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Sept‘- 19, 1933. L. E. LAWRENCE 1,927,346 ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Filed June 50, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet l N . WM6/aM“ 63 15I“/,P2’ VA4434£74J\\ Rm a‘ 2% 334L. a W35.4/74 mi4 E.. . I A TTORA/f)’ Sept. 19, 1933. 1.. E. LAWRENCE ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Filed Juné 50, 71932 1,927,346 ’ 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Sept. 19, 1933. L. E, LAWRENCE ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Filed June so, 1932 ' /02 125/23 / 1,927,345 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 ' /07 /_?6 /a3 /32 /3/ /A/V£A/70/? L 5 LA WREA/CE Sept. 19, 1933. L. E. LAWRENCE 1,92 7,346 ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Filed June 30, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 III/I I " I. /76/77 /76 /6/ A95 . 205/ w m/vmro/e A. 5 LAWRENCE‘ ar #62 Zuni/wan“ ATTORNEY Sept. 19, 1933. |_. E. LAWRENCE 1,927,346 ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Filed Juné 30, ‘1932 /9 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 23 i , , 1 aa‘? a5K“: % 041/2z 410mm »2m 4 // 5 E: V m . 257 24/ 246 Patented Sept. 19, 1933 ' UNITED STATES 1,927,346 PATENT OFFICE 1,927,346 ' ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE Leland E. Lawrence, La Grange Park, Ill., as sig'nor to Western Electric Company, Incorpo rated, New York, N. Y., a. corporation of New York Application June 30, 1932. Serial No. 620,095 32 Claims. (Cl. 17 5-340) This invention relates to electromagnetic de Fig. 18 is a fragmentary plan view of another vices and more particularly to devices responsive to electric currents or voltages, such as electrical modi?cation of the device; 19 is a sectional view taken‘ on line 19-19 measuring instruments, and is a continuation in of Fig. Fig. 18; Fig. 20 is a sectional view taken on line 20-20 545,659, ?led June 20, 1931. 65 An object of the invention is to provide a of- Fig. 19; and Fig. 21 is a fragmentary section taken on line sensitive and accurate device responsive to elec 21—-21 of Fig. 19. tric currents or voltages. 5 part of my copending application, Serial No. 10 Referringvnow more in detail to the drawings, In accordance with one embodiment of the in vention, a device having a movable coil is pro Figs. 1 to 5 illustrate an embodiment of the in vided having a source of magnetomotive force vention in a direct current measuring device. 70 within the coil and a magnetic circuit outside of 22 provided with a window 23 the coil which may. serve as a shield against stray 15 magnetic ?elds from outside sources. The pro through which a calibrated scale 24 and a pointer vision of the source of magnetomotive force 25 of the device may be seen. The device is Cl within the ' movable coil insures a minimum mounted upon a bracket 26 which is secured to base of the casing 21 and is amount of leakage ?ux and thus increases the laterally extending arm 27 on e?’ectiveness of the device. 20 A complete understanding of the invention may carrying the scale is supported. The device is provided with an internal cylin be had by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drical core 31, which is a permanent magnet and 80 drawings, in which is preferably made of cobalt or other steel having Fig. 1 is a plan view of a device embodying the invention; Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken on line 2—2 of Fig. 1; _ Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 3——3 a high remanence and high coercive force and acts as a source of magnetic potential for the device. The ends of the cylindrical core are reduced in diameter, forming a ledge 32 ex 85 tending circumferentialiy around the cylinder at of Fig. 2; either end. The magnet 31 has two pole pieces 33 secured thereto which are arcuate, cylindrical sections and each pole piece extends over less Fig. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional than half the circumference of the cylindrical View of the yoke, bridge, and the support for magnet as shown in Fig. 4. These pole pieces are made of magnetic material, such as iron soft central core shown in full in Fig. 2; 35 Fig. 6 is a plan view of a modi?ed form of the steel, or other suitable material, and serve to dis tribute the magnetic ?ux uniformly from the per invention; 95 Fig. 'lis a sectional View taken on line 7--7 manent magnet cylinder 31 over a substantial area of the periphery of the cylinder. The pole of Fig. 6; . Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken on line 8-8 pieces 33 are provided with a circumferential cut— 4.0 of Fig. 6; out portion at their ends providing ledges 34 in which rings 35 of non-magnetic material, such Fig. 9 is a sectional'view taken on line 9—9 of Fig. 7; as brass, are adapted to ?t, thus holding the pole 109 Fig. 10 is a plan view of a modi?ed form of pieces securely to the cylindrical permanent 30 Fig. 4 is a sectional View taken on line 4-4. of Fig. 2; the invention; 5 magnet 31. ‘ Surrounding the permanent magnet and the Fig. 11 is a side elevation of the device shown pole pieces is a cylindrical yoke 36 of magnetic in Fig. 10 with the outer shell or yoke removed; material which completes the magnetic circuit of 105 Fig. 12 is a sectional view taken on line 12—-12 the permanent magnet in two parallel branches of Fig. 10; to reduce the reluctance to the magnetic flux Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic view showing the from the permanent magnet located centrally of circuit arrangement in this embodiment of the the yoke. The yoke 36 may be made of any suit invention; Fig. 14 is a vertical section of another embodi able magnetic material, such as soft iron or a 110 nickel-iron alloy known as permalloy. The yoke ment of the invention; 36 has an axially extending flange 37 at either Big. 15 is a sectional view taken on line 15-15 end and a bridge 38 of non-magnetic material, of Fig. 14; such as brass, is adapted to ?t within each ?ange, Fig. 15 is a sectional view taken on line 15-45 as shown in Fig. 2. It has been found that it is on line 16—16 of Fig. 14; dif?cult to provide screw apertures with sur? Fig. 17 is a diagrammatic View showing the cient accuracy to obtain a proper centering of the 60 circuit arrangement of this embodiment; bridge. By ?tting the bridge within the ?ange 37, the center of the bridge is accurately posi n 2 1,927,846 tioned along one diameter of the cylinder and in order to center the bridge with respect to a nor mal diameter, a pair of arcuate ring sections 39 are placed within the ?anges 3'7 with their ends abutting against the bridges 38, or the ring sec tions may be integral with the bridges and placed as units within the ?anges. Each of the bridges 38 has a pair of inwardly extending projections 41 which pass through slots 42 in rings 35, between 10 the side faces of pole pieces 33, and into engage cal magnet 31. This magnet is magnetized in such a direction that one of its poles will lie on an axial line midway of the arc of one of the pole pieces and the other pole with he on an axial line midway of the arc of the other pole piece. It has been found that in a device such as de scribed with the fleld core surrounding the mova ble coil, the field core acts as a shield against stray external magnetic fields so that the device is un affected by such fields. A current to be measured is led to the movable ment with the ledges 32 of cylinder 31. Thus coil 44 through leads 58 attached to adjusting when the bridges are in position the core and levers 52, causing the ?ux produced by the coil to pole pieces will be accurately and positively po coact with the ?ux in the air gap produced by the sitioned relative to each other and centered with permanent magnet 31. The de?ection of the coil 15 in the cylindrical yoke. Each of the bridges is provided with a threaded aperture for receiving a screw 43 which carries a jewel bearing at its inner end. Surrounding the pole pieces 33 and ‘movable 20 within the air gap between the pole pieces and will be proportional to the current therein and may be read on the scale by the position of pointer 25 carried by the coil. Figs. 6 to 9 illustrate an embodiment of the in vention in a measuring instrument for alternating 05 electrical currents. The device is mounted in a the yoke is a movable coil 44 wound upon a sub casing 61 by means of a bracket 62 which is stantially rectangular form 45 of aluminum or secured to the base of the casing and has a lateral . other suitable material. This form is preferably ly extending arm 63 for supporting a calibrated channel-shaped and has a number of turns of scale 64. The device is provided with an inner 100 25 wire wound between the ?anges of the channel. laminated core 65 of soft iron or a nickel-iron A pair of plates 46 is adhesively secured to the alloy known as permalloy which has slots 66 in coil and the plates have axially extending studs which a coil adapted to be energized by an alter-_ 4'7 which are threaded for a portion of their nating current is wound. The outer faces 68 of length and have reduced ends which act as pivots the core are arranged eccentrically about the 106 30 for engagement with the jewel bearings in the center of the core to provide a tapering rir gap screws 43. The upper stud 4'7 carries the pointer 69 with a laminated yoke '71 to permit the use of 25 and each of the studs carries a washer held a scale having equal divisions. The laminations on the stud by a nut 48 and provided with a pro of the central core 65 are held together by means jection 50. One end of the movable coil 44 is of rivets '72. The laminations of the yoke '71 are 110 35 electrically connected to one of the