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Tuesday, February 4, 2014 Bell Ringer: Introduction to Packet 2 Agenda 1. Bell Ringer 2. Map 2 – the RVCs 3. Source Analyses: Mesopotamia Homework 1. Review your map! 2. Watch “CrashCourse” on Mesopotamia The River Valley Civilizations Part 1: Quick Intro the RVCs/ Topic 2, Part 1: Intro to RVCs I. 1st Civilizations were in River Valleys A. 4 RVCS 1. Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates 2. Egypt and Nubia – Along the Nile River 3. India – Indus River (Also called the Harrapan Civilization) 4. China – the Huang-He/Yellow River/River of Sorrows B. Why? – Fertile soil, easily defendable, access to water for drinking, irrigating, and transportation Topic 2, Part 1: Introduction to RVCs Lecture Notes and Discussion River Valleys provided water, fertile soil and natural defenses. Topic 2, Part 1: Intro to RVCs II. In general, the following are elements shared by most of the first civilizations A. Cities – concentrated around farming centers B. Central Government 1. Began as City States – an independent city and the land around it 2. Strong centralized government w/ justification from religion C. Writing/Record Keeping – began as method of tracking taxation D. Specialized Jobs – Artisans, Merchants, Etc. E. Social Classes/Social hierarchy 1. Rulers – Nobles/Warriors – Priests – Artisans/Merchents – Peasant Farmers – Slaves (Slavery not based on race) 2. Rigid class structure F. New/Complex Technologies G. Complex Religions – Polythesitic – many gods – help give legitimacy to government Introduction to Mesopotamia Mesopotamia: Meso (between) potoi (Rivers) – The Land Between Two Rivers In the area where modern Iraq and parts of Syria are located Environmental challenges Mesopotamia was a civilization made up of many independent city states Looking at the Evidence: Mesopotamia 5 written documents to think about 2.1 A – The Sumerian Goddess Inanna looks after the City Agade (about 2000 BCE) 2.1 B – A Sumerian Father Gives Advance to his Son (About 2300 BCE) 2.1 C – A Teacher’s math Examination Question to Students (about 1700 BCE) 2.2 A – Hammurabi’s Laws Seek to Uphold the Social Order in Babylon (About 1700 BCE) 2.2 B – A Sumerian Father Wants his Teenager to be a Scribe (2000 BCE) Topic 2, Part 1: Tigris and Euphrates RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion Other Evidence: Ziggurats Record Keeping Topic 2, Part 1: Tigris and Euphrates RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion Complex Government “Then [the gods] called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and evildoers, so that the strong should not rule the weak…” Topic 2, Part 1: Tigris and Euphrates RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion Specialized Workers Intro to Egypt Like Mesopotamia, Egypt has to deal with geographic challenges, namely flooding At first, Egypt existed as several small villages, organized loosely into two kingdoms: Upper and Lower Egypt In 3100s BCE, Egypt’s two kingdoms were united under one rule by Menes (aka Narmer) Like Mesopotamia, geography was a key consideration Looking at the Evidence: Egypt • 2.3 A: Praise for Pharaoh’s New City (1300 BCE) • 2.3 B: Instructions of the Vizier Ptah-hotep to his Son (about 2450 BCE) • 2.3 C: A Selection of Math Problems (about 1850 BCE) • 2.4A: An Egyptian Father Wants His Son to be a Scribe (2000 BCE) • 2.4B: Negative Confession by the Deceased in the Underworld, Aflterlife Depending on Its Truth, from The Book of the Dead (About 1500 BCE) • Religion (And Geography!) “If the Nile smiles, the Earth is joyous Every stomach is full of rejoicing Every spine is happy, Every jawbone crushes its food.” - “Hymn to the Nile,” quoted in The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians” Religion– (and Social Hierarchy? And Job Specialization?) The Great Pyramid at Giza Djoser’s Step Pyramid Record Keeping And Job Specialization? 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Government (and social hierarchy? And Religion?) Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Job Specialization (And new tech) Hierarchy! Topic 1: RVCs Part 3: The Indus RVC Topic 2, Part 3: Indus RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion I. Background on the Indus (Harrapan) RVC A. Located on India - a subcontinent of Asia B. Impact of Geography A. Monsoons - Season winds which bring rainy and dry seasons B. Separated from other areas by Himalayan and HinduKush Mtn rangers Topic 2, Part 3: Indus RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion II. More Background A. Emerged in Pakistan, about 2500 B.C.; then disappeared about 1500 B.C. B. Few written records – no way of translating C. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro – Twin capital cities Topic 2, Part 3: Indus RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion Topic 2, Part 3: Indus RVC: Lecture Notes and DiscussionTopic 2, Part 3: Indus RVC: Lecture Notes and Discussion Looking at the Evidence Topic 2: RVCs Part 4 - Huang He RVC Topic 2, Part 4: Huang-He RVC: Introduction to the Huang-He/Shang Civilization I. Significant geographical barriers- Pacific, Gobi desert, Himalaya Mountains A. This helped them develop a unique culture B. Still, they traded with nomads from the M.E. C. First civilization along HuangHe river (also known as River of Sorrows or Yellow River) Looking at the Evidence The Dynastic Cycle Old Dynasty New Dynasty •High taxes •Peace. •Builds roads, bridges, etc. •Gives land to peasants Years Go By •Corruption New becomes old •Can’t protect people •Roads fall apart •Provides for defense •Unfair treatment of people New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven Problems •Natural disasters •Riots and Revolts •Invasion Old Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven Topic 2: RVCs Part 5: Traders and Wanderers Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion I. The Phoenicians A. Did not settle in a RVC B. Based in modern Lebanon C. Small city states (small independent political units) D. Great ship builders Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion II. Phoenician Impact A. Established a colonies in North Africa (Carthage), Sicily and Spain B. Spread Mesopotamian culture throughout the Med. Sea C. Known for purple dye D. Developed an alphabet More about Carthage… Watch the video clip Be sure to jot down anything you find interesting. Remember Carthage – we will meet this city again in a few weeks!! Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion III. The Hebrews A. Neighbors of the Phoenicians – Modern Day Israel in Jordan River Valley B. Abraham – The Father of Israel C. The Exodus: Jews led out of slavery in Egypt to freedom in Israel D. Monotheism! Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion IV. God’s Chosen Ones A. B. Israelites believed in a covenant with God Moses renewed this, saying for faithful obedience God would lead the Jews to the “Promised Land” (Canaan) God’s Covenant (you don’t need to write this) “I will make nations of you, and kings shall come forth from you…And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant to be God to you.” Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion C. Religious Change 1. Law a central theme in Hebrew culture 2. Israel was a patriarchal society 3. The Ten Commandments were the set of laws given to Jews by God through Moses 4. Jewish prophets taught that disobedience to God would lead to disaster 5. Holy book was the Torah Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion V. Ethics A. Prophets preached code of ethics, morality and social justice B. Asked for rich and powerful to protect poor and weak because “all people are equal before God” C. Jews saw leaders as fully human--they had to obey God Read the 10 Commandments Please, if you can avoid it, do not write on the handout In a journal entry, address the following questions 1) How would you describe the 10 Commandments when compared to other ancient law codes? Would you say they are concerned more about the individual or society as a whole? Are they more about morality or order in society? Are they merciful or harsh? Topic 2, Part 5: Traders and Wanderers: Lecture Notes and Discussion VI. The First Jewish Diaspora A. Diaspora - The dispersion of any people from their original homeland B. Jews leave Israel 1. First time, forced out under King Nebuchadnezzar 2. In Roman times Jews left to avoid persecution