.
RT
PO
S
India
-
-
A
India
[Tiliaceae]
293
Hagenia abyssinica. Syn.
Brayera anthalmintica
[Rosaceae]
294
Haematoxylon
campechianum L. [Fabaceae]
PL
DE
A
West Indies
295
Hamelia erecta Jacq.
[Rubiaceae]
LF
Tea
A
Mexico
296
Hamelia patens Jacq.
[Rubiaceae]
LF
DE
A
West Indies
297
Hedeoma pulegoides Linn.
[Labiateae]
PX
298
Hedera helix Linn.
[Araliaceae]
FR
DE
C
Mediterranean
299
Helleborus foetidus Linn.
RT
-
E
Italy
With tepid A
water
Greek
[Ranunculaceae]
300
Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.
[Malvaceae]
FL
IN
C
Viti Islands
301
Hibiscus manihot Linn.
[Malvaceae]
BR
-
E
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
38
Literature review
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.
[Malvaceae]
PT
-
A
India
SB
MA
A
Cameroon
303
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
[Malvaceae]
FL
Smoked
with
Tobacco
C
Melanesia, Gunantuna
304
Holoptelea integrifolia
(Roxb.) Planch [Ulmaceae]
RB
-
A
India
305
Homalanthus novoguineensis
(Warb.) K. Schum.
[Euphorbiaceae]
LF
JU
C
Papua New Guinea
306
Huperzia saururus (Lam.)
Trevis. [Lycopodiaceae]
PL
-
C
Argentina
307
Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.
[Apiaceae]
PL
-
E
India
308
Hymenaea stigonocarpa
Mart. ex Hayne [Fabaceae]
BR
DE
C
Brazil
309
Hypericum chinensis Linn.
[Clusiaceae]
LF
IN
E
Mauritius
310
Hypochoeris brasiliensis
(Less.) Benth.
LF, RT
DE
C
Paraguay
311
Hyptis cana Pohl ex Benth.
[Labiateae]
LF
DE
A
Brazil
312
Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
[Labiatae]
LF
DE
E
India, Nepal
313
Indigofera linnaei Ali
[Fabaceae]
RT
-
C
India
314
Jacaranda copaia (Aublet.)
D. Don. [Bignoniaceae]
TU
JU
C
Brazil
315
Jasminum multiflorum
(Burm. f.) Andrews
[Oleaceae]
-
-
E
India
316
Jodinia rhombifolia (Hook. & LF
Arn.) Reissek [Santalaceae]
-
A
Argentina
317
Juglans regia Linn.
[Juglandaceae]
LF
IN
C
Slovakia
318
Juniperus communis Linn.
[Cupressaceae]
PX,ST,
FR
DE, fruit
oil
C,E
India
319
Juniperus oxycedrus Linn.
[Cupressaceae]
Berry
-
A
North America
302
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
39
Literature review
320
Juniperus sabina
Linn.[Coniferae]
LF
-
A
Massachusettes
321
Justicia simplex D. Don
Justicia japonica Thunb.
[Acanthaceae]
RT
PO
C
India
322
Kopsia sp. [Apocynaceae]
LF
Boiled
leaf buds
C
Vanautu
323
Lagenaria siceraria Standl.
Syn. L. vulgaris
[Cucurbitaceae]
FR,
DE
E
India
Laurus nobilis Linn.
[Lauraceae]
LF
DE
E
India
Raw
berry
Distillate A
Lebanan
325
Lawsonia inermis Linn. Syn.
L. alba [Lythraceae]
LF
PO
A
India
326
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br.
[Labiatae]
LF
IN
A
Jamaica
327
Lepidium sativum Linn.
[Brassicaceae]
SD
Oil
A,E
India
328
Licuala sp. [Arecaceae]
RB
Chewed
C
Islands (Buka)
329
Ligusticum porter Coult. and
Rose [Apiaceae]
RT
DE
E
America, Europe
330
Ligusticum scoticum L.
SD
-
E
Massachusetts
324
SD
[Apiaceae]
331
Lithospermum arvense Linn.
[Boraginaceae]
PL
Mixed
with
food
-
Europe
332
Lithospermum officinale
Linn. [Boraginaceae]
RT
IN
C
United States
333
Lithospermum ruderale
[Boraginaceae]
RT
IN
C
United States
334
Lobelia nicotianifolia Heyne
[Campanulaceae]
PL
DE
C
Indian
335
Lonicera ciliosa
[Caprifoliaceae]
LF
IN
C
United States
336
Luffa acutangula (Linn.)
Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae]
RB
DE
A
India
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
40
Literature review
337
Luffa echinata Roxb.
[Cucurbitaceae]
-
-
A
India
338
Lycopodium annotinum Linn.
[Lycopodiaceae]
PL
DE
C
Soviet Union
339
Lycopodium clavatum Linn.
[Lycopodiaceae]
PL
-
E
India
340
Lycopodium complanatum
Linn. [Lycopodiaceae ]
-
DE
E
Massachusettes
341
Lygodium dichotomum
Sw.[Schizaeaceae]
RT
-
C
Buka Islands
342
Mallotus philippinensis
Muell. [Euphorbiaceae]
FR
DE
C
India
343
Mallotus sp. [Euphorbiaceae]
RT
-
C
Oceania (Buka)
344
Malva parviflora L.
[Malvaceae]
PL
DE
A
India
345
Mardenia molissima E.
Fourn. [Apocynaceae]
RT
DE
A
Brazil
346
Mareya micrantha (Benth.)
Müll.Arg. [Euphorbiaceae]
BR, LF
DE
A
Nigeria
347
Mariscus cylindristachyus
Steud.[Cyperaceae]
PE
-
A
Cameroon
348
Marsdenia tenacissima
(Wright & Arn.)
[Asclepiadaceae]
RT
DE
E
India
349
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart.
[Celastraceae]
LF, RT
DE
C
Paraguay
350
Melastoma malabathricum
Linn. [Melastomataceae]
PL
-
A
Islanders of Indian
Ocean
351
Melia azadirachta Linn.
[Malvaceae]
FL, LF,
-
C
India
352
Melochia hermannioides
Saint. Hill. [Sterculaceae]
RT
MA
C
Paraguay
353
Memecylon amplexicaule
Roxb. [Melastomataceae]
-
-
A
India
354
Mentha arvensis Linn.
[Labiatae]
LF
DE
E
India
PL
PO
C
Pakistan
RE
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
41
Literature review
355
Mentha longifolia Linn.
[Labiateae]
LF
PO
C
Pakistan
356
Mentha pulegium Linn.
[Labiateae]
LF
IN
A
America
357
Mesua ferrea Linn.
[Clusiaceae]
LF
PO
C
India
358
Meyna spinosa Roxb.ex. Link
[Rubiaceae]
FR, SD
PA
A
India
359
Michelia champaca Linn.
[Magnoliaceae]
LF
MA
S
India
360
Microglossa pyrifolia Lam.
Kuntze [Asteraceae]
LF, RT
-
A
Nigeria
361
Micromeria brownei (Sw.)
Benth. [Labiatae]
LF
-
A
Jamaica
362
Mimosa pudica Linn.
[Fabaceae]
RT
DE,JU
C
India
363
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)
Korth. [Rubiaceae]
BR
-
C
India
364
Mollugo cerviana Ser.
[Ficoidaceae]
FL
DE
E
Mollugo pentaphylla Linn.
PL
-
E
Momordica charantia Linn.
[Cucurbitaceae]
RT
DE
E
India
SD
-
A
Cameroon, Pakistan
Momordica foetida Schum.
LF
-
A
Cameroon
365
India
[Ficoidaceae]
366
367
[Cucurbitaceae]
368
Morinda citrifolia Linn.
[Rubiaceae]
LF, FR
DE
A,E
India
369
Momordica tuberosa Cogn.
Syn. M. cymbalaria
[Cucurbitaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
370
Moringa concanesis Nimmo
ex Dalz. And Gibs.
[Moringaceae]
SB
-
A
India
371
Moringa oleifera Lam.Syn.
M.pterygosperma Gaertn.
SB
-
A,E
India
[Moringaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
42
Literature review
Mouriri pusa Gardner
[Melastomataceae]
BR,
DE
C
Brazil
373
Murraya panniculata (Linn.)
Jack. [Rutaceae]
RT
-
A
China
374
Musa sapientum L.Syn. M.
ST, FL
PO
A
India
paradisiacal auct.
[Musaceae]
RT
PO
A
Ethopia
375
Myristica fragrans Houtt
[Myristicaceae]
SD
-
A
India
376
Nepeta cataria Linn.
[Labiateae]
PL
DE
C
Pakistan
377
Nardostachys gradiflora DC.
[Valerianaceae]
ST
-
C
India
378
Narcissus tazetta Linn.
-
-
A
-
372
LF
[Amaryllidaceae]
379
Nardostachys jatamansi DC.
[Valerianaceae]
RT
DE
E
India
380
Nasturtium officinalis R.Br.
[Brassicaceae]
PL
-
A
Pakistan
381
Nerium indicum Mill.
[Apocynaceae]
PL
-
E
India
RT
-
A
Pakistan
LF
DE
A
Italy
Nerium odorum Soland. Syn.
N. oleander [Apocynaceae]
PL
-
A
India
RT
-
A
Pakistan
Nicotiana tabaccum Linn.
LF
MA
A
Cameroon
382
383
[Solanaceae]
384
Nierembergia linariefolia
Graham [Solanaceae]
PL
-
A
Argentina
385
Nigella sativa Linn.Syn. N.
indica [Ranunculaceae]
SD
PO
A,E
India
386
Nothocnide repanda (Bl.) Bl.
[Urticaceae]
LF
JU
A
Vanautu
387
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
[Labiatae]
LF
Chewed
C
Gunantuna
388
Olea europea Linn.
[Oleaceae]
LF
DE
A
Italy
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
43
Literature review
389
Ocimum sanctum Linn.
[Labiatae]
LF
-
E
India
390
Omalanthus nutans (Forst. f.)
Guillemin [Euphorbiaceae]
FR
-
A
Vanautu
391
Origanum majorana Linn.
[Labiatae]
LF
-
A
Germany
392
Origanum vulgare Linn.
[Labiatae]
-
Oil
A
India
FL
DE
E
Italy
393
Oxalis physocalyx Zucc. ex
Progel [Oxalidaceae]
PL
JU
A
Brazil
394
Oxytenanthera abyssinica
Munero [Poaceae]
LF
-
A
Cameroon
395
Paeonia officinalis Linn.
[Ranunculaceae]
-
DE
C
Soviet Union
396
Pandanus odoratissimus L.f.
[Pandanaceae]
RT, IF
-
A
India
397
Pandanus tectorius Soland.
Ex Parkinson [Pandanaceae]
-
-
A
India
SB
-
C
Vanautu
398
Papaver somniferum Linn.
[Papaveraceae]
FR
A
Pakistan
399
Pedilanthus tithymaloides
(L.) Poit.[Euphorbiaceae]
ST
-
A
India
400
Peganum harmala Linn.
[Zygophyllaceae]
PL
-
A,E
India
401
Pemphis acidula J.R. et G.
Forst. [Lythraceae]
SB
IN
A
Vanautu
402
Pericopsis angolensis (Bak.)
van Meeuwen [Fabaceae]
RT
DE
A
Tanzania
403
Persea americana Mill.
[Lauraceae]
PL
-
A,C
Amazon, Cuba, Haiti
SD
Fresh
C,S
Peru
404
Petrea volubilis
[Verbenaceae]
-
-
A
Jamaica
405
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.)