projections 50 made of similar material as the core and are and the other end of the coil is electrically con between a plate '73 of bakelite or other nected to the other projection 50. Spiral springs clamped suitable non-magnetic material and a cup-shaped 51 have their inner ends connected to the projec ring '74 of similar material. A movable coil '75 tions 50 while their outer ends are connected to is rotatably mounted in the air gap 69 and has a 40 levers 52. These levers are mounted upon collars stud '76 attached to one side thereof, and a shaft 40 surrounding screws 43 and secured to the '77 attached to the other side thereof, which ex bridges 38. The collars 40 are provided with in tends through an opening in the cup-shaped ring sulating washers 53 having insulating collars sur '74. Underneath the cup-shaped ring '74 is a sec rounding collars 40. The levers 52 fit over the ond cup-shaped ring '78 which, together with the 120 45 insulating collars and a second washer 54 is base of the cup-shaped ring '74, forms a pocket '79 placed over each of the levers and engages the for a damping vane attached to the shaft '77. collar of washer 53. The washers 53 and 54 The cup-shaped ring '78 has a pair of inwardly are forced into frictional engagement with the extending partitions 82 which separate the pocket levers 52 by locknuts 55; thus the nuts 55 serve '79 into two parts, one for each half of the vane, 125 50 a double function of forming locknuts for the in accordance with a practice well known in the screws 43 and frictionally positioning the levers art, to produce a damping action on the move 52. The purpose of the levers 52 is to adjust the ment of the coil. The ring '73 has two upwardly pointer 25 to zero position when no current is extending projections 83 which cooperate with passing through the device and also to serve as the cross-piece 84 to form a bridge for carrying a 55 terminals for the coil. The lower lever 52 is pref screw 85 provided with a jewel bearing for one erably used for adjusting the device prior to its pivot point of coil '75 and the cup-shaped ring assembly in the casing 21, since this lever is not '78 is provided with two downwardly extending readily accessible when the device is mounted in projections 86, cooperating with a cross-piece 8'7 135 the casing. The upper lever 52 may be adjusted to form a support for screw 38, which carries a 60 to accurately set the device on zero to compen jewel bearing for the other pivot of the coil at sate for small deviations occurring after the as tached to the end of shaft '77. Electrical connec sembly of the device in the casing. Conductors tion is made to the movable coil through adjust are secured to the levers 52 and the current passes ing levers 89 in a manner similar to that described 140 from one lever 52 through coil spring 51, projec in connection with the embodiment of the inven 65 tion 50, stud 4'7, through the coil, and out of the tion disclosed in Figs. 1 to 5. The stationary coil other side of the coil in the same manner. surrounding core 65 is provided with leads 91 for In order to facilitate assembly of the device, to an electrical circuit. The movable the permanent magnet is preferably not mag connection coil '75 and the stationary coil 6'7 are preferably 145 netized until after assembly of the device because connected in series to maintain a ?xed phase rela 70 the magnetization of the permanent magnets tionship between the currents in these coils. tends to cause the magnet to be attracted and This device is extremely sensitive and due to the adhere to other parts, such as the yoke. After fact that the field core surrounds the movable coil, the device is assembled, it is placed in a strong as well as the ?xed coil, these coils are shielded 150 magnetic ?eld which will saturate the yoke and against stray fields from external sources. is apply high magnetic potential across the cylindri 1,927,346 3 In Figs. 10 to 13 an embodiment of the inven tion in a direct current relay is shown. The device is mounted upon a base 101 of bakelite washers 147 and 148 which are insulated from each other and held upon the stud 121 by a or other suitable insulating material. This base nut 151. The washers 147 and 148 are provided has upwardly extending posts 102 imbedded with suitable projections to which ?exible con ductors 152 and 153 are attached. The ?exible 80 therein and an outer shell or yoke 103 is pro vided with suitable apertures for receiving these conductors are secured to posts 154 and 155 em posts to securely hold the base and yoke together. bedded in the base 101. The circuit from post 154 leads through a The base 101 is provided with a pair of projections 10 104 along the sides thereof for positioning a plu resistance coil to a terminal post157 and the rality of bar magnets 105 which form a composite circuit from post 155 leads