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Integers 1.2 Built-in Data Types int data type. Useful for expressing algorithms. Data type * A set of values. * A set of methods or operations that can be applied to the data. We learned integer and floating point data types in Java: int, byte, short, long, double, float There are 2 more built-in primitive types – char and boolean. There is another built-in type – String. Java also lets you construct your own data types. 2 Floating-Point Numbers Math Library double data type. Useful in scientific applications. 3 4 Type Conversion Basics of Programming Type conversion. Convert from one type of data to another. Automatic: promotion. Explicit: cast. Definitions. !! !! Some examples: Expression type value Trace. 5 6 Random Integer Quadratic Equation Ex. Generate a pseudo-random number between 0 and N-1. Ex. Solve quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0. public class RandomInt { public static void main(String[] args) { int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); double r = Math.random(); String to int (method) int n = (int) (r * N); // parse coefficients from command-line double b = Double.parseDouble(args[0]); double c = Double.parseDouble(args[1]); double between 0.0 and 1.0 // calculate roots double discriminant = b*b - 4.0*c; double d = Math.sqrt(discriminant); double root1 = (-b + d) / 2.0; double root2 = (-b - d) / 2.0; System.out.println("random integer is " + n); } % java random % java random % java random RandomInt 6 integer is 3 RandomInt 6 integer is 0 RandomInt 10000 integer is 3184 "b ± b 2 " 4 c 2 public class Quadratic { ! public static void main(String[] args) { double to int (cast) int to double (automatic) } roots = int to String (automatic) } 7 } // print them out System.out.println(root1); System.out.println(root2); 8 Built-in Data Types Text Data type. A set of values and operations defined on those values. type set of values literal values operations char characters 'A' '@' compare String sequences of characters "Hello World" "CS is fun" concatenate int integers 17 12345 add, subtract, multiply, divide double floating point numbers 3.1415 6.022e23 add, subtract, multiply, divide boolean truth values true false and, or, not Char data type. A char is a alphanumeric character or a symbol. typical literals: ‘a’, ‘A’, ‘%’, ‘\n’, … Operation: Usually not direction operation. Try (char)(’a’ + 2). String data type. Useful for program input and output. 9 10 Subdivisions of a Ruler String !! public class Ruler { public static void main(String[] args) { String ruler1 = "1"; String ruler2 = ruler1 + " 2 " + ruler1; String ruler3 = ruler2 + " 3 " + ruler2; String ruler4 = ruler3 + " 4 " + ruler3; System.out.println(ruler4); } } Convert a String to int or double numbers. "1" "1 2 1" "1 2 1 3 1 2 1" !! string concatenation Primitive types are automatically promoted to String when using “+” operator. % java Ruler 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 11 12 Booleans Truth Table Prove: a&&b and !(!a || !b) are identical boolean data type. Useful to control logic and flow of a program. a b a && b !(!a || !b) 13 14 Comparisons Leap Year Comparisons. Take operands of one type and produce an operand of type boolean. Q. Is a given year a leap year? A. Yes if either (i) divisible by 400 or (ii) divisible by 4 but not 100. public class LeapYear { public static void main(String[] args) { int year = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); boolean isLeapYear; // divisible by 4 but not 100 isLeapYear = (year % 4 == 0) && (year % 100 != 0); // or divisible by 400 isLeapYear = isLeapYear || (year % 400 == 0); System.out.println(isLeapYear); } } 15 % java LeapYear 2004 true % java LeapYear 1900 false % java LeapYear 2000 true 16