[Apiaceae]
LF
DE
A,C
Argentina, Spain
406
Peucedanum graveolens
Benth. [Apiaceae]
SD
-
E
India
Milk
from raw
capsule
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
44
Literature review
407
Phaseolus bracteatus Nees et
Mart. [Fabaceae]
RT
DE
S
Paraguay
408
Philodendron dyscarpium
R.E. Schult. [Araceae]
LF
PO
C
Columbia
409
Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A.
Heller [Polemoniaceae]
LF
DE
C
United States
410
Phoradendron macrophyllum
(Engelm.) Kokerell
[Loranthaceae]
-
DE
C
California
411
Phyllantus ciccoides M.A.
[Euphorbiaceae]
SB
JU
C
Vanautu
412
Physalis angulata Linn.
[Solanaceae]
SD
PO
A
Cameroon
413
Physalis alkekengi Linn.
[Solanaceae]
FR
PO
A
Iran
414
Physalis minima Linn.
[Solanaceae]
PX
DE
C
India
415
Physalis angulata Linn.
SD
PO
A
Cameroon
[Solanaceae]
416
Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.
[Scrophulariaceae]
RH
-
A,E
India
417
Piliostigma thonningii
(Schum.) MilneRedh.[Fabaceae]
RT
-
C
East Africa
418
Pipturus argenteus (Forst. F.)
Wedd. [Urticaceae]
SB
PO
C
Vanautu
419
Piper longum Linn.
[Piperaceae]
FR
-
A,E
India
420
Pisum sativum Linn.
[Fabaceae]
SD
-
C
India
421
Plantago lanceolata Linn.
[Plantaginaceae]
PL
PO
422
Plectranthus scutellarioides
(L.) R.Br. [Labiatae]
LF
JU
A
Vanautu
Pleioceras barteri Baill.
[Apocynaceae]
LF,
JU
A,E
Nigeria
Plumbago indica Linn.
Syn. P. rosea
[Plumbaginaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
423
424
Europe
RT
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
45
Literature review
425
Plumbago ovata Forsk.
[Plantaginaceae]
SD, Husk
Mucilag
e
A
Pakistan
426
Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
[Plumbaginaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
Plumeria acuminata Ait.
Syn. P. acutifolia Poir.
[Apocynaceae]
RT
PA
A
India
428
Pneumatopteris glandulifera
(Brackeneridge) Holtt.
[Thelypteridaceae]
LF
Raw
C
Vanautu
429
Polygala monyicola
PL
-
C
China
427
var. brizoides Steyerm
[Polygalaceae]
430
Polygala longicaulis H.B.K.
[Polygalaceae]
FL, SD
-
C
China
431
Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre
[Fabaceae]
SB
JU
A
Vanautu
432
Populus alba Linn.
[Salicaceae]
SB
DE
C
Mediterranean
433
Pouzolzia hypoleuca Wedd.
[Urticaceae]
RT
IF,PO
C
Zimbabwe
434
Prangos ferulacea Lindl.
LF
DE
A
Iran
RT
DE
E
India
[Apiaceae]
435
Prangos pabularia Lindl.
[Apiaceae]
436
Prosopis algarobilla Griseb.
[Fabaceae]
RT
DE
C
South America
437
Prosopis cinearia (Linn.)
Druce [Fabaceae]
BR, FL
PO
S,A
India
RT,FR
-
S,A
India
438
Prosopis ruscifolia Gris.
[Fabaceae]
LF
DE
A
Paraguay
439
Prunus emarginata
[Rosaceae]
WD
DE
C
United States
440
Prunus mahaleb Linn.
[Rosaceae]
SD
-
E
India
441
Psittacanthus robustus Mart.
[Lorantaceae]
LF
DE
A
Brazil
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
46
Literature review
442
Pterocarpus angolensis DC.
[Fabaceae]
SB
-
A
Tanzania
443
Pterocarpus erinaceous Poir.
[Fabaceae]
LF, ST
-
A
Nigeria
444
Pterocarpus indicus Willd.
[Fabaceae]
SB
JU
C
Vanautu
445
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.
BR, WD
DE
A,E
Haiti, West Indies
[Fabaceae]
446
Punica granatum Linn.
[Punicaceae]
PC
-
A,C,E
India
447
Pyrethrum indicum DC.
[Asteraceae]
RT
DE
A
India
448
Pyrethrum umbelliferum
Boiss. [Asteraceae]
RT
-
A
India
449
Pyrrosia confluens (R.Br.)
Ching [Polypodiaceae]
ST
-
C
Vanautu
450
Randia dumetorum Lamk.
[Rubiaceae]
SD
-
A
India
451
Randia spinosa (Poir.)
[Rubiaceae]
FR
-
A
India
452
Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.
[Ranunculaceae]
PL
-
E
India
453
Rhamnus catharticus Linn.
[Rhamnaceae]
-
-
E
Massachusettes
454
Raphanus sativus Linn.
[Brassicaceae]
SD
-
E
India
455
Rauwolfia serpentina Benth.
[Apocynaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
456
Rauwolfia vomitoria afz.
RT
IN
A
Cameroon
PL
DE
C
Central America
LF
IN
A,E
Haiti, West Indies
LF
DE
C
United states
[Apocynaceae]
457
Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.
[Labiatae]
458
Rhoeo spathacea (SW.)
Stearn.
[Commelinaceae]
459
Rhus trilobata Nutt.
[Anacardiaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
47
Literature review
460
Rhynchospora cephalotes
(L.) Vahl [Cyperaceae]
RT
DE
C
Brazil
461
Rhynchosia minima DC.
[Fabaceae]
LF
DE
A
India
462
Rhytidophyllum auriculatum
Hook [Gesneriaceae]
LF
DE
A,E
Haiti, West Indies
463
Ricinus communis Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
SD
PO
C
Pakistan
464
Rivea hypocrateriformis
Choisy. [Convolvulaceae]
PX
DE
C
India
465
Rourea induta Planch.
[Connaraceae]
LF, RT
DE
A
Brazil
466
Rubia cordifolia Linn.
[Rubiaceae]
RT
-
A,E
India
467
Rubus moluccanus Linn.
[Rosaceae]
LF
DE
A,E
India
468
Rudbeckia laciniata L. Syn.
R.hirta L.[Asteraceae]
PL
DE
E
Mexico
469
Ruellia tuberosa L.
[Acanthaceae]
-
-
A
America
470
Ruta angustifolia Linn.
[Rutaceae]
LF
Oil
A
India
471
Ruta chalepensis Linn.
[Rutaceae]
PL
IN
A
Mexico
472
Ruta graveolens Linn.
LF
Oil
A,E
India, United States
PX
DE
A
Spain
[Rutaceae]
473
Ruta montana Linn.
[Rutaceae]
474
Saccharum bengalense Retz.
[Poaceae]
LF
DE
A
India
475
Saccharum officinarum L.
[Poaceae]
ST
JU
A
Cameroon
476
Salsola sp. [Chenopodiaceae]
LF
IN
C
Algiers
477
Salvia plebeia R. Br.
[Labiatae]
SD
DE
A
India
478
Samida rosea Sims.
[Flacourtiaceae]
LF
-
A,E
Haiti
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
48
Literature review
479
Santalum album Linn.
[Santalaceae]
PL
-
A
India
480
Sapindus trifoliatus Auct.
[Sapindaceae]
SD
DE
A
India
481
Scaevola sericea Vahl.
[Goodeniaceae]
LF
-
C
Vanautu
482
Schinus areira L.
[Anacardiaceae]
LF
-
A
Argentina
483
Scilla indica (Baker)
[Liliaceae]
BU
-
E
India
484
Sclerolobium aureum (Tul.)
Baill. [Fabaceae]
BR
DE
C
Brazil
Semecarpus anacardium
Linn. [Anacardiaceae]
RT
Cooked
roots
A,E
India
Siegesbeckia orientalis L.
[Asteraceae]
LF
IN
E
Mauritius
487
Sida acuta Burm.f.
[Malvaceae]
LF
Fresh
A
Cameroon
488
Senecio aureus Linn.
[Asteraceae]
PX
DE
A,C
United States
489
Sesamum indicum DC.
[Pedaliaceae]
SD
PA taken A,E
orally
India
490
Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers.
[Fabaceae]
LF, SD
PA
E
India
491
Sterculia banksiana
Guillaumin [Sterculaceae]
LF
JU
A
Vanautu
492
Stephavia japonica (Thumb.)
Miers. [Menispermaceae]
RT
PA
A
India
493
Semecarpus stellata Linn.
[Anacardiaceae]
RT
DE
C
India
494
Sium latifolium Linn.
[Apiaceae]
-
-
E
Massachusettes
495
Smithia conferta J.E. Sm.
[Fabaceae]
LF
EX
A
India
496
Smilax fluminensis Steudel
[Liliaceae]
RH
DE, IN
A
Paraguay
497
Smilacina stellata [Liliaceae]
RT, LF
IN
C
United states
498
Simaba suffruticosa Engl.
[Simaroubaceae]
RT
MA
A
Brazil
485
486
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
49
Literature review
499
Solanum agrarium Sendtn.
[Solanaceae]
RT
DE
A
Brazil
500
Solanum incanum L. Syn.
Solanum sanctum L.
[Solanaceae]
FR
-
C
India, Nigeria
501
Solenostemon scutellarioides
L. [Labiatae]
PL
-
E
Vanautu
502
Sporobolus indicus (L.)
Brong. [Poaceae]
LF
-
C
Argentina
503
Solanum virginianum Linn.
[Solanaceae]
RT
DE
A
India
504
Soymida febrifuga A. Juss
[Meliaceae]
SB
DE
A
India
505
Sphaeralcea munroana
(Douglas) Spanch.
[Malvaceae]
RT
DE
C
United States
Stemodia durantifolia (L.) S.
[Scrophulariaceae]
PL
DE
A,E
Haiti, West Indies
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Vahl Enum. Syn. Verbena
jamaicensis [Verbenaceae]
-
-
A
India
508
Stephavia japonica (Thumb.)
Miers. [Menispermaceae]
RT
PA
A
India
509
Stemodia ericifolia K.
Schum. [Scrophulariaceae]
PL
DE
C
Paraguay
510
Stevia rebaudiana
[Asteraceae]
LF, ST
IN
C
Paraguay
511
Stenomesson incarnatum
(Kunth) Baker
[Amaryllidaceae]
BU
A
Peru
512
Stenomesson variegatum
[Amaryllidaceae]
-
-
C
South America
513
Stipa tenacissima Linn.
[Poaceae]
SD
DE
A
Spain
514
Strychnos pseudoquina A.
[Loganiaceae]
LF, SB
DE
A
Brazil
515
Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
[Fabaceae]
PX
MA
S
Paraguay
516
Styrax benzoin Dryand.
[Styracaceae]
BR, IF
-
A
Islanders of Indian
Ocean
517
Syagrus petraea (Mart.)
Becc. [Arecaceae]
FR
-
C
Brazil
506
507
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
50
Literature review
518
Tabernaemontana heyneana
Wall. [Apocynaceae]
LA
-
A
India
519
Tagetes erectus [Asteraceae]
FL
-
E
Nigeria
520
Tanacetum parthenium L.
Sch. [Asteraceae]
PX
IN
A
Mexico
521
Tanacetum vulgare Linn.
[Asteraceae]
FL, LF
IN
A,C
United States
522
Taxus baccata Linn.
[Taxaceae]
FR
-
E
India
523
Taxus wallichiana Zucc.