through a resistance magnet for the device. The bar magnets may be coil to a terminal post 158. These resistance made of cobalt steel or other suitable permanent coils form a composite coil 156 which is non magnet material having a high remanence and inductively wound. that is, the conductors from 15 high coercive force. posts 154 and 155 are wound side by side in The bar magnets are held in place on the base bi?lar arrangement to eliminate the eifect of in ductance during variations in the current sup by a pair of clamps 106 of insulating material. plied to coil 118. These clamps are provided with transverse Relays of this type have many uses, among grooves for receiving terminal supports 107 se 20 cured to the base and to the clamps by bolts 108. which may be mentioned the regulation of cur rents or voltages. When the current in a circuit 95 The terminal supports 107 are electrically con nected to terminal posts 109 through the bolts 108 to which the device is connected reaches one and connecting plates 111. Each of the terminal of the points at which a signal is given, steps supports 107 has a terminal screw 112, provided may be taken to correct the value 01' the current and return it to the desired value. with a knurled head, mounted therein for a pur Referring now to Figs. 14 to 17 of the draw 100 pose to be described hereinafter. The bar magnets 105 are provided with arcuate ings, illustrating another embodiment of the in ends forming a composite are about the center vention in a direct current relay, a base 160 is provided of insulating material upon which is mounted frame 161, formed with depressed por-= to provide an air gap‘ for a movable coil 118. tions for receiving bar members which form a 105 This coil consists of a plurality of convolutions composite magnet 162, separated by an upwardly of wire wound upon a channel-shaped frame projecting supporting member 163 integral with 119 of aluminum or other suitable material. the frame 161. The bar members, which com Adhesively secured to the sides of the coil is pose the magnet 162, are positioned with like a pair of studs 121 and 122 which carry pivot poles adjacent each other and are held against 110 points adapted to be journaled in jewel bear displacement by a suitable clamp 164. A yoke ings carried by screws 123 and 124. The base 165 is mounted upon the frame 161 and has cut 30 of curvature of the ?eld core 103 at a shorter radius than the inner periphery of the field core 40 101 is provided with a pair of apertures 113 away portions 166 and 167 therein to provide a for receiving standards for hearing supports 114 relatively short air gap at the ends and for and 115. The bearing support 114 is electrically short distances along the sides from the ends 115 connected to a terminal post 120 through a screw 116 and a plate 117, as shown in Fig. 12. The 45 screw 123 is mounted on standard 115 and is secured in position by a locknut 125. The screw 124 is threaded into a collar 126, which is clamped into the standard 114. This standard has a slot 127 which permits the screw 128 to be turned 50 down to cause the standard to ?rmly grip the collar. The end of the screw is provided'with a locknut 129 to prevent rotation of the screw. Integral with the collar 126 is a disc 131 having a laterally extending projection 132 formed therein. This projection is attached to the outer end of a spiral spring 133, the inner end of which is attached to a projection 134 of a washer 135. The washer, together with a pointer or contact arm 136, is secured to the stud 122 of the movable coil by a nut 137. t It will be seen, therefore, that the contact arm 136 is electri 120 volutions of wire. Pivot bases 175 and 176 ?xedly mounted upon the coil 168 but insulated from it contain pivots 177 which have their ends mount ed in bearings 178. On one side of the coil 168 are disposed two spiral springs 179 and 180 125 formed of suitable conducting material and hav ing their outer ends ?xed to terminal bars 181 and 182, ' ' 130 of the coil 168, the other end of coil 168 being electrically connected to pivot base 175. Upon cally connected through projection 134, spiral the opposite side of the coil 168 is another spiral 135 spring 133, disc 131, and standard 114, to the spring 183 having its inner end ?xed to the terminal post 120. Upon the movement of the pivot base 176 and its outer end secured to a ter movable coil, the contact arm may engage either minal bar 134. The bearings 178 are supported -65 of the terminal screws 112 as the current varies in bushings of magnetically permeable mate between the predetermined limits in the coil. rial disposed in the yoke 175 adjacent portions 140 When the contact arm engages with one of the thereof which are cutaway to receive the spiral springs 179, 180 and 183, and the pivotal sup terminal screws 112, a relay 141 will be ener