Download The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Functions
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Upper Respiratory Anatomy
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Nostrils
o air enters and leaves the nose
o Divided by
Nasal Conchae
o 3 Divisions ( Superior, Middle, and Inferior)
o Bones that form a passageway for air
o Covered in a
o Also contains a network of blood vessels
o These things together
o Contains a layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
o Mucous can trap microorganisms and dust that can then get pushed by cilia into the stomach
to be destroyed
Pharynx
o Throat
o Passageway for
o Divided into three parts
Larynx
o Enlargement of the airway at the top of the
o Contains thyroid cartilage (
)
o Contains vocal cords
 False vocal cords (more superior)
 During normal breathing they are relaxed and the opening between them is
called the
 When eating muscles close the glottis, which prevents food or liquid from
entering the trachea
o
 Flaplike extension that covers the opening of the larynx when we
swallow and the larynx is raised
 True vocal cords (more inferior)
 The cords vibrate when generates sound waves
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Trachea
o Windpipe
o Flexible
o Contains cilia to trap dust and keep it from entering the lungs
o Located in front of the
o And moves downward into the thorasic cavity
o Made up of 20
pieces of cartilage
 This helps to prevent the throat from collapsing
Upper Respiratory System
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Bronchial Tree
o Branched airways leading from the trachea to the air sacs in the lungs
o Separate first into the PRIMARY BRONCHI
 The cartilage rings still exist but become smaller and smaller
o These continue to branch and become small tubes called BRONCHIOLES
 No cartilage rings
o They will continue to divide into small tubes called alveolar ducts which lead to clusters of air
sacs called ALVEOLI
 Thin simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a mucous membrane
 The simple layer of cells makes diffusion of gases possible
 Oxygen diffuses through alveolar walls and enters the blood of capillaries
 Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood through the walls and enters the aveoli
o These alveoli are surrounded by a capillary network
Lungs
o Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs
o Surrounded by the diaphragm and the thorasic cage
o Surrounded by the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
 Visceral pleura attaches directly to the lungs
 Parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thorasic cavity
 The space between the membranes is called the pleura cavity, inside this space is a thin
film of serous fluid that lubricates and reduces friction
o Right lung
 Larger
 Divided into 3 lobes
o Left lung
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Smaller
 Divided into 2 lobes
Upper Respiratory System
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Lungs
o Soft, _____________, cone-shaped organs
o Surrounded by the diaphragm and the thorasic cage
o Surrounded by the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
 Visceral pleura attaches directly to the________________________
 Parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the ______________________
 The space between the membranes is called the pleura cavity, inside this space is a thin
film of ________________fluid that lubricates and reduces _______________
o Right lung
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 Divided into ______________ lobes
o Left lung
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 Divided into ____________ lobes
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Bronchial Tree
o Branched airways leading from the trachea to the air sacs in the______________
o Separate first into the PRIMARY BRONCHI (Bronchus)
 The cartilage rings still exist but become _________________
o These continue to branch and become small tubes called BRONCHIOLES
 ____________ cartilage rings
o They will continue to divide into small tubes called alveolar ducts which lead to clusters of air
sacs called ALVEOLI
 Thin simple________________ epithelium surrounded by a mucous membrane
 The simple layer of cells makes______________________ of gases possible
 Oxygen diffuses through alveolar walls and enters the blood of __________________
 ____________________ diffuses from the blood through the walls and enters the aveoli
o These alveoli are surrounded by a capillary network
http://www.purposegames.com/game/human-respiratory-system-quiz
Label the following structures on the diagram on the next page:
Right Lung
Primary Bronchi
Trachea
Pharynx
Nasal Cavity/Conchae
Thyroid Cartilage
Visceral pleura
Pleura cavity
Draw the visceral pleura
Left Lung
Bronchioles
Larynx
Nostrils
Alveoli
Epiglottis
Parietal Pleura
The Process of Breathing
The movement of air from outside of the body into and out of the bronchial tree.