[Taxaceae]
LF
-
A
Pakistan
524
Tecomella undulata (Roxb.)
Seem. [Bignoniaceae]
BR
PO
A
Pakistan
525
Tephrosia purpurea Linn.
Pers. [Fabaceae]
LF
-
A
India
526
Tephrosia densiflora Hook.f.
[Fabaceae]
RT
DE
A
Nigeria
527
Thelypteris cf. scalaris
(Christ.) Alton
[Thelypteridaceae]
PL
Fresh or
dried
C
Peru
528
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.
Schum. Syn. Thevetia
neriifolia
SD
PA
A
India
[Apocynaceae]
529
Thysanolaena (Roxb.) O.
Kuntze [Poaceae]
FL
PA
C
India
530
Tillandsia decomposita
Baker[Bromeliaceae]
FS
DE
C
South America
531
Tournefortia bicolor S.
[Boraginaceae]
LF
IN
A,E
Haiti, west Indies
532
Trachylobium
hornemannianum
RE
-
E
India
-
-
E
India
PL
-
A
India
Heyne. [Fabaceae]
533
Trachyspermum
roxburghianum
(DC.) Sprague Syn. Carum
roxburghianum [Apiaceae]
534
Trianthema pentandra Linn.
[Aizoaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
51
Literature review
535
Trianthema portulacastrum
Linn. [Aizoaceae]
RT
PO
A
India
536
Trichosanthes bracteata
(Lam.) Voigt Syn. T. palmata
[Cucurbitaceae]
SD
PO
A
India
537
Trichosanthes cucumerina
Linn. [Cucurbitaceae]
-
-
E
India
538
Trifolium subterraneum Linn.
[Fabaceae]
-
-
A
India
539
Trichosanthes tricuspidata
Lour. [Cucurbitaceae]
SD
PO
C
India
540
Trigonella foenumgraeceum
Linn. [Fabaceae]
SD
-
E
India
541
Triumfetta bartramia Linn.
[Tiliaceae]
RT
IN
E
India
542
Turnera ulmifolia Linn.
[Turneraceae]
LF
IN
A
Jamaica
543
Tussilago farfara Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF,RT
-
A
India
544
Uraria lagopoides DC.
[Fabaceae]
PL
DE
A
India
545
Uraria lagopodioides Desv.
[Fabaceae]
PL
PA
A
India
546
Urena lobata Linn.
[Malvaceae]
LF
JU
C
India,
547
Urginea indica Kunth.
[Liliaceae]
BU
-
E
India
548
Uritica dioica Linn.
[Urticaceae]
-
-
E
India
549
Urospatha antisylleptica
[Araceae]
SP
PO
C
Columbia
550
Valeriana montana Linn.
[Valerianaceae]
RT
Tea
S
Montenegro
551
Ventilago neo-caledonica
schlecht. [Rhamnaceae]
LF
-
C
Vanautu
552
Veratrum californicum
RT
DE
C
United states
New Ireland
[Liliaceae]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
52
Literature review
553
Vernonia amygdalina Delile
[Asteraceae]
LF
DE
A
Cameroon
554
Verbena officinalis Linn.
[Verbenaceae]
PL
DE
A
India
555
Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash
Ex Small [Poaceae]
RT
-
A
Mauritius
556
Viburnum foetidum Wall.
[Caprifoliaceae]
LF
DE,
E
India
557
Viburnum prunifolium Linn.
[Caprifoliaceae]
-
DE
C
Italy
558
Vicoa indica (L.) DC.Syn. V.
auriculata Cass, Pentanema
indicum (L.) Ling
[Asteraceae]
RT
PA
S
India
559
Vigna phaseoloides Baker
[Fabaceae]
RT
IN
C
East Africa
560
Vinca rosea Linn.Syn.
-
-
A
Philippines
Oil
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.
Don., Lochnera rosea (L.)
Reichb. [Apocynaceae]
561
Viscum articulatum Burm.f.
[Viscaceae]
ST
Pills
A
India
562
Vitex agnus-castus Linn. Sp.
Pl. [Verbenaceae]
PL
-
A
Europe
563
Vitex lagundi [Verbenaceae]
RT
-
C
Kurtachi, North
Bougainvile
564
Vitex negundo Linn.
RT,
DE
A,E
[Verbenaceae]
SD
India, Solomon
Islands (Buka)
565
Vitex trifolia Linn.
[Verbenaceae]
FR
-
A
India
566
Waltheria americana Linn.
[Sterculaceae]
-
-
A
Africa
567
Wedelia gracilis [Asteraceae]
PL
-
A
Jamaica
568
Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
[Asteraceae]
-
-
A
Africa
569
Withania coagulans (Stocks.)
Dunal. [Solanaceae]
FR
IN
E
Pakistan
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
53
Literature review
Withania somnifera Dunal
[Solanaceae]
PL
DE
A
India
RT
DE
A
Cameroon
571
Xanthium spinosum Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF
-
C
Spain
572
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal)
A. Rich [Annonaceae]
FR
-
A
Africa
573
Zaluzania triloba (Ort.) Pers.
[Asteraceae]
PX
IN
A
Mexico
574
Zingiber officinale Rosc.
[Zingiberaceae]
RT
PO
A
575
Ziziphus nummularia
(Burm.f.) [Rhamnaceae]
RB
PO
A
576
Ziziphora tenuior Linn.
[Labiatae]
SD
IN
E
India
577
Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.)
FR
MA
C
India
570
Pakistan
Willd. [Rhamnaceae]
*Abbreviations used for Plant part used: AP (All parts), BR (Bark), BU (Bulb), EX (Exudates), FJ
(Fruit juice), FL (Flower), FB (Flower buds), FR (Fruit), FS (Flower stem), GU(Gum), HU (Husk),
IF (Inflorescence), LA(Latex), LF (Leaf), PC (Pericarp), PE (Peduncle), PL (Whole plant), PT
(Petals), PX (Plant without root), RB (Root bark), RE (Resin), RH (Rhizome), RT (Root), SB (stem
bark), SD (Seed), SP (Sapadix), ST (Stem), TH (Thallus)TU (Tuber), WD (wood), YS (Young stem)
†
Abbreviation used for formulation used: Decoction (DE), Infusion (IN), Juice (JU), Maceration
(MA), Powder (PO), Paste (PA), Extract (EX), Water Extract (WE)
††
Abbreviation used for traditional/folkloric use: Abortifacient (A), Contraceptive (C), Emmenagogue
(E), Steriliser (S)
As can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 4, around 298 plants have been
mentioned as abortifacient (42 %), 188 as contraceptives (31 %), 149 as
emmenagogues (24 %), and 17 as sterilizers (3 %), however, some of the plants have
multiple uses depending on the dose. Among 132 families containing 577 plants
having role in fertility control in females, leguminosae constitutes 5.5 %, asteraceae
4.5 %, compositae 4.3 %, euphorbiaceae 4.2 %, apocynaceae 3.4 %, fabaceae &
umbelliferae 3 % each and others in lesser proportion. Among various parts of plants
used in fertility regulation are leaves (25 %), roots (22 %), fruits (15 %), seeds (12
%), flowers (4 %) and root barks, exudates, gums, buds etc. in small proportion
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
54
Literature review
(Figure 5). Most of these species are utilized as decoctions (31 %), infusions (10 %),
powder (8 %), paste and juice (5 % each), maceration (3 %) and others in lower
proportion, mixture with milk/sugar or water (Figure 6).
Figure 4. Herbal antifertility agents
Figure 5. Plant parts used in fertility
Regulation
Figure 6. Herbal dosage forms in fertility regulation
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
55
Literature review
2.2 Experimental evidences of medicinal plants use in fertility regulation
Abrus precatorius (Family: Fabaceae) popularly known as Indian licorice is
reported to possess antifertility and anti-implantation properties. Zia-ul-Haque et al.
(1983b) reported the post-coital (days 2-5) antifertility (100 % Sterility) effect of
abridine, isolated constituent from this plant, when administered p.o. at a dose of 1
mg/mL in female rats. In conclusion, A. precatorius possesses 100 % antifertility
activity in female rats33-35.
Acalypha indica L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is reported to have a post-coital
antifertility activity. The petroleum ether and ethanol extract of whole plant of AI at
dose of 600 mg/kg body weight p.o. (5-6 days post-coitum) showed significant antiimplantation activity. The loss of implantation caused by these extracts may be due
to antizygotic, blastocytotoxic or anti-implantation activity. The petroleum ether and
the ethanol extracts also exhibited estrogenic activity as shown by the significant
increase in uterine weight, diameter of the uterus, thickness of endometrium, height
of the endometrial epithelium and vaginal epithelial cornification in immature rats.
In conclusion, A. indica L. possess significant post coital antiimplantation activity in
female albino rats which might be due to the presence of estrogenic nature of sterols
and flavanoids in the extract36-37.
Ailanthus
excelsa
(Family:
Simaroubaceae)
has
shown
strong
antiimplantation (72 %) and abortifacient activitities (56 %) when its stem bark
hydroalcoholic extract was administered at dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.).
The extract showed, furthermore, significant (P < 0.05) increase in uterine weight in
immature ovariectomised rats. Simultaneous administration of extract with ethinyl
estradiol caused significant antiestrogenic activity38. Dhanasekaran et al. (1993) also
reported remarkably anti-implantation and early abortifacient activities in female
albino rats at a dose of 250 mg equivalent of plant material/kg body weight39.
Ananas comosus (AC) Linn. (Family: Bromeliaceae) showed abortifacient
properties of juices of the unripe fruits and leaves. Further, antifertility effects of the
petroleum ether extract of the rhizome and green fruits have also been reported40-42.
Pakrashi and Basek (1970) isolated various steroids (Ergosterol peroxide, βSitosterol, 5α-stigmastane-3β,5,6β-triol (III) 3-monobenzoate) from AC leaves, out
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
56
Literature review
of which, β-Sitosterol showed significant abortifacient effect after day 1 but no
activity on days 6-7 in mice when administered orally before and after implantation
at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Ergosterol peroxide compound showed the
maximum abortifacient effect at both stages of pregnancy, but the action was
delayed (starting from Days 13-16), especially when given after implantation43.
However, recently Yakubu et al. (2011) have investigated the effect of unripe fruit
juice of AC for abortifacient activity in pregnant Wistar rats (7-14 days after
gestation) and reported that number and weights of live fetuses, number of
implantation sites, corpora lutea, computed percent implantation index, resorption
index, pre- and post-implantation losses were not significantly (p > 0.05) altered.
Neither fetal death nor provoked vaginal bleeding was observed in the pregnant rats
whereas maternal weight increased in all the experimental animals with that of the
control augmenting least. The 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight doses increased (p <
0.05) the serum concentrations of progesterone and oestrogen in the pregnant rats44.
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Family: Aristolochiaceae) is used in India for
their antifertility and abortifacient effects45. The ethyl acetate fraction of the
ethanolic extract of AB was tested for pre-coital and post-coital anti-implantation
and abortifacient activities in female albino rats. The ethyl acetate fraction of
ethanolic extract of aerial parts of AB at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight by
oral route (5-6 days postcoitum) exhibited 28.86 and 58.65 % anti-implantation
activity, respectively. These treatments also caused 18.61 (P < 0.01) and 37.22 % (P
< 0.001) abortifacient activities, respectively. The total antifertility activity in the
pre-coital studies was found to be 47.47 and 95.87 % for the two doses tested
respectively46. The main active constituent responsible for antifertility activity is
identified as aristolic acid47.
Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae) is perhaps the most useful traditional
medicinal plant in India. Along with leaves, bark, seeds, NIM-76, a volatile fraction
from neem oil is reported to have post-coital antifertility activity in rats, rabbits and
monkeys48. In another study, intrauterine application of neem oil caused a preimplantation block in fertility49.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Bambusa vulgaris Linn. (Family: Poaceae) is used as an emmenagogue, and
abortifacient in Nigerian folklore medicine50. Its leaves extract at dose 250 mg/kg
body weight significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of live fetuses, whereas
the 500 mg/kg body weight dose produced no live fetus. The extract at both the
doses reduced the survival rate of the fetus to 29 and 0 %, whereas the same doses
produced abortion at the rate of 60 and 100 %, respectively. The extract also
decreased the concentrations of serum progesterone, follicle-stimulating and
luteinizing hormones. While there was no effect on the weight of the uterus,
uterine/body weight ratio, length of the right uterine horn and uterine cholesterol,
however, the alkaline phosphatase activity and glucose concentration were
decreased significantly51.
Butea monosperma Lam. (Fabaceae) flowers, leaves and seeds have been
traditionally used as abortifacient in India2,3. Butin extracted from seeds of BM
showed anti-implantation activity when administrated orally to adult female rats at
the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/rat from day 1 to day 5 of pregnancy and it was
observed that there was a dose dependent termination of pregnancy and reduction in
the number of implantation sites at lower doses and reported Butin, a weak estrogen,
in that a significant uterotrophic effect was discerned even at 1/20th the
anticonceptive dose52. In another study by El-Halawany et al. (2011), methanol
extracts of BM revealed significant estrogenic activity on ERβ only53.
Citrus medica (CM) Linn. (Rutaceae) seeds have exhibited estrogenic
activity54-55. Its alcohol (2.5 mg/kg) and the chloroform extracts (1.0 gm/kg)
exhibited significant anti-implantation activity in female wistar rats (1-7 day postcoital) respectively. The ethanol and chloroform extract of CM peel showed 71.96
and 77.19 % anti-implantation activity as compared to the control respectively56.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HR) Linn. (Malvaceae) flowers have been reported
to possess anti-implantation and antispermatogenic activities9,57. Its ethanolic root
extract, at dose of 400 mg/kg body weight orally from day 1-7 of gestation,
prevented pregnancy in colony-bred female albino rats and showed strong antiimplantation (100 % inhibition) and uterotropic activities58. In another study on
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
58
Literature review
mice, oral administration of the benzene extract of HR flowers, at a dose level of 1
gm/kg body weight/day from day 5-8 of gestation, led to termination of pregnancy
in about 92 % of the animals where the effect was associated with a significant fall
in peripheral level of progesterone and increase in uterine acid phosphatase activity,
as measured on 10th day59.
Embelia ribes Burm. (Family: Myrsinaceae) is one of the ingredient of
Pippaliyadi vati, an ayurvedic contraceptive formulation practiced by females in
India since ancient time60. Embelin, 2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone, the
bioactive molecule in the berries, when administered (15, 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg,
p.o.) in proven fertile female rats exhibited 55.55-83.33 % anti-implantation effect61.
Garg and Garg (1978) have reported that root powder of ER at 100 mg/kg, p.o.
exhibited 100 % inhibition of pregnancy in female albino rats62. Kholkute et al.
(1978) administered powdered berries of ER in the diet at a dose level of 2 and 4
g/day and observed 62 % antifertility activity with a dose of 4 g/day63. Embelin, 50
to 100mg/kg, p.o. in rats (Day 1-7 of pregnancy) exhibited 85.71 % antiimplantation activity as well as significant antiestrogenic and progestational
properties64.
Gloriosa superb (GS) (Family: Liliaceae)
tuber is used as abortifacient in
Zambia65. Malpani et al. (2011) have reported that aqueous extract of GS at doses of
50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight by oral route shows significant abortifacient,
antiimplantation and uterotonic activities in female wistar rats. The early
abortifacient activity of the plant is owing to its oxytocic potential which may be due
to the presence of alkaloids such as colchicines66.
Heliotropium indicum (Family: Boraginaceae) is reported to have 40 %
antiimplantation activity67. The leaves ethanol extract, fractioned with n-hexane and
benzene, at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight in albino rats, has
shown better abortifacient and moderate antiimplantation activities. Ethanol extract
exhibited 50 % abortion whereas n-hexane and Benzene fractions caused 60, 50 &
60 % and 30 & 60 % abortion in pregnant rats respectively at doses of 200 & 400
mg/kg body wt. respectively. The effect on percentage preimplantation loss in
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
59
Literature review
pregnant rats was 30 and 35 % in ethanol extract, 40 and 60 % in n-hexane fraction,
30 and 50% in benzene extract at the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg body weight
respectively68.
Mutreja et al. (2008) investigated effect of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
(Family: Nymphaeaceae) seeds on the reproductive organs of female rats and
reported that ethanolic seed extract at a dose of 800 mg/kg by oral route brought
about a significant decline in the weight of ovary, protein and glycogen levels and as
a result, caused estrogen inhibition in female rats due to its antiestrogenic nature69.
Piper betel Linn. of family Piperaceae commonly known as the betel vine or
paan [Hindi] is an important medicinal plant whose leaves are widely used as a
mouth freshener in India. Biswal (2014) has reported the antioestrogenic effect of
aqueous and methanolic extracts betel leaves in female albino rats, probabley due to
flavonoid and steroidal contents70.
Plumbago zeylanica L. (Family: Plumbaginaceae) is widely used as a
complementary and alternative medicine around the world. In antifertility study, the
effects of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the
PZ leaves on the estrous cycle of rats were studied at two dose levels, namely, 200
and 400 mg/kg and assessed with regard to their oestrogenic activity in the same
species. The results indicated that the acetone and ethanol extracts were most
effective in interrupting the estrous cycle of the rats (p<0.05). The animals exhibited
a prolonged diestrous stage of the estrous cycle leading to a temporary inhibition of
ovulation. The antiovulatory activity was reversible on discontinuation of the
treatment. Both extracts showed significant (p<0.05) oestrogenic and antioestrogenic activities71.
Saha et al. (2012) reported that n-BuOH fraction of the tubers ethanolic
extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC, belonging to the family
Fabaceae exhibited significant antifertility activity in laboratory animals. Further,
bioactivity-guided fractionation identified Puerarin as the major constituent that
exerted pregnancy-terminating effects. Oral administration of puerarin at ≥ 300
mg/kg per day for days (D) 1-2 post-coitus resulted in complete implantation
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
60
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failure. Serum oestradiol levels during D2-D5 and progesterone P(4) level on D5
remained unaffected, but the endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor α (ERα)
and ERβ was adversely modulated that disrupted the implantation-specific
characteristic endometrial oestrogenic milieu72.
Vicoa indica (VI) DC. (Family: Asteraceae) is used by the tribal women of
Bihar in India as antifertility agent. The antifertility activity of VI was also tested in
proven fertile bonnet monkeys. The dry powder of the whole plant was fed to the
cycling monkeys on day 1 to 14 of menstrual cycle or day 9 to 14 of cycle or on day
2 to 5 after delivery and the fertility was evaluated in the following cycle in cycle
fed monkey or after weaning the young one in the post-partum fed monkeys. Results
indicated that while feeding in the post-partum monkeys did not confer any
protection against pregnancy feeding during day 1 to 14 of cycle, protected from
pregnancy. The monkeys did not become pregnant even after exposure to the proven
fertile male monkeys for 13 ovulatory cycles while all the vehicle fed monkeys
became pregnant within 3 cycles76. Its isolated compounds, Vicolides B and D
showed antifertility and abortifacient effects in albino rats73. Vicolide B caused
resorption of implants whereas Vicolide D prevented implantation. Vicolide D
showed 52.43% & 71.43% inhibition of implantation and abortifacient activities
respectively, when administered p.o. in rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight74-75.
In another study, Banjauri, herbal medicine containing VI, has successfully
possessed antifertility activity in phase I and II clinical trials77.
2.3 Phytocostituents having antifertility potential
A number of active principles representing numerous chemical compounds
have been envasiged with their probable role in fertility regulation especially in
females (Table 4). The compounds may be alkaloids, glycosides, saponins,
flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, lipids, phenolics etc. obtained from plant sources
and are reported to posseses antifertility activity32
& references therein
. Many of these
compounds are found in a single plant and oftenly; their synergistic action may be
seen. Some of the potent phytoconstituents with potential antifertility effects have
been shown in Figure 7.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
61
Literature review
Table 4. Phytoconstituents with reported antifertility potential32 & references therein
S.
No.
Phytoconstituent (s) with
Part
Dose
Days post Animal
source
used
mg/kg,
-coitum
Activity
(%)
p.o.
A
1
Antiimplantation activity
Abridine
SD
Saponins
2-5
Rat
100
animal
[Abrus pricatorius L.]
2
1 mg/
RT
218
1-10
Mice
-
PL
-
-
Rat
-
LF
40
6-7
Mice
100
30
1
Mice
93
30
6- 7
Mice
100
100
1,6 or 7
Mice
100
50
6
Mice
100
SD
20
1-5
Rat
90
LF
-
-
Mice
Consistent
100
1-7
-
73.3
RB
-
1-10
Rat
-
BR
100
1-5
Rat
100
SD
500
1-5
Rat
60
[Achyranthes bidentata
Blume.]
3
Isoadiantone
[Adiantum capillus-veneris]
4
5α-stigmastane-3β,5,6β-triol3-mon
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
Sitosterol
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
Ergosterol peroxide
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
5
Aristolochic acid
[Aristolochia indica L.]
RT
p-Coumaric acid
[Aristolochia indica L.]
6
Butin
[Butea monosperma Lam.]
7
Isothankuniside
[Centella asiatica L.]
8
Datura lactone
[Datura quercifolia Kunth]
9
Fraxinellone
-
[Dictamnus albus L.]
10
Embelin
[Embelia ribes Burm f.]
11
Anethole
[Foeniculum vulgare Mill.]
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12
n-hexacosanol,
campesterol,chalinasterol,
sitosterol, stigmasterol,
-
500
-
Rat
40
[Heliotropium indicum L.]
13
Marsdekoside A and B
[Marsdenia koi Tsiang]
PL
-
-
Rat
-
14
Yuehchukene
RT
3
1-2
Rat
Potent
RT
150
1-7
Rat
60
PL
20
1-5
Rat
83
SD
100
1-5
Rat
100
RT,SB,
LF
36
1-8
Rat
80
PL
5-25
1-4
Rat,
Significant
[Murraya paniculata L.]
15
Piperine
[Piper longum L.]
16
Plumbagin
[Plumbago zeylanica L.]
17
Oleanolic acid-3β-glucoside
[Randia dumetorum Lamk.]
18
Chalepensin
[Ruta graveolens L.]
19
Acacetin, Luteolin
Mice
[Striga lutea Lour.]
20
Vicolide B
PL
50
8-14
Rat
100
200
8-14
Rat
71
100
4-6
Mice
100
[Vicoa indica L.]
Vicolide D
[Vicoa indica L.]
21
5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6,8,4’trimethoxy flavones
SD
[Vitex negundo L.]
B
Abortifacient activity
1
Methyl aristolate
[Aristolochia indica L.]
RT
60
6, 7
Rat
100
2
Yuanhuatine [Daphe Sp.]