gized from a battery 142; and when it engages porting means for the coil 168. A cover or cas with the'other terminal screw, a relay 142 will ing 185 provided for the relay has its edges re be energized thereby selectively ringing bell 144 ceivable in depressed portions of the base 160 145 or bell 145 from a battery 146 to indicate that the current in coil 118 has reached one or the other of the limits of a selected range. The ends of the coil 118 are connected to and is secured in place by any suitable means, such as screws 186 having their ends received in threaded apertures in the yoke 165. In Fig. 17 there are shown lead lines 188 of a circuit, across which the relay is electrically con 150 4 1,927,846 nected. Conductors 189 and 190, which electri cally connect the terminal bars 181 and 182, re spectively, with the lead lines 188, have disposed therein resistance coils 191 and 192, respectively, for eifecting the desired reduction in energy ap to move the coil 168 in a counterclockwise di- 5 'rection and will move the contact switch 200 to the left (Fig. 14), and when the voltage is lower than that desired, the contact switch will engage the contact point 201, thus closing the circuit including the relay 194. The energization of the . plied to the coil 168. Electrically connected to relay 194 causes the closing of the switch 196, the terminal bar 184 of the spiral spring 183 is completing a circuit through the indicating sig a source of current, such as battery 193, for pro 206. viding electrical energy to switch-actuating re nalReferring now to Figs. 18 to 21, which show a lays 194 and 195, the relays 194 and 195 being further modification of the invention, a direct 10 arranged to close switches 196 and 197, respec current meter 220 is shown mounted in a. casing tively, when one or the other of two circuits are 15 closed, due to movement of the coil 168. The closing of the circuits to the relays 194 and 195 is brought about by movement of a pointer or contact switch 200, which is fixed to the pivot base 176 and electrically connected to the spiral spring 183. The upper end of the pointer or con tact switch 200 may be provided with an indicat ing dial, but in the present instance there is shown adjustable contact members 201 and 202 supported by the upwardly extending projection 30 163 of the frame 161 and arranged to be spaced relative to -the pointer 200. Electrically con nected to the adjustable contact members 201 and 202 are conductors 203 and 204, which in clude the switch actuating relays 194 and 195 and form circuits including the battery 193. The switch 196, when closed due to the energiza tion of the relay 194, closes a circuit including 221 on a bracket 222 and comprises an external cylindrical magnet 223 of permanent magnet ma terial, such as cobalt steel or other suitable per manent magnetic material, having a pair of pole shoes 224 secured to the inner periphery thereof by screws 225. These pole shoes taper outwardly, as shown at 226, and have a rectangular recess 227 at the base of the tapered portion. A pair 95 of bridges 228'and 229 are adapted to be cen— tered and secured in the recess 227. The lower bridge 229 is integral with a ring 231, which fits in the lower recess 227, while the upper bridge 228 has two ring segments 232 and 233 associated 100 therewith which fit in the upper recess 227 and accomplish the same purpose as the lower ring 231, the purpose of making the upper ring in the two segments 232 and 233 being for convenience in assembling the device. Within the cylindrical 105 space formed by the pole shoes 224 is a fixed per a signaling means, such as a bell 206; and the manent magnet 234 of cylindrical shape and switch 197, when closed due to the energization made of cobalt steel or other suitable material of the relay 195, closes a circuit which includes having a high magnetic remanence and high co an audible signal, such as a bell 207, a battery 208, or any other suitable source of current sup plying the electrical energy for these circuits. ercive force. The ends of this magnet are re 110 duced, forming a circumferential groove 235 at either end of the magnet. The inner magnet 234 During the operation of the relay, the coil 168 is provided with pole shoes 236, which extend is normally urged in a counterclockwise direc circumferentially about the inner magnet, a dis tion, viewing Fig. 14, by the spiral springs 179, tance co-extensive with the pole shoes 224 se-' 115 180 and 183, so as to move the contact switch cured to the outer magnet; The pole shoes 236 200 to the left and into contact with the contact are retained in engagement with the inner mag point 201 when the voltage across the line 188 net by a pair of rings 237 which ?t in grooves is low. However, during the normal flow of provided at the ends of the pole shoes. These energy, the magnetizing force set