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Respiratory system Respiratory system The respiratory system includes 1. Nose 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Lungs Division of respiratory system (ENT) UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Includes 1. Nose 2. Pharynx LOWER REPIRATORY TRACT Includes 1. Larynx 2. Trachea 3. Lungs Digestive System Digestive System Divided into two main group Gastrointestinal tract (Alimentary tract) Accessory structures Alimentary tract is approximately 9m (30feet) long and extend from the mouth to anus It includes: Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Accessory structures include: Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Urinary system Urinary system The urinary system is composed of Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Male reproductive system Male reproductive system The male reproductive system has components in the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum and divided into External genital organs Testes Epididymis Part of ductus deferens Scrotum Penis Male urethra Internal genital organs Part of ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s gland) Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system has components contained mainly in the pelvic cavity and perineum and divided into Internal genital organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina External genital organs Mons Pubis Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule of vagina Bulbs of vestibule Vestbular Glands Endocrine System Endocrine System The endocrine system includes Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancreas Testis Ovary Adrenal gland Pineal gland Integumentary System Integumentary System The integumentary system includes Skin Accessory structures of skin Hair Glands • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands Nails Component of Skin The skin is consists of three layers Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Types of skin Thick skin Thin skin Functions of Skin Protection Regulation of body temperature and body fluid Synthesis of melanin, keratin and vitamin D Sensation Communication Cleavage lines of the skin Tension lines in the skin identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber bundles. An incision along a cleavage line will heal as a narrow scar, while one that crosses the lines will heal as a wide scar Dermatomes A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. All spinal nerves innervate a segment of skin and are associated with a dermatome except for C1 Fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia Superficial fascia Superficial fascia is a general coating of the body beneath the skin It is made up of loose areolar tissue with varying amounts of fat. The superficial fascia surrounds organs , glands and neurovascular bundles. It is also found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. Functions of Superficial Fascia Superficial fascia facilitates movements of the skin. It serves as a soft medium for the passage of nerves and vessels to the skin. It conserves body heat because by nature, fat is a bad conductor of heat Deep fascia Deep fascia is the dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body. It is in the form of a fibrous sheet which invests the body beneath the superficial fascia. It is devoid of fat, and is usually inelastic and tough. Functions of Deep Fascia Deep fascia keeps the underlying structures in position an preserves the characteristic surface contour of the limbs and neck. It provides extra surface for muscular attachment It helps in venous and lymphatic return. It assists muscles in their action by the degree of tension and pressure it exerts upon their surfaces. Thank you