FL
50µg
-
Monkey
Significant
3
Yuanhuacine
[Daphne genkwa]
RT
70-80
µg
-
Woman
Significant
4
α and β Momorcharins
[Momordica charantia L.]
SD
-
-
Mice
Significant
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
63
Literature review
5
Momorcochin [Momordica
cochinchinensis Spreng.]
6
Piperine
RT
-
-
Mice
-
-
-
8-12
-
Significant
PL
10
5-11
Rat
75
50
6-9
Rat
Significant
[Piper sp.]
7
Plumbagin
[Plumbago zeylanica L.]
C
1
2
Contraceptive activity
Triterpene glycoside
[Androsace septentrionalis L.]
Cirantine
-
100
-
Mice,
Rat
-
Peel
0.75
-
Rabbit
-
PX
0.6
1-5
Rat
100
[Citrus aurantium L.]
3
Ferujol
[Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke.]
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
64
Literature review
O
HO
HO
CH3
OH
O
O
H3C
OH
OH
H2C
O
O
CH3
O
O
O
Acacetin
Butin
Chalepensin
H
OH
H
H
O O
H
H
O
O
OH
H
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
H
O
OH
Embelin
O
HO
O
O
H3CO
HO
Cirantine
O
Ferujol
OH
H
O
H
O
O
OH
H
O
HO
O
O
OH
H
Fraxinellone
Isoadiantone
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
O
Luteolin
65
Literature review
COOCH=CHC6H5
COOC6H5
CHOHCH3
OH
CH3
OH
O
R=
CH3
RO
H
OH
H
O
COCH3
H O
CHOHCH3
H
H
H
O
OH
CH3
O
H
CH
OH 3
O
RO
COCH3
OCH3 OH
Marsdenikoiside B
Marsdenikoiside A
OH
HO
H
N
O
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
H3C
O
H
O
HO
H
H
H
HO
OH
N
H
Yuanchukene
OH
Rutin
Sitosterol
R2
R1
R2
Yuanhuacine
(CH=CH)(CH2)4M
e
OCOPh
Yuanhuatine
Ph (1,2-dihydro)
OCOPh
R1
O
O
H
O
H
1
2
H
O
OH
O
OH
CH2OH
Figure 7. Isolated phytoconstituents with antifertility activity
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
66
Literature review
2.4 Plants selected for the study
Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f.
Family: Verbenaceae
Synonym: C. multiflorum Burm f.
Vernacular names: Arni [Hindi], Agnimantha [Sanskrit], Clerodendrum or Wind-killer [English]
Figure 8. Image of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f.
Description
Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f. is a common shrub of arid plains, low hills
and tropical deserts. It is large shrub or small tree growing up to a height of about 9
m and is distributed more or less throughout India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
and south-east Asia. In India, it is found in drier regions of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orrisa, Diu Island, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat,
Maharashtra and Karnataka78-79. The leaves are simple, exstipulate, opposite, deltoid
ovate-rhomboid ovate, 1.5 to 5 cm in length, 1 to 4 cm in breadth, petiole 3.5 cm
long, both surfaces of leaf are puberulous, reticulate and unicostate. Stem is straight,
unbranched, cylindrical, 9 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter with uneven surface. Roots
are 7 to 15 cm long and 0.2 to 3.0 cm thick pieces which are occasionally branched,
cylindrical, tough, yellowish-brown externally, bark thin, outer surface rough due to
exfoliation, with hard fracture and slightly astringent taste80.
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67
Literature review
Traditional Uses
Clerodendrum phlomidis has been used traditionally in treating bronchitis,
headache, inflammation, weakness, drowsiness, digestive problems and joint pains81.
A decoction of leaves is used along with other plants for inflammation, and is
effective in treating bronchitis, headache, weakness, drowsiness and digestive
problems6. Root decoction is used traditionally in treating inflammation, jaundice,
piles, swelling of body, spleen enlargement, urinary disease, asthma, nervous
disorders and rheumatism82-83. Root bark of the plant together with rice wash has
been used traditionally to cause sterility in females in ancient India84.
Phytochemical review
The leaves are found to contain a crystalline non-glucoside bitter principle
(C17H16O6), ceryl alcohol, β-sitosterole, γ-sitosterole, Palmatic acid, cerotic
acid and pectolinaringenin85. Bharitkar et al. (2015) have reported three new
compounds pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 24β-ethylcholesta5, 22E, 25-triene-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and andrographolide in the
leaves86.
Gupta et al. (1967) isolated D-mannitol, β-D-glucoside of β-sitosterol, βsitosterol and cetyl alcohol from the stem87.
The roots have been reported to contain β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, ceryl
alcohol,
clerodin
(C27H26O17)
and
(C24H34O7),
clerosterol
(C29H48O),
clerodendrin-A
α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-
naringin-4ʹ-O-α-D-glucopyranoside-5-methylether88-89.
Flowers of C. phlomidis are reported to contain 6,4’-dimethyl-7-acetoxyscutellarein, pectolinaringenin, apigenin, hispidulin and luteolin from
chalcone
glycoside
(4,2’,4’-trihydroxy-6’-methoxychalcone-4,4’α-D-
diglucoside), 7-hydroxy flavones 7-hydroxy flavonone 7-O-glucoside90-91.
Pandey et al., (2008) have isolated Lupeol ester i.e. Lup-20(29)-en-3triacontanoate, tetratriacontanol, 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E, 25-triene-3β-ol in
the aerial parts of this plant92.
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68
Literature review
Biological activities:
Analgesic activity:
The ethanol extract of leaves showed significant analgesic activity at 300
mg/kg in albino mice (either sex, 20-25 g) when evaluated (150 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.)
by Eddy’s hot plate method, thus supporting its folklore claim as analgesic93.
Anti-amnesic activity:
The aqueous bark extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. was evaluated for antiamnesic activity in young Swiss mice (8 weeks, either sex) and old Swiss mice (28
weeks, either sex). The dose at 200 mg/kg more significantly enhanced the learning
and memory of aged animals rather than the young ones. The extract profoundly
increased step-down latency (SDL) indicating improvement in the memory of
younger mice and significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
indicating its potential in the attenuation of learning and memory deficits especially
in aged mice. The study concluded that C. phlomidis as a potential nootropic and
anti-cholinesterase agent94.
Anti-asthmatic activity:
The aqueous bark extract (yield 7.9% w/w) of leaves was screened for antiasthmatic activity in male albino mice (Swiss strain, 22 to 25 g). The effect of
extract (2, 4 & 10 mg/mL) on goat tracheal chain was also studied, indicating a
significant activity at 4 and 10 mg/mL with the relaxant effect (depression of
histamine receptor 1). The extract at dose levels of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p. in
milk-induced eosinophilia showed the significant antagonizing effect at 100 mg/kg.
In three-day treatment of the aqueous extract, the 100 mg/kg dose showed 73.25%
protection of mast cell degranulation. The aqueous extract, when studied for
capillary permeability, significantly decreased transmittance at 100 mg/kg dose
level, indicating its effect on optical density of the eye. The overall study shows the
beneficial use of aqueous extract in the treatment of asthma and related conditions95.
Antimicrobial studies:
Both methanolic (yield 4.4% w/w) and acetone (yield 1.7% w/w) extracts of
stems and leaves (combined) were screened for Gram-positive bacteria, Gramnegative bacteria and fungi species by an agar diffusion method, respectively.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Literature review
Acetone extract was not active while the methanolic extract showed inhibition
against Citrobacter freundii and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The study concluded
that the antimicrobial activity might be attributed to various active constituents
present in either mono or combined way of them96. Ethyl acetate and hexane extracts
of leaves (yield 8.4 and 1.1 % w/w) and stems (yield 3.21 and 0.52 % w/w) at
concentration of 1 mg/ml were screened for human pathogens and plant pathogens
by poison plate technique, respectively. The leaf extract (particularly hexane extract)
was found more active than stem extract on both pathogens. However, the stem
extract was only inhibitory to plant pathogens97. Antifungal activity of two flavones,
flavonone glucoside and one chalcone glucoside isolated from C. phlomidis was
studied. Chalcone glucoside was highly promising followed by pectolinaringenin,
flavonone glucoside and flavones98.
Antiplasmodial activity:
The ethanol leaves extract showed 96 % inhibition at 100 µg/mL conc. and a
50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 25 µg/mL against Plasmodium
falciparum. The study concluded that the activity might be due to the presence of
iridoids, but no iridoids have been reported yet from C. phlomidis99.
Hypoglycemic activity:
A defatted ethanol extract of leaves was screened for hypoglycemic activity
in alloxan-induced diabetic rats at two dose levels, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract
at 200 mg/kg exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity and also reduced altered
cholesterol and triglycerides levels. In the histopathological studies, more prominent
islet cells were seen in both metformin and ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) treated
groups100.
Immunomodulatory activity:
A methanol extract of roots was evaluated for specific immune response
(antihyaluronidase titer, plaque forming cell assay and delayed-type hypersensitivity
test) and non-specific immune response (carbon clearance and E. coli-induced
abdominal sepsis). The specific immune response was studied in BLAB/c albino
mice (either sex, 22 to 25 g) for 7 days. The extract at 300 mg/kg showed
significance in antihyaluronidase titre, plaque forming cell assay and delayed-type
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Literature review
hypersensitivity test. In carbon clearance test (5-day treatment) and E. coli-induced
abdominal sepsis (15-day treatment) the extract showed increased phagocytic index,
significant clearance of carbon particles and only 20% mortality in 24 h particularly
without any symptoms of peritonitis in surviving animals. The study showed that the
methanol extract exhibits the immunomodulatory activity probably might be due to
chemical constituents such as diterpenoids and flavonoids present in the extract101.
Other activities:
The isolated flavone (7-hydroxy flavones) from C. phlomidis acts on targets
like aromatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxyl steroid oxydoreductase,
multidrug resistance transporter (MDR-TR)-P-glycoprotein transporter (PGP-TR)
and 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and also exerts in vivo antinociceptive
activity102.
C.
phlomidis
has
also
shown
minor
tranquilizing
effect103,
antidiarrhoeal104, and antihepatotoxic activities105.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Family: Fabaceae
Synonyms: Pongamia glabra Vent., Derris indica (Lam.) Bennett, Cystisus
pinnatus
Lam.,
Millettia
novo-guineensis Kane
&
Hat
and
Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi
Vernacular names: Karanj [Hindi], Pongam [Tamil] and Indian beech [English]
Description:
Pongamia pinnata L. is native to India and widely distributed along
Southeast Asia to the West Pacific and North Australia. Karanj is found in hilly
region in south India up to an elevation of about 1220 m and in Himalayas106-108. It
is a medium sized semi evergreen glabrous tree with a short bole and spreading
crown up to 18 m or more in height, bark grayish green or brown , very often
mottled with dark brown dots, specks, lines or streak; leaves compound, leaflets 5-7
ovate, acuminate or elliptic; Flowers lilac or pinkish white, fragnant, in axillary
racemes; fruits thick, woody, smooth, compressed, with a short curved beak, seeds 1
or 2 per pod, reniform to nearly round, smooth or wrinkled, testa reddish brown
leathery109.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Literature review
Figure 9. Image of P. pinnata (L.) Pierre
Traditional Uses
All parts of P. pinnata L. are traditionally used in the treatment of Snakebite
treatment of tumors, piles, skin diseases, wounds and ulcer; Fruits in abdominal
tumor as anthelmintic; Flowers in diabetes; Seeds and seed oil in keratitis, urinary
discharges, piles, ulcer, chronic fever, rheumatism, leucoderma, lumbago, scabies,
leprosy, bronchitis, whooping cough, chronic skin diseases, wound treatment,
chronic fever, hypertension, and liver pain; Leaves in rheumatism, gonorrhea, skin
diseases,genitalia, fever, piles, scabies, anthelmintic, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence,
glycosuria, wound treatment, as antiseptic and blood purifier. Stem/stem bark in
diabetes, malaria, bleeding piles, beriberi, anthelmintic, elexteric, hemorrhoid,
ophthalmopathy, vaginopathy, skin diseases, genitalia, sinus, stomach pain,
intestinal disorder and wound treatment; Roots in wound and gastric treatment,
gonorrhea, cleaning gums, teeth, and ulcers and also used in vaginal and skin
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diseases110. Powdered stem bark of this plant is squeezed with water and its juice is
drunk to induce abortion in Vanuatu Island111.