up around the rings are provided with partially cut-out por 120 ends of the coil 168 opposes the force of the spiral tions for receiving projections 238 of ring 231 and springs or, in other words, moves the coil 168 ring sections 232 and 233. These projections ex a suf?cient distance about its pivots against the tend through the partially cut-out portions of tension of the spiral springs to centrally position rings 237, between the side faces of pole shoes the contact switch 200 between the contact points 236 and into the groove 235 of the inner magnet 125 50 201 and 202 and out of electrical engagement to retain the inner magnet securely in position therewith. If the ?ow of energy is high, the coil and provide a predetermined annular air gap be 168 will be rotated further in a clockwise direc— tween the pole shoes 224 and the pole shoes 236. tion and in doing so the contact switch 200 will Within this air gap is a movable coil 239 having be moved into electrical engagement with the journal studs 241 secured to opposite ends there 130 contact point 202, thus closing the circuit in of. These studs carry pivot pins which are jour cluding the relay 195 which, when energized, will naled in screws 242 mounted in the bridges 228 close the switch 197 in the circuit including the and 229. Each of the bridges is provided with audible signal 207, indicating that there exists an integral collar 243, which is adapted to re a high voltage in the main line 188. The audible ceive a resilient or lock washer 244, upon which 135 signal 207 will continue to be energized until the an insulating washer 245 of hard rubber or other voltage is lowered in any suitable manner. When suitable material is placed. The washer 245 has the voltage in the main line 188 has been lowered, a collar over which an adjusting lever 246 is the force of the magnetic ?ux around the coil placed. A second insulating washer 247 is placed 168 will be decreased and the force of the spiral over the lever and the entire assembly is held in 140 springs 179, 180 and 183 will rotate the coil in a place by a locknut 248, which clamps the lever counterclockwise direction (Fig. 14). Various ad 246 with such compression as to permit its manual justments may be made to cause the proper volt adjustment. The levers 246 have one end of age to be supplied in the main line 188, such as spiral springs 251 secured thereto and the other varying the ?eld of the generator supplying elec ends of these springs are secured to projections 76 trical energy to the main line. The contact 252 secured to the journal studs 241. The pro switch 200 will remain in a substantially vertical jections 252 are electrically connected to the ends position as long as there is a desired voltage in of the coil and conductors 253 are connected to the main line 188, but if this voltage would drop the levers so that the levers serve not only to an appreciable amount, the force of the spiral adjust the zero position of the coil but also as 150 145 I springs will overcome the magnetic force tending 1,927,346 5 terminals for the electrical circuit to the coil. The upper journal stud 241 also carries a pointer and spaced therefrom to form an air gap, a mov 254, which cooperates with a scale (not shown) to indicate the position of the coil, which is an index of the amount of current flowing through able coil positioned in the air gap, and means for supporting said magnet concentrically within the yoke. 6. An electromagnetic device comprising a cy 80 In this embodiment of the invention the outer lindrical permanent magnet, a cylindrical yoke of permanent magnet 223 and the inner permanent magnetic material surrounding said magnet and magnet 237 are magnetized before the assembly spaced therefrom to form an air gap, a movable of the device, since the magnets must be mag? coilv positioned in the air gap, and means for sup netized in such a direction that adjacent poles porting said magnet concentrically within the 85 must be of opposite polarity. For instance, the yoke, said means having bearings for c0ncentri~ outer magnet 223 will be magnetized so as to cally supporting the coil in the air gap. 7. An electromagnetic device comprising a cy- , have its poles located on a diameter passing 15 through the screws 225. If the pole at the right lindrical permanent magnet, a pair of pole pieces side of the outer magnet 223, as viewed in Fig. of magnetic material secured to the magnet, a 90 18, is a north pole, the inner magnet 237 willbe cylindrical yoke of magnetic material surround magnetized to have its south pole at its right ing the magnet and spaced therefrom to form side. Magnetized in this way, the magnetic ?ux an air gap, a bridge secured to each end of the 20 will ?ow from left to right in two parallel paths yoke and having inwardly extending projections in the outer magnet and from right to left