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TEACHERGUIDE DissectiononDemand: AvianAnatomy 60MinuteHealthand LifeScienceLesson Science-to-Go!Program Grades: 6 - 1 2 DissectiononDemand:AvianAnatomy Description This dissection of a quail highlights the specialized adaptations of birds’ external and pulmonary anatomy for flight. Comparing avian anatomy to that of mammals,we’lldiscusssomespecifichealth issues of interest to bird owners (for the humansANDtheirfeatheredcompanions!). We recommend this lab for students with previousdissectionexperience, asthequail areunpreservedfreshspecimens. Objectives • • • Practicesafedissectiontechniques Learnbasicbirdandmammal anatomyandorganfunctions Discussthespecializedpulmonary systemofbirdsandhowitrelatesto flight Ohio’sLearningStandards Grade6:LifeScience-CellulartoMulticellular • Cellsarethefundamentalunitoflife. • Cellscarryonspecificfunctionsthatsustainlife. • Livingsystemsatalllevelsoforganizationdemonstratethecomplementarynatureof structureandfunction. Grade8:LifeScience–SpeciesandReproduction • Thecharacteristicsofanorganismarearesultofinheritedtraitsreceivedfromparent(s). HighSchool:Biology:Cells • Cellularprocesses(characteristicsofliferegulatedbycellularprocesses). NationalHealthEducationStandards Grade6-12:Standard1 • Studentswillcomprehendconceptsrelatedtohealthpromotionanddisease preventiontoenhancehealth. HowtoSetUpYourRoom • • • • • Pleasehavestudentcleartheirdesksbeforetheprogrambegins. Pleaseprovidethefollowing: o AsmalltableinthefrontoftheroomforMuseumspecimens o Anoutletandwhiteboardorclearwallareaforustoprojectourslideshow UsethevocabularyandadditionalresourcesprovidedinthisTeacherGuidetopreviewor reviewprogramcontentwithyourclass. Ifbookingmultipleprograms,transitionswillbeeasierifmuseumstaffsetsupinonlyone location. TheMuseumwillprovideallmaterialsfordissection. Vocabulary airsacs—Inadditiontotheirlungs,birdshaveaseriesofthin-walled,holloworgansthatpermita unidirectionalflowofairthroughthelungs.Unidirectionalflowmeansthatairmovingthrough birdlungsislargely'fresh'air&hasahigheroxygencontent. brain–thecentralpartofthenervoussystemthatcontrolsandcoordinatesthebody’sactions, functions,thoughtsandsensations brainstem–thepartofthebrainthatconnectsthespinalcord;thebrainstemalsocoordinates life-sustainingfunctionssuchasheartfunction,digestionandrespiration cloaca-thecommoncavityintowhichtheintestinal,urinary,andgenerativecanalsopeninbirds, reptiles,amphibians,manyfishes,andcertainmammals. crop-Apouchlikeenlargementofabird'sgullet(esophagus)inwhichfoodispartiallydigestedor storedforregurgitationtonestlings. esophagus-musculartuberunningfromthemouthtothestomach. gizzard-modifiedmuscularpouchbehindthestomachinthealimentarycanalofbirds,havinga thickliningandoftencontainingingestedgritthataidsinthebreakdownofseedsbefore digestion. humeraldiverticulum(‘hd’ontheimagebelow)–extensionsoftheinterclavicularairsac,absent inostriches.Thoughttoassistwithbothairmovement(ascompressedbythewishbone)and thermoregulation. kidneys-pairoforgansinthedorsalregionofthevertebrateabdominalcavity,functioningto maintainproperwaterandelectrolytebalance,regulateacid-baseconcentration,andfilterthe bloodofmetabolicwastes,whicharethenexcretedasurine. largeintestine-broad,shorterpartoftheintestines,comprisingthececum,colon,andrectum, whichabsorbswaterfromandeliminatestheresiduesofdigestion.Alsohometomanyspeciesof bacteriathatassistthehostorganismwithmetabolicbreakdownoffiber,vitaminsynthesis,and