Phytochemical Review:
The phytochemical studies of P. pinnata L. resulted in the isolation of
flavonoid derivatives (flavones, flavans and chalcones). Several compounds from
other classes were also detected in this species, such as sesquiterpene, diterpene,
triterpenes, steroids, aminoacid derivatives, disaccharide, fatty acids, and esters.
Flowers have been reported to contain flavones (Fisetin tetramethyl ether),
methylenedioxy flavones (Demethoxykanugin, Kanugin), furanoflavones
(Karanjin,
Lanceolatin B,
Isopongaglabol,
112-113
Glabone)
Kanjone,
Pongaglabol
methyl
ether,
6-methoxyisopongaglabol,
Pongaglabol,
Pinnatin
and
.
Fruits contains furanoflavones (3′-methoxyfuro[8,7:4″,5″] flavones, Pongol,
2′,5′-dimethoxyfuro [8,7:4″,5″] flavones), flavonoid glycosides (Pongapinnol
A, B, C and D) and coumestan (Pongacoumestan)114-116.
Leaves are reported to possess flavones (Kaempferol, Quercetin), rotenoids
(11,12a-dihidroxy-munduserone,
12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol),
flavonoid
glycosides (Vitexin, Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),
flavonoid
diglycosides
isoflavone
glycosides
(Kaempferol
3-O-β-D-rutinoside,
Rutin) and
(4′-O-methyl-genistein7-O-β-D-rutinoside,
2′,5′-
dimethoxy-genistein7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1″-6″)-O-β-Dglucopyranoside)117.
Stem/ stem bark
contains Demethoxykanugin, Kanugin, Karanjin,
Luteolin, Milletocalyxin C, 5-methoxy-(3″,4″-dihydro-3″, 4″-diacetoxy)-2″,
2″-dimethylpyrano-(7,8:5″,6″)-flavone, 5-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-7-[(3-methyl2-butenyl)oxy]-isoflavone, Maackiain, Medicarpin, Pongachin, Pongamone
(A, B, C, D and E), Pongapin, 3’-methoxypongapin, 3′, 4′-methylenedioxy(4″, 5″:7, 8)-furanoflavanone and tunicatachalcones, 114,118-122.
Roots and its bark contains Ponganone (II-XI), Ovalitenin B, Ovalitenone,
Pongamol,
Milletenone,
2′-hydroxy-3,4,4′,
6′-tetramethoxychalcone,
Isoglabrachromene, Maackiain, Medicarpin, Ovalifolin, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-4H-
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furo[2,3-h] chromen-4-one, 3,3′,4′-trihydroxy-4H-furo[2,3-h] chromen-4one123-124.
Miscellaneous compounds like terpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes,
Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol alongwith their acetate and galactosides, two
caffeic esters (hexacosanyl caffeate and triacontanyl caffeate) etc. have also
been reported in this plant110.
Biological activities:
Antioxidant activity:
Essa and Subramanian (2006) studied the antioxidant activity of the
ethanolic extract of the leaves on NH4Cl-induced hyper-ammonemic rats and found
that oral administration (300mg/kgb.wt) significantly reduced the level of TBARS,
HP, and CD and increased the level of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH in liver and
kidney. The methanolic extract inhibited 72.47%, 75.86%, 68.11% and 77.46% on
lipidperoxidation, reducing power, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity at 50 µg/ml concentration respectively. The anti-oxidant
property may be related to the flavonoids and polyphenol present in the extract125-126.
Antimicrobial activity:
Various extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activity against a broad
spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Various isolated compounds
(3,7-dimethoxyflavone, Quercetin, Kanugin, Karanjin, Lanceolatin B, Pachycarin D,
Pongaglabol, Pinnatin, Pongaflavone/karanjachromene, Pongachromene, Rutin,
Ovalifolin, Maackiain, Cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol, Lupeol etc.) seem to be
responsible for the antibacterial activity of various extracts of different parts of P.
pinnata. Seed oil showed maximum antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger
followed by Aspergillus terreus and Candida albicans. The maximum inhibition
was observed in pure oil (100%) and a minimum of 40-45% for oil for all tested
fungi110.
Anti-protozoal activity:
The bark and leaf extract with low IC50 values of 9-43 µg dry extract/ml has
been shown to be potential as anti-malarial by possessing antiplasmodial activity
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against Plasmodium falciparum127. This activity might be associated with its
constituent, lupeol, which blocked the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum
merozoites into erythrocytes at IC50 1.5 µg/ml128.
Antiinflammatory activity:
Prabha et al. (2003) reported that the methanolic extract of roots showed
significant protection against mucosal damage induced by aspirin and has a tendency
to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after 10-days treatment129. Prabha et al. (2009)
later evaluated that when administered orally (po), the methanolic seeds extract
showed dose-dependent (12.5-50 mg/kg for 5 days) ulcer protective effects against
gastric ulcer induced by 2h cold restraint stress. Optimal effective dose of extract
(25 mg/kg) showed anti-ulcerogenic activity against acute gastric ulcers induced by
pylorus ligation and aspirin and duodenal ulcer induced by cysteamine but not
against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer130.
Methanol extract of the root were tested orally at the dosages of 15, 20 and
25 mg/kg, on gastric ulcerations experimentally induced by aspirin, alcohol and
pylorus ligation models. The extract at the dose of 25 mg/kg showed 79.30 % and
82.20 % inhibition when gastric ulcerations were induced by aspirin and ethanol and
66.38 % inhibition showed in pylorus ligation at adose of 20 mg/kg respectively.
The methanol extract at 20 and 25 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited ulcer
formation. Methanol extract which contains flavonoids, triterpenes, carotinoids and
saponins, may exhibit anti-ulcer properties126.
Anticonvulsant activity:
Manigauha et al. (2009) reported that treatment of maximal electroshockinduced seizure (MES) in wistar albino mice (150 mA for 0.2s) with the ethanolic
extract of the P. pinnata leaves (250 mg/kg i.p.) showed significant anticonvulsant
activity by lowering the duration of extension phase (4, 12 ± 0.67) when compared
to control group (9, 64 ± 0.41)131. In further study, Manigauha and Patel (2010)
found that treatment of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion (PTZ) in the same
type of rats (80 mg/kg, i.p.) with the leaves ethanolic extract (250 mg/kg, i.p.)
significantly lowered the duration of extension phase (3.72 ± 0.65) when compared
to control group (8.94 ± 0.42) 132.
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Antidiabetic activity:
Punitha and Manoharan, (2006) reported the significant anti-hyperglycemic
of oral administration of the ethanolic extract of the flower (300 mg/kg) which
considerably reduced the blood glucose level in a similar extent to that of the
standard drug glibenclamide (600 µg/kg bw) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats133.
Rao et al. (2009) investigated some compounds (Fisetin tetramethyl ether, Luteolin,
3-methoxy-7-hydroxy-3′,4′- methylenedioxyflavone, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-4H-furo[2,3h]chromen-4-one,
Pongaglabrone,
Pongapin,
Pinnatin,
Pongachromene,
Pongapinone B, Ovalitenone and Pyperonylic acid) showing α-glucosidase
inhibitory activities124. In the last 3 years, the anti-diabetic activity of various extract
from the leaves, pods, root, and stem bark of this plant have been investigated and it
was found that the extracts of most of the parts of this species exhibited significant
anti-diabetic activity110.
Anthelmintic activity:
The anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds which needed
less time to cause the paralysis and death of Indian adult earthworm, Pherentima
posthuma, than the extracts of leaf, wood, bark, and pericarp of the fruit did was
further studied. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher anthelmintic activity
against the earthworm followed by the petroleum ether extract134.
Other activities:
Pongamia pinnata has also repoted to have anti-hyperammonemic activity,
cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and insecticidal activities135-137.
Casuarina equisetifolia Linn.
Family: Casuarinaceae
Synonymn: Casuarina litorea L.
Vernacular names: Junglisaru [Hindi], She-oak or Horse tail or White pine
[English], Savukku [Tamil]
Description:
Casuarina equisetifolia L. is a large erect evergreen tree with a ‘conifer-like’
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appearance and grows up to 50 m height with drooping branches and needle-like
branchlets. It is an exotic species to India and native to South-East Asia, Australia
and Polynesia138-139. It is commonly found along the coast on beaches, rocky coasts,
limestone outcroppings, dry hillsides and open forests in India, Sri Lanka and
Australia140. In India, it is cultivated in coastal regions from Gujarat to Orissa, West
Bengal and Andamans. The leaves are reduced to white or brown scales fused
laterally at the base in whorls that define nodes on the branch lets. Flowers open in
March and cones mature in June to July. Fruits are grey or yellowish brown.
Propgation can be done by seeds which are obtained from the mature cones141.
Figure 10. Image of C. equisetifolia L.
Traditional uses:
In Tahiti (South pacific Island), an infusion of the bark of C. equisetifolia L. is
traditionally used for nervous disorders whereas for coughs, ulcers, stomach ache,
and constipation problems in Tonga142. In the Philippines, an infusion of the
branches is said to be diuretic, while a decoction of the bark, which contains 18%
tannin, is employed as an emmenagogue. An infusion of the leaves, in Tonga, is
used as an emetic to treat throat infections. The plant’s uses in treating throat
infections, coughs and stomach-aches are also noted in Fiji and India. In Samoa, an
infusion of the leaves is used as a remedy for coughs, asthma and diabetes. Cook
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Islanders use an infusion of the grated leaves to treat mouth infections and urinary
tract infections143-144. In western Malaysia, a decoction of the twigs is used for
treating swelling and the powdered bark is used for treating acne. In New Zealand,
the bark and twigs are used in the treatment beriberi disease by the native people145.
Raw leaves and stem bark juice are consumed by females to induce sterility in
Vanautu Island146.
Phytochemical Review:
Roux (1957) reported d-Gallocatechin in the bark of C. equisetifolia147.
Ansary et al. (1977) reported the the presence of 11 flavonoid glycosides i.e.
-3-arabinoside,
-3-glucuronide,
-3-rhamnoside
and
-3-rutinoside
of
kaempferol as well as the -3-arabinoside, -3-galactoside, -3-glucoside, -3glucuronide, -3-rhamnoside, -3-ruinoside and -3-xyloside of quercetin in
leaves of C. equisetifolia148.
Alicyclic acids (shikimic and quinic acid), polyols (dextrose, fructose and
sucrose) and amino acids were reported in fruit, bark and wood149.
Madhulata et al. (1985) reported various phenolic constituents including
afzelin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, hydroquinone, juglanin, catechin,
gallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin-3-gallate in fruits
whereas gallic acid, methyl gallate, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin,
epigallocatechin in the wood of C. equisetifolia150.