in a for securing the magnet in position within the 95 yoke, a bearing supported by each of said bridges, single path through the inner magnet. and a movable coil pivotally mounted in said It will be noted that the pole pieces 224, ton bearings. gether with the entire inner assembly comprising 25 8. An electromagnetic device comprising a cy the inner permanent magnet?the movable coil and the bridges form a single unitary structure, lindrical yoke having an axially extending periph~ 100 which may be inserted assembled into the outer magnet 223. This makes it“ possible to insert a keeper of magnetic material in the outer magnet 30 along the axis of the poles to retain the magnetism of the outer magnet after magnetization. The cylindrical magnet inner assembly may then be inserted in the outer having means for magnet by pushing the keeper out. In this Way the device may be assembled with a minimum demagnetization of the outer magnet. In each of the embodiments of the invention, . the coil. a source of magneticpotential is provided with in the movable coil which insures a minimum of 40 leakage ?ux and causes a high torque to be ex erted on the coil for a given number of ampere turns in the coil. This high torque makes it pos tatable about said magnet and within the yoke, 1115 sible to use comparatively strong springs for the and a pair of bearings carried by said supports coils which results in a high degree of accuracy for rotatably mounting said coil. of the devices. 10. An electromagnetic device comprising a 45 It will be understood that the nature and em. core, a coil wound on the core for producing a bodiments of the invention herein described and magnetic potential therein, a coil rotatable about E20 illustrated are merely convenient forms of the said core and the coil thereon, and a yoke form ing a magnetic path externally of the movable invention and that many changes and modi?ca coil. tions may be made therein without departing 50 11. An electromagnetic device comprising a from the spirit and scope of the invention. core, a coil wound on the core for producing a 125 What is claimed is: 1. An electromagnetic device comprising means magnetic potential therein, a'movable coil sur for producing a magnetic potential, a coil rotat rounding said core, a yoke forming a magnetic path externally or" the movable coil, and means 55 able on an axis passing through the coil sur rounding said means, and a path of magnetic secured to the yoke for positioning the core and. the movable coil within the yoke. material externally of said coil. 130 12. An electromagnetic device comprising a 2. An electromagnetic device comprising means for producing a magnetic potential, a movable cylindrical permanent magnet, a pair of pole coil, a support for positioning said means within pieces therefor of magnetic material, a ring of 60 the coil, a support for rotatably supporting the non-magnetic material for attaching the pole coil on an axis passing through the coil, and a , pieces to the magnet, a cylindrical yoke, means 135 path of magnetic material externally of the coil. secured to the yoke and engaging the magnet, pole 3. An electromagnetic device comprising means pieces, and ring for securing the magnet in posi tion, and a coil movably supported between the 65 for producing a magnetic potential, a movable pole pieces and the yoke. coil surrounding said means, a yoke surrounding 13. An electromagnetic device comprising a 140 the coil, and means for pivotally supporting the permanent magnet, a movable coil encompassing said magnet, and a second permanent magnet forming a magnetic circuit with the ?rst perma 70 lindrical permanent magnet, a cylindrical yoke of magnetic material surrounding said magnet and nent magnet and positioned externally of the coil. 14. An electromagnetic device comprising a 145 spaced therefrom to form an air gap, and a coil permanent magnet, a movable coil encompassing movably supported in said air gap. 5. An electromagnetic device comprising a cy the magnet, and a yoke of a nickel-iron alloy coil and centering said means within the coil. 4. An electromagnetic device comprising a cy lindrical permanent magnet, a cylindrical yoke forming a-magnetic path externally of the coil. 15. An electromagnetic device comprising a of magnetic material surrounding said magnet permanent magnet, a movable coil encompassing ‘1,927,340 the coil in a predetermined position, and mes-Ill the magnet, and a yoke of magnetic material associated with each of said springs for variably forming a magnetic path around the coil and positioning one end of the spring. shielding the device from external magnetic fields. 