otherchemicalactivity. liver-large,reddish-brown,glandularvertebrateorganlocatedintheupperrightportionofthe abdominalcavitythatsecretesbileandisactiveintheformationofcertainbloodproteinsandin themetabolismofcarbohydrates,fats,andproteins. ovary-femalegonadorreproductivegland,inwhichtheovaandthefemalesexhormonesdevelop. oviduct-Atubethroughwhichtheovapassfromtheovarytotheuterusortotheoutside. pancreas-alargecompoundgland,situatednearthestomach,whichsecretesdigestiveenzymes intotheintestineandglucagonandinsulinintothebloodstream. pectoralismajor-skeletalmusclethatadductsandrotatesthewingofabirdforthedownward stroke. proventriculus-divisionofthestomachinbirdsthatsecretesdigestiveenzymesandpassesfood fromthecroptothegizzard. smallintestine-narrow,winding,upperpartoftheintestinewheredigestioniscompletedand nutrientsareabsorbedbytheblood. spinalcord–aconcentratedbundleofnervetissuethatconnectsthebraintothenervesofthe body syrinx-vocalorganofabird,consistingofthinvibratingmusclesatorclosetothedivisionofthe tracheaintothebronchi. testes-themalegonad,eitheroftwoovalreproductiveglandslocatedinthescrotum. trachea–Athin-walled,cartilaginoustubedescendingfromthelarynxtothebronchiandcarrying airtothelungs. ExtensionActivities • • • Comparativeanatomy–havestudentschooseanothernon-mammalanimalandlookup someimagesofitsinternalanatomy.Askthemtoprepareareportonwhatorgansare similarordifferentinlocationorfunctioncomparedtomammals.Checkoutimagesof birdairsacs(wehaveattachedoneimagetothisguide)andbereadytodiscusswhy theseorgansareimportanttoabird’sabilitytofly. Preservedvs.FreshOrganDissection–inthepast,theMuseumhaspurchasedfresh sheepandcowhearts,brains,eyes,andotherorgansfromlocalbutchersforourstudents tohaveonhandwhiledissectingpreservedorgans.Checkwithyourlocalbutcherandsee iftheycanassistwithobtainingorgansforyoutoinspect/dissectathome.Trypurchasing awholechickenwiththe“giblets”—thistermreferstovariousedibleorgansincludingthe heart,liver,gizzard,andneckofthebird. SuturePractice–OnYouTube,thekeywords“surgicalknots”willbringuplotsofgood tutorialsonhowtotieoneandtwo-handedknotswhilesuturing.Studentscanusethread oryarntopractice,thentrysuturingoneithertheirquailafterdissection,oronathickskinnedfruit.CompanieslikeCarolinaBiologicalthatsellpreservedanimalsfordissection alsosellsutureneedles&thread. OnlineResourcesforTeachersandStudents Clickthelinkbelowtofindadditionalonlineresourcesforteachersandstudents.Thesewebsitesare recommendedbyourMuseumEducatorsandprovideadditionalcontentinformationandsomefun, interactiveactivitiestosharewithyourclass. CMNHEducatorsregularlyreviewtheselinksforquality.Webaddressesoftenchangesoplease notifyusifanylinkshaveissues. ClevelandMuseumofNaturalHistoryhttps://cmnh.org/edlinks EducatorResourceCenter(ERC) MaterialsforLoan TheEducatorResourceCenteroffers educatorworkshops,thematicteaching kits,animaldioramas,andmoreforloanto areateachers. ContacttheERCat216-231-2075for informationonindividualorschool membership. VisittheMuseum’sERCwebsiteformore informationonworkshops https://www.cmnh.org/ERC Ifyou’reinterestedinadditionalresources besuretocheckoutthefollowingERC materialsorbrowseERCmaterialsonlineat http://cmnh.hosting.l4u.com RelatedERCkitstothistopicinclude: TheBody’sManySystems:Propswithinthis healthkitrevealelementaryconceptsinthe study of the human body, including skeletal/muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory,andnervoussystem. Hours o MondaythroughFriday,1to5PM o Wednesday,1to6PM o Saturday,9AMto2PM ImagecourtesyofWikimediaCommons