Nash et al. (1994) reported an alkaloid Casuarine [1, (1R,2R,3R,6S,7S,7aR)3-(hydroxymethyl)-l,2,6,7-tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine] from ethanol extract of
C. equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) stem bark151.
Rastogi and Mehrotra (1998) reported acetates of β-amyrin and taraxerol,
lupenone, glutinol, lupeol, kaempferol, 3α-L-arabinoside, afzelin, gallic acid
and β-sitosterol in leaves and fruits of this plant152.
Seven new β-amyrin derived oleanane-type triterpene coumaroyl esters were
isolated from the twigs and leaves of C. equisetifolia, together with two
known triterpenoids, erythrodiol and oleanolic acid, and a number of benzoic
acid derivatives. The structures of the seven new compounds have been
elucidated as 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-O-(Z)-coumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-
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O-dihydrocoumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl erythrodiol, 3-O-(Z)coumaroyl erythrodiol, 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl oleanolic acid and 3-O-(Z)coumaroyl oleanolic acid by spectroscopic analyses and chemical
degradation153.
Ogunwande et al. (2011) have reported seventy-six compounds comprising
of monoterpene hydrocarbons (29.3%), oxygenatedmonoterpenoids (16.2%),
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.7%), oxygenated derivatives (1.0%), aliphatic
(40.6%) and non-terpenoid (7.2%) compounds in the leaf oil of C.
equisetifolia. The major compounds of leaf oil were pentadecanal (32.0%)
and 1,8-cineole (13.1%). Significant quantities of α-phellandrene (7.0%),
apiole (7.2%) and α-terpinene (6.9%). The main constituents of fruit oil were
caryophyllene-oxide (11.7%), translinalool oxide (11.5%), 1,8-cineole
(9.7%), α-terpineol (8.8%) and α-pinene (8.5%)154.
Biological activities:
Antiasthamatic activity:
Karimulla and Kumar (2011) examined the effect of ethanol extract of
Casuarina equisetifolia (CE) L. bark at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses orally in the
isolated goat tracheal chain preparation and passive paw anaphylaxis in Wistar rats.
Study revealed that CE bark extract exhibited significant (p<0.01) percentage
decrease in contraction at 80 µg /ml in goat tracheal chain preparation when
compared with Histamine (50µg/ml) taken as standard. On the other hand, there was
significant inhibition in rat paw edema at the dose 50 mg/kg of CE bark extract. It
was 39.07 % and 57.82 % for 50 mg/kg and dexamethasone respectively. Paw
edema volume also significantly (p<0.01) decreased in alltime intervals at this dose
only. Control group showed (0.64 ± 0.18) paw edema volume and that of for 50
mg/kg dose and dexamethasone (standard) was (0.39 ± 0.06) and (0.27 ± 0.07) at 3
hour interval. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of CE bark exhibited significant
dose dependent antiasthamatic activity both models155.
Anti-diarrhoeal activity:
Kumar (2011) evaluated the antidiarrhoeal activity of CE bark ethanol
extract (17.5 % w/w) at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o using castor oil-
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induced-diarrhoea, enteropooling and Small intestinal transit models in rats. The
weight and volume of intestinal content induced by castor oil were studied by
enteropooling method. Standard drug diphenoxylate (5 ml/kg, p.o) showed
significant reductions in fecal output and frequency of droppings whereas the extract
at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o significantly (P<0.001) reduced the castor-oil
induced frequency and consistency of diarrhoea and enteropooling. The
gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of the longest distance
travelled by the charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine. The CE
bark extract at both the doses significantly inhibited (P<0.001) the castor oil induced
charcoal meal transit. The extract showed marked reduction in the number of
diarrhoea stools and the reduction in the weight and volume of the intestinal
contents, as well as a modest reduction in intestinal transit156.
Anti-ulcer activity:
Shalini and Kumar (2011) evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol extract
(200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) of whole plant of CE by using ethanol, indomethacin and
cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcer models in albino rats. Acute toxicity of
extract was found to be safe at the doses 2000 mg/kg p.o. The extract showed dose
dependent inhibition in ethanol induced gastric lesions with 70.37 % protection at
400 mg/kg, and 52.7% protection at 200 mg/kg). In indomethacin induced gastric
lesions, the extract showed 68.3% protection at 400 mg/kg and 51.7 % protection at
200 mg/kg. It also showed dose dependent inhibition in cold-restraint stress induced
gastric lesions where ethanol extract showed 75.02 % protection at 400 mg/kg, and
45.86 % protection at 200 mg/kg. Phytochemical studies of the ethanol extract
revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids which may be
responsible for the anti-ulcer properties. The ethanolic extracts of Casuarina
equisetifolia at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed similar activity to that of standard drug
omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor). This study reveals that the ethanol extract are
potent inhibitors of gastric mucosal lesions caused by ethanol, indomethacin and
cold-restraint stress in rats157.
Antiacne activity:
Thube and Patil (2013) have reported the antiacne effect of a polyherbal gel
formaulation containing ethanol extract of Casuarina equisetifolia bark as one of its
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ingredients alongwith other plants (Barleria prionitis, Butea monosperma,
Dalbergia sissoo, Lagenaria siceraria) in male Spraguge-Dawley rats. The antiacne
effect of formulation might be due to the synergestic effect of individual drugs
158
.
Shafiq et al. (2014) have also reported the antiacne effect of a cream containing
methanolic extract of CE bark in 50 patients159.
Antidiabetic activity:
Ethanolic extract of C. equisetifolia (EECE) was administered to
streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard
drug. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of extract (400
mg/kg, p.o.) in diabetic groups. Blood glucose levels were determined on 0, 7th, 14th
and 21st day after oral administration of ethanolic extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia
(400mg/kg). The extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. There was significant reduction in Total
cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and improvement in HDL
cholesterol in diabetic rats. These results indicated that Casuarina equisetifolia
possesses a significant hypoglycemic as well as antihyperlipidemic effect160.
Ravishankar, (2013) also reported the same effects in alloxan induced diabetic
rats161.
Antimicrobial activity:
Chaudhary et al. (2010) reported the potent antibacterial activity of methanol
extract of C. equisetifolia against Gram negative strain K. pneumoniae162. Swamy et
al. (2013) reported the significant antimicrobial activity of bark, leaves and fruit
methanolic extracts against five medicinally important bacterial strains, namely
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
fluoresces and three fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, Dreschlera turcica and
Fusarium verticilloides163. Amin et al. (2013) reported the anti-Helicobacter pylori
and Urease inhibition activities of methanol extract of C. equisetifolia fruits and
bark164.
Antioxidant activity:
Zhang et al. (2010) reported that the condensed tannins extracted from C.
equisetifolia stem bark and fine root showed very good DPPH radical scavenging
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activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power, suggesting that these extracts may be
considered as new sources of natural antioxidants for food and nutraceutical
products165.
In another study, Priya et al. (2012) evaluated the antioxidant activity of
hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. equisetifolia.
Total antioxidant activity was maximum for ethanolic extract (30.48±0.522 mg/g
equivalent ascorbic acid) and least for hexane extracts (10.16±0.350 mg/g eq.
ascorbic acid) 166. Brist et al. (2014) reported the antioxidant activity of auqueous
extract of different parts (leaves, root barks and stem bark) of C. equisetifolia. Based
on DPPH scavenging activity, the root bark extract was the most effective one with
IC50 value 36.35 µg/mL, followed by bark and leaf extracts respectively167.
Hepatoprotective activity:
Ahsan et al. (2009) reported the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract
(yield: 12 %) of C. equisetifolia leaves in Swiss albino rats at a dose of 500 mg/kg
body weight where the extract showed significant decrease in the levels of serum
markers, indicating the protection of hepatic cells168.
Other activities:
Ramanathan et al. (2010) reported antiaggregating activity of C.
equisetifolia169. Priya et al. (2012) observed that non polar extracts of leaves
exhibited antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity. The active component
responsible for the apoptosis inducing effect was identified as ascorbic acid166.
Kishore and Rahman (2012) reported the spasmolytic activity of C. equisetifolia
bark extract170.
Lantana camara Linn.
Family: Verbenaceae
Synonymn: Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida
Vernacular names: Wild Sage, Red Sage, Yellow Sage [English], Caturang and
Raimunia [Hindi], Unnichedi [Tamil], Tantani, Ghaneri
[Marathi], Phulikampa [Telgu]
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Description:
Lantana camara (LC) is a terrestrial, evergreen aromatic, ornamental or
hedge shrub of 1-2 m height and commonly found in tropical, sub tropical and
temperate parts of the world including India with a number of flower colors viz. red,
pink, white, yellow and violet171. It is an exotic species in India. The woody shrubs
have four-sided stems with spines. The rough textured leaves have serrate margin
and release a strong odour when crushed. Inflorescences are terminal with multi
coloured flowers arranged in whorls on heads. The hard green fruits in clusters ripen
to fleshy black drupes172-174. In India, the plant starts flowering in April-May and
fruiting continues till November-December175 .
Figure 11. Image of L. camara
Traditional uses
In Asian countries, Lantana camara leaves were used to treat cuts,
rheumatism, ulcers and intestinal worms. Decoctions were applied externally for
leprosy and scabies176. It has been used in folk remedies for cancers and tumors. A
tea prepared from the leaves and flowers was taken against fever, influenza and
stomach-ache. In Central and South America, the leaves were made into a poultice
to treat sores, chicken pox and measles. Fevers, colds, rheumatism, asthma and high
blood pressure were treated with preparations from the plant. In Ghana, an infusion
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of the whole plant was used for bronchitis and the powdered root in milk was given
to children for stomach-ache177.
The roots of the plant have been used in the
treatment of malaria, rheumatism, and skin rashes178. The roots of the plants have
also been used traditionally as oral contraceptives by the women in South Africa179.
Extract of this plant is used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken
pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure,
bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism, malaria and ataxy of
abdominal viscera174, 180.
Phytochemical review:
Due to the important medicinal properties, L. camara was subjected to
phytochemical investigation by various research groups. A brief review of reported
compounds is given below:
Louw (1948) reported lantadene A (C32H44O5) as the first compound in L.
camara181.
Sharma et al. (1990) isolated a novel triterpenoid, lantadene D (22βisobutyroyloxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid) from the leaves of L.
camara182.
Siddiqui et al. (1995) isolated seven pentacyclic triterpeonoids, camarinic
acid, camaric acid, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, lantanolic acid, lantanilic
acid and lantic acid from the aerial parts of L. camara183.
A well known phenylethanoid (verbascoside), Z-isomer of verbascoside
(lantanaside)
Isoverbascoside,
martynoside,
isonuomioside
A,
derhamnosylverbascoside and calceolarioside E have been isolated from L.
camara 184-185.
Barre et al. (1997) isolated a novel triterpene 22β-acetoxylantic acid and the
known triterpene, 22β-dimethylacryloyloxylantanolic acid from this plant186.
The triterpenoids betulonic acid, icterogenin, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol 3-Oβ-D-glucoside and a mixture of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol
were isolated from the stems of pink flowering taxa of L. camara187.
Begum et al. (2002) isolated three new pentacyclic triterpenes (ursoxy acid,
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methyl ursoxylate and ursangilic acid) along with three known compounds
(dotriacontanoic acid, oleanolic acid acetate, and tetracosanoic acid) from the
aerial parts of L. camara188.