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Inspiration = inhalation
o Air is moved into the lungs due to atmospheric pressure
o Impulses will cause the diaphragm to contract, which will flatten and move downward
o This will enlarge the thorasic cavity ( increases in volume) which reduces the pressure in
the lungs
o The pressure inside the lungs decreases and air rushes into the airways from the outside
o As this happens the intercoastal muscles (between the ribs) contracts and lifts the
ribcage upward and outward
Expiration = exhalation
o Force responsible comes from elastic recoil of tissues
o This forces the pressure in the lungs to rise about atmospheric pressure so that the air is
forced out of respiratory passages
o This is a passive process
Respiratory Volume
o
o
o
o
A respiratory cycle in one inspiration and the following expiration
The volume of air associated with one respiratory cycle is termed the tidal volume
Resting tidal volume is 500 mL, this is the volume that enters and leaves during one respiratory cycle
During forced inspiration additional air enters the lungs, this the the inspiratory reserve volume 
3000mL
o During forced expiration, the lungs expel additional air, this is the expiratory reserve volume  1100
mL
o However, we can never force all the air out of our lungs, about 1200mL will still remain, this is called
the residual volume
o This helps to keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the lungs from major flucturations
Respiratory rate
o Number of breaths per minute
o About 12-18 in an adult
Respiration
o The exchange of gas between living cells and their environment
o External Respiration
o Involves diffusion of gas between alveoli and circulating blood
o Internal Respiration
o Involves the exchange of gas between blood and tissue
o Cellular Respiration
o Involves the exchange of gas between tissue and cytoplasm of cells
Respiration depends on . . .
o Make up of air
o 78% nitrogen
o 21% oxygen
o 0.04% carbon dioxide
o With small amount of other gases
o Normal Air Pressure = 760 mm Hg
o Each gas found in air account for a certain portion of air pressure
 Oxygen: .21 x 760mm = 160 mm Hg
 Carbon dioxide: .0004 x 760 mm = 0.3 mm Hg
o The air then dissolves in blood but keeps the same concentration
o Air will diffuse from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
o So when low oxygen blood comes into contact with the alveoli which have a high concentration of
oxygen, the oxygen will diffuse into the blood
o As this happens, the carbon dioxide levels in blood are higher than that in the alveoli, which causes the
carbon dioxide to diffuse out the blood into the alveloi
The Process of Breathing
The movement of air from outside of the body into and out of the bronchial tree.


Inspiration = inhalation
o Air is moved into the lungs due to atmospheric pressure
o Impulses will cause the diaphragm to _______________ which will flatten and move
________________________
o This will ___________________ the thorasic cavity ( increases in volume) which
_______________________the pressure in the lungs
o The pressure inside the lungs decreases and air rushes into the airways from the outside
o As this happens the intercoastal muscles (between the ribs) contract and lifts the
ribcage _______________ and __________________
Expiration = exhalation
o Force responsible comes from ___________________of tissues
o This forces the pressure in the lungs to rise about atmospheric pressure so that the air is
forced out of respiratory passages
o This is a ________________ process
Respiratory Volume
o A respiratory cycle in one inspiration and the following expiration
o The volume of air associated with one respiratory cycle is termed the _____________________
o Resting tidal volume is ____________, this is the volume that enters and leaves during one respiratory
cycle
o During forced inspiration additional air enters the lungs, this the the inspiratory reserve volume 
____________
o During forced expiration, the lungs expel additional air, this is the expiratory reserve volume
_____________
o However, we can never force all the air out of our lungs, about___________ will still remain, this is
called the residual volume
o This helps to keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the lungs from major fluctuations
Respiratory rate
o Number of breaths per minute
o About _____________ in an adult
Respiration
o The exchange of gas between living cells and their environment
o External Respiration
o Involves diffusion of gas between _______________ and circulating __________________
o Internal Respiration
o Involves the exchange of gas between _______________ and ___________________
o Cellular Respiration
o Involves the exchange of gas between__________________ and _____________ of cells
Respiration depends on . . .
o Make up of air
o _____% nitrogen
o _____% oxygen
o _____% carbon dioxide
o With small amount of other gases
o Normal Air Pressure = ____________ mm Hg
o Each gas found in air account for a certain portion of air pressure
 Oxygen: .21 x 760mm = 160 mm Hg
 Carbon dioxide: .0004 x 760 mm = 0.3 mm Hg
o The air then dissolves in blood but keeps the same concentration
o Air will diffuse from an area of ____________ pressure to an area of ___________ pressure
o So when low oxygen blood comes into contact with the alveoli which have a high concentration of
oxygen, the oxygen will diffuse into the blood
o As this happens, the carbon dioxide levels in blood are higher than that in the alveoli, which causes the
carbon dioxide to diffuse out the blood into the alveloi