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COMMUNICATION
Esra Didem Caran
Industrial Engineering Department,
Dokuz Eylul University
Turkey
[email protected]
1.5.2017
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication is the process of transferring
information from one source to another.
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THIS PROCESS REQUIRES;
•Listening,
•Observing,
•Speaking,
•Questioning,
•Analyzing,
•Evaluating.
IF YOU USE THESE PROCESSES, IT IS
DEVELOPMENTAL AND TRANSFERS TO ALL
AREAS OF LIFE:
HOME, SCHOOL, COMMUNITY, WORK AND
BEYOND.
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THE PROCESS
OF
COMMUNICATION
(Terms)
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SENDER(SOURCE):The
person
who
transmits
a
message.
MESSAGE: Any signal that triggers the response of a
receiver.
ENCODING: The activity in which the sender must
choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an
intentional message.
CHANNEL(THE MEDIUM): The channel is the method
used to deliver message.
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DECODING: The point where attaching meaning to the
words or symbols is done by the receiver.
RECEIVER: Any person who notices and attaches some
meaning to a message.
FEEDBACK: The discernible response of a receiver to a
sender’s message.
NOISE: The term communication scholars use for factors
that interfere with the exchange of messages.
CONTEXT: The natural background which influences
communication in which it occurs.
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GENERAL TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
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DIALOGUE OR VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
Verbal communication is one way for people to
communicate by using words. Some of the key
components of verbal communication are sound,
words, speaking, and language.
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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:
Nonverbal
communication is the process of
communicating through sending and receiving
wordless messages. Such messages can be
communicated through gesture, body language or
posture; facial expression and eye contact, object
communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even
architecture, or symbols as well as through an
aggregate of the above, such as behavioral
communication.
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VISUAL COMMUNICATION:
Visual communication as the name suggests is
communication through visual aid. It is the
conveyance of ideas and information in forms that
can be read or looked upon. It includes: signs,
typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration,
color and electronic resources.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF
COMMUNICATION ABILITY
FOR YOU
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• By improving your communication ability you will improve
your opportunity for advancement.
• Because communication is so important, business wants and
needs people with good communication abilities. Business
promotes good communicators; and it rewards them with pay.
• Organizations are concerned about what their managers write
and say because a manager’s communications can initiate
litigation and can also be used as evidence against the
organizations in legal proceedings.
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WHY BUSINESS NEEDS TO
COMMUNICATE?
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• Communication enables people to do all the work that must be
done within the business.
• It enables business people to follow a plan of operations, to
avoid duplication, to coordinate effort, to share knowledge, to
report progress, to solve problems, and such.
• Communication also enables workers to conduct the
necessary relations with those outside the business.
• Clearly without communication the business organization
could not function.
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COMMUNICATION PATTERNS
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• 1)The Barbell: In this pattern, both partners to the
communication depend on the other’s confidence. Typically,
neither wants to stand alone as an isolate, and so relies
heavily on the communication partner.
• 2)The Triangle: Three people or work units joined in a triangle
pattern face the challenge of dealing with different points of
view without making any one party to the triangle.
• 3) The Breakdown In The Triangle: In this case, two of the
parties have severed communication. With time, they may
also sever connection with the one party they have in
common. Usually it is difficult to remain the one trusted
associate of two enemies.
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• 4)The Pyramid: In pyramidal communications, one party
usually assumes the “apex” or leadership role.
• 5)The Series: A chain of linked parties presents the challenge
familiar from the old party game called “Rumor, Rumor.” In
the game, one person whispers a sentence or two to the next
person, who then passes it on down the chain. By the time it
gets to the last person in line, the message has usually
changed-often with hilarious result.
• 6)The Circle: Message is sent around the circle, but
eventually finds its way back to the initiator. He or she can
alter the message, if necessary, or start a new one on its way
around the circle.
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• 7)Hub and Spokes: This pattern combines aspects of the
pyramid-the hub resembles the apex of the pyramid-and the
circle. The leader initiates a message that is then
disseminated throughout the business group.
• 8)Legs: In this organizational communication pattern,
messages are communicated through levels of responsibility
to more and more workers.
• 9)The Crossfire: The pattern works especially well for a
brainstorming session, in which the goal of the meeting is to
get a broad range of ideas out on the table.
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COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
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1)Formal Communication Networks:
• Downward Communication: It occurs when whenever
superiors initiate messages to their subordinates.
• Upward Communication: Messages flowing from subordinates
to superiors are labeled upward communication.
• Horizontal Communication (Lateral Communication): It
consists of messages between members of an organization
with equal power. The most obvious type of horizontal
communication goes on between members of the same
division of an organization: office works in the same
department, co-workers on a project, and so on.
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2)Informal Communication Networks:
• Alongside the formal networks, every organization also has
informal communication networks – patterns of interaction
based on friendships, shared personal or career interests, and
proximity.
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CHOOSING THE OPTIMAL
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
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• 1)Face-to-face communication: Some are one-to-one
meetings, either scheduled or spur of the moment. Others
involve small groups of people, gathering spontaneously or in
formal meetings. Still other face to face communication occurs
in large groups, where one or more speakers make
presentations to an audience.
• 2)Teleconferencing: This technology allows participants in two
or more locations to see and speak with each other.
• 3)Telephone and Voice mail: The telephone lets you contact a
receiver who would be impossible to reach in person. Voice
mail is a high-tech version of the answering machine. It allows
you to leave a message at any time.
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• 4)Written Communication:
Advantages:
 Permanent,
 Easier to understand,
 Composed in advance,
 Less prone to errors.
Disadvantages:
 Since e-mails can be stored and forwarded to any number of
other recipients, people never intend to see it.
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EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
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QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE
SPEAKER
•
•
•
•
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Knowledgeable
Prepared
Well-organized
Honest
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Choice of words and word use:
Use familiar words
Choose the short words
Use technical word with caution
Select words with the right strength and vigor
Use specific words
Use the active voice
Use the words with definite meanings
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• Pronunciation of Words: The speaker should care of the
announce of the words chosen.
• Inflection: Change in tone, emphasis ad volume will often
reflect better than the words, feelings of emotion, anger,
enthusiasm, humor or support.
• Volume: If the speaker wishes to have his ideas accepted, the
audience must be able to hear him easily. On the other hand,
if the speaker’s voice is too loud, the audience may find that
irritated, and again the speaker will lose.
• Gestures and Posture: Effective nonverbal communication by
means of hands, head, face and eyes help convey the
speaker’s message, mood and attitude. But gestures must be
spontaneous and natural. It’s important that they not look
artificial.
• Eye Contact: Eye contact, carefully and naturally maintained,
helps keep the audience involved with the speaker.
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There are three major parts in human face to face
communication which are body language, voice tonality, and
words. According to the research:
• 55%of impact is determined by body-language; postures,
gestures and eye contact
• 38%by the tone of voice
• 7% by the content or the words used in the communication
process.
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Thank you for listening.
Esra Didem Caran
Industrial Engineering Department
1.5.2017