Eight triterpenoids (betulonic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, lantadene
A, lantadene B, icterogenin, lantanilic acid and ursolic acid), three flavonoids
(hispidulin, pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin) as well as β-sitosteryl-3-O-βD glucoside and a mixture of campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were
isolated from the leaves of the yellow flowering taxa of Lantana camara L.
The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic
methods and 2D NMR techniques189.
Begum et al. (2008a) reported two new nortriterpenoids, lantadienone and
camaradienone along with seven known compounds, lantadene A (=(22β)22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic
acid),
lantadene B (=(22 β)-22-[(3-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl)-oxy]-3-oxoolean-12en-28-oic acid), β-sitosterol 3-(β-d-glucopyranoside) (=(3β)-stigmast-5-en-3ol 3-(β-d-glucopyranoside)), camaric acid (=(3 β,22 β)-3,25-epoxy-3hydroxy-22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid),
lantanilic acid (=(3β,22β)-3,25-epoxy-3-hydroxy-22-[(3-methyl-1-oxobut-2enyl)oxy]-olean-12-en-28-oic acid), lantanolic acid (=(3β)-3,25-epoxy-3hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid), and camangeloyl acid (=(3 β,22 β)-3,25epoxy-3-hydroxy-22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}-11-oxours-12en-28-oic acid) in the aerial parts of L. camara190.
Sousa et al. (2013) reported bicyclogermacrene (19.42%), isocaryophyllene
(16.70%), valencene (12.94%) and germacrene D (12.34%) as the main
constituents of the leaf oil from L. camara191.
Two new natural triterpenes, lantaninilic acid and lantoic acid, along with the
known triterpenes oleanolic, ursolic, and betulinic acids were reported in the
aerial parts of L. camara192.
L. camara root is a rich source of triterpenoid and oleanolic acid, the
bioactive compound with immense therapeutic value. Triterpenoids
(lantanolic acid, 22β-hydroxy-oleanonic acid and lantaiursolic acid), six
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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oligosaccharides (ajugose, stachyose, verbascotetraose, verbascose, lantanose
A and B), flavone (camaroside), geniposide together with 8-epiloganin,
shanzhside methyl ester and lamiridoside were isolated from the roots of L.
camara193. Along with oleanolic acid and its derivatives, lantadene A,
camaric acid, β-sitosterol and its glucoside and pomonic acid, several
unidentified complex mixture of triterpenoids have been isolated from L.
camara root194.
Biological activities:
Anthelmintic activity:
Begum et al. (2008b) tested the seven isolated compounds from the aerial
parts of L. camara for nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita195. The lantanolic acid, pomolic acid, and lantoic acid
showed 100% mortality at 1.0% concentration after 24 h, while camarin, camarinin,
lantacin and ursolic acid exhibited 100% mortality at 1.0% concentration after 48.
Lantanoside, linaroside and camaric acid isolated from the aerial parts of L. camara
L. showed 90, 85 and 100% mortality, respectively, at 1.0% concentration196. All
results were comparable with the conventional nematicide furadan (100% mortality
at 1.0% concentration after 24 h).
Antibacterial and antifungal activities:
An investigation of acetone extracts of leaves of L.camara L. and L. rugosa
Thunb. showed growth inhibitory effects against two Gram-negative (E. coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and S.
aureus) bacteria, with MIC values varying from 0.39 mg/mL to 6.3 mg/mL197.
Antifeedant activity:
The chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol extracts of L. camara L.
showed antifeedant activity against the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora
Waterhouse), and among all the extracts, the chloroform extract showed the highest
antifeedant effect (Deka et al., 1998). An antifeedant effect of crude lantadene from
L. camara L. on P. xylostella and Spodoptera litura larvae has also been reported198.
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Anti-fertility activity:
Mello et al. (2005) investigated the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of
the leaves of L. camara var. aculeate on reproduction. Three doses were tested in
pregnant rats, 1, 3 and 7 g equivalent of plant material/kg body weight. The extract
decreased the frequency of fetal skeleton anomalies in females and induced
embryotoxicity as indicated by post-implantation loss, without any signs of maternal
toxicity199. In another study, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. camara L. leaves on
fertility did not interfere with overall weight or internal organ weights of male rats,
but interfered with sperm count, daily sperm production and sperm morphology in a
dose-dependent manner200.
Anti-protozoal activity:
Jonville et al. (2008) analyzed and showed very promising activity of
dichloromethane extract leaf from L. camara L. (pink flower) when tested in vitro
against cultures of chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (W2)
strains of P. falciparum (IC50 8.7±1.0 µg/mL and 5.7±1.6 µg/mL, respectively). The
dichloromethane extract from L. camara L. (orange flower) also showed promising
activity (IC50 14.1±8.4 µg/mL and 12.2±2.9 µg/mL, respectively). In the same study,
the dichloromethane extract (50 mg/kg) was investigated in vivo against
Plasmodium berghei infected mice, and exhibited only 5 % inhibition201. On the
other hand, the aqueous extract, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, when tested in
vivo in rats infected with P. berghei; showed partial antimalarial activity, reducing
parasite load by 25 and 49 %, respectively202. Clarkson et al. (2004) reported that an
extract of L. camara L. leaves possessed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against a
chloroquine-sensitive strain (D10) with an IC50 value of 11µg/mL203.
Antiinflammatory activity:
Whole plant and ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of L. camara L. were
investigated for their antiinflammatory properties using the cotton pellet
antiinflammatory bioassay technique. The treatments of the inflamed rats with the
extracts resulted in the inactivation of phosphatase and transaminase activities and
the stimulation of adenosine triphosphatase activity in plasma and exudates204.
Ghosh et al. (2010) investigated the antiinflammatory activity of oleanonic acid
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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isolated from L. camara L. using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.
Oleanonic acid caused a reduction in edema, which validated its in vivo
antiinflammatory effect205. Another study reported that L. camara essential oil
showed a relatively low antiinflammatory activity due to its weak ability to inhibit
lipooxygenase (IC50 81.5 mg/mL) 206.
Anti-motility activity:
Sagar et al. (2005) evaluated the antimotility activity of L. camara L. var.
acuelata leaf powder, methanolic extract, lantadene A, neostigmine and neostigmine
but with methanolic extract for antimotility activity in the intestine of treated mice.
Neostigmine was used as a promotility agent and the intestinal motility was assessed
by the charcoal meal test. In this evaluation, the percent intestinal transit
significantly increased with neostigmine, but significantly decreased by all
concentrations of methanolic extract and lantadene A. In the same study, an antidiarrheal effect of the methanolic extract was studied in the castor oil-induced
diarrhea model in mice. When the plant extract at 125 and 250 mg/kg doses was
administered intraperitoneally, there was a significant reduction in fecal output
compared with castor oil-treated mice. At higher doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg), faecal
output was almost completely stopped207.
Antioxidant activity:
Bhakta & Ganjewala (2009) showed that premature leaves of L. camara
exhibit greater potential antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity, 62%). It
was also found that older leaves had less antioxidant activity (55%), indicating loss
of secondary metabolites as result of leaf senescence208. In another study, L. camara
essential oil showed high antioxidant activity evaluated by the Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity assay206. Kumar et al. (2014) have also reported the antioxidant
activity of methanolic extract of leaves of different varieties of L. camara209.
Antiproliferative (antitumor and anticancer) and cytotoxic activity:
Dichloromethane extracts of leaves from L. camara L. (colors of flowers:
pink and orange) were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against human WI-38
fibroblasts. The dichloromethane extracts showed IC50 values of 69.5±12.1 and
97.2±2.4 µg/mL for L. camara with pink and orange flowers, respectively201.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Literature review
Sharma et al. (2008) studied methyl ester derivatives of lantadene obtained
from the lantadene fraction of leaves of L. camara and showed cytotoxicity against
four human cancer cell lines (HL-60, HeLa, colon 502713, and lung A-549). In the
same study, lantadene A and four methyl ester derivatives of lantadene exhibited
tumor inhibitory activity on two-stage squamous cell carcinogenesis in Swiss albino
mice210.
In a study by Shikha et al. (2010), oleanolic acid isolated from the roots of L.
camara, was converted into six semi-synthetic ester and seven amide derivatives.
The ester derivatives showed 3-6 times more selective activity than oleanolic acid
against the human ovarian cancer cell line IGR-OV-1, while amide derivatives
showed 16-53 times more selective activity against the human lung cancer cell line
HOP-62211. A crude extract of L. camara L. leaves had a cytotoxic effect on HeLa
cells at 36 h (at 100 µg/mL) to 72 h (at 25 µg/mL), by employing the 3-(4, 5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay.
The results showed that an increase in the concentration or duration of extract
treatment was effective in killing cancer cells212.
Antiulcerogenic activity:
Sathisha et al. (2011) studied the antiulcerogenic effect of a methanolic
extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) of L. camara L. in aspirin induced gastric
ulcerogenesis in pylorus-ligated rats and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, and
cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer models. The results showed that the extract
significantly reduced the ulcer index and total acidity and significantly increased
gastric pH of aspirin and pylorus ligation-induced ulcerogenesis and ethanol-induced
intestinal ulcer model. The extract also significantly reduced the ulcer index of
cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer213.
Insecticidal activity:
The petroleum ether and methanol extracts of the aerial part of L. camara
have been reported to be toxic to Callosobruchus chinensis. The extracts showed 1043 % mortality at 5 % concentrations, with fecundity loss at higher doses, and the
antioviposition values were 30 mg/100 g for the petroleum ether extract and 40
mg/100 g of seed for the methanol extract214. Repellent properties of different
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
89
Literature review
fractions obtained from L. camara flowers were evaluated against Aedes mosquitoes
and showed that one application of the chloroform fraction gave 100 % protection
for 2 h and up to 75.8 % protection at 7 h against Aedes aegypti mosquito bites215.
Kumar & Maneemegalai (2008) investigated the methanol and ethanol
extracts of leaves and flowers of L. camara L. and showed mosquito larvicidal
activity against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the mosquito species A. aegypti and C.
quinquefasciatus216. In other studies, the essential oils of leaves and flowers of L.
camara L. revealed insecticidal activity against 3rd instar larvae of Musca domestica,
demonstrating mortality rates of 80 and 100 %, respectively and the oil of leaves
was effective against adults of Sitophilus zeamais (IC50 0.16% at 24 h) 217-218.
A
recent study investigated the insecticidal activity of essential oil from the leaves of
L. camara L. against mosquito vectors219.
Other activities:
L. camara has also been reported to possess anticoagulant, antimutagenic,
antiviral, haemolytic and phytotoxic activities220-221.
2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Based upon the literature survey, the study was aimed to perform
phytochemical and biological screening of selected medicinal plants.
The following were the objectives of the study:
a) Selection of plants based upon their traditional/tribal uses
b) Collection and identification of selected plants
c) Preparation of different extracts of various parts of plants
d) Pharmacognostic study of selected plant materials
e) Phytochemical screening of prepared extracts
f) Isolation of constituent (s) from prepared extracts
Fractionation of prepared extracts
Isolation of phytoconstituents by Column chromatography/preparative
TLC etc.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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g) Characterization or structure elucidation of isolated phytoconstituents with
the help of IR, NMR and MS spectral data
h) Screening of prepared extracts for antifertility activitiy
Evaluation of anti-implantation activity of prepared extracts of
selected plants in fertile female rats
Estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity of prepared extracts in female rats
when adminstratered alone and alongwith 17α-Ethinylestradiol
Estimation of other biochemical parameters
i) Evaluation of antifertility effect of isolated fractions.
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants
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