25. An electromagnetic device comprising in 16. In a device of the character described, a bar magnet, a yoke surrounding the ends of said bar magnet and spaced therefrom to form a rela tively short air gap, a coil rotatably disposed around said bar magnet and in said air gap, and means for urging the rotation of said coil- in one ner and outer magnetic members forming an air . gap, a coil rotatably mounted in said air gap, a 10 direction. 1'1. In a device of the character described, a bar bridge having bearings for supporting said coil. said outer magnetic member having a ?ange for receiving the bridge, and an annular member fitting within said ?ange for positioning the bridge and thereby centering the coil in the air magnet, a yoke surrounding the ends of said bar gap. 26. An electromagnetic device comprising in magnet and spaced therefrom to form a rela ner and outer magnetic members forming an air tively short air gap, a coil extending around said gap, a coil rotatably mounted in said air gap, a 15 bar magnet and disposed in said air gap, means bridge having bearings for supporting said coil, for electrically connecting said coil across a cir said outer magnetic member having a ?ange for cuit supplied with electrical energy, and means receiving the bridge, an annular member ?tting for urging said coil out of parallel relation to said within said ?ange for positioning the bridge and bar magnet, the electrical energy supplied to said thereby centering the coil in the air gap, and a coil setting up a magnetic flux for opposing said projection extending inwardly from said annular coil moving means for moving the coil in the member for positioning the inner magnetic mem opposite direction. the coil. 18. An electromagnetic device comprising a ber27.within An electromagnetic device comprising a permanent magnet core, a yoke of magnetic ma plurality of bar magnets in parallel relation, a 100 -25 terial surrounding said core, a pair of pole pieces yoke of magnetic material surrounding said mag of magnetic material secured to said core and nets and forming air gaps at the ends of said forming an air gap with said yoke, and a coil magnets, and a coil rotatably mounted so that rotatably supported in said air gap. sides of the coil extend into said air gaps. 19. An electromagnetic device comprising a opposite 28. An electromagnetic device comprising a 105 core member of magnetic material, an annular plurality of bar magnets in parallel relation, an member of magnetic material surrounding the insulating base therefor, a clamp for securing core, a pair of pole pieces extending from one of said members toward the other of said members and forming an air gap therewith, a coil rotat 35 ably supported in said air gap, a pointer movable with said coil, and a spring for yieldably hold ing the coil in a predetermined position. 20. An electromagnetic device comprising a core member of magnetic material, an annular 40 member of magnetic material surrounding the said magnets to the base, a yoke of magnetic ma terial surrounding said magnets and forming air gaps at the ends of said magnets, a pair of stand 11'.) ards mounted on said base within the yoke, and a coil rotatably mounted on said standards and movable in said air gaps. 29. An electromagnetic device comprising a plurality of bar magnets in parallel relation, an ~ ~ core member, a pair of pole pieces extending from insulating base therefor, a clamp for securing said magnets to the base, a yoke of magnetic ma one of said members and forming an air gap with the other member, a coil mounted in said air gap, and means for rotatably supporting said 45 coil. 21. An electromagnetic device comprising a core member of magnetic material, an annular member of magnetic material surrounding the core, diametrically opposite air gaps being pro 150 vided between said members, a coil having oppo site limbs positioned in said air gaps respectively and pivot-ally mounted for a limited oscillating movement, the axis of rotation of said coil inter secting its physical axis at right angles, and a 5.5 pointer carried by said coil. terial surrounding said magnets and forming air gaps at the ends of said magnets, said yoke ex tending over the base and forming a casing for ? the device, a pair of standards on the base within the yoke, and a coil rotatably mounted on said standards and movable in said air gaps. 30. An electromagnetic device comprising a circular magnet of cobalt steel having poles of 125 opposite polarity at diametrically opposite points, said magnet having a greater axial length than radial thickness, pole pieces having surfaces of similar curvature as the inner surface of said magnet and engaging the magnet, a cylindrical 130 22. An electromagnet device comprising a core core of magnetic material within said pole pieces of magnetic material, an annular ?eld magnet and forming a circular air gap therewith, and a having poles at diametrically opposite points sur magnetically actuated member movable in said rounding the core, pole pieces of soft magnetic air gap. 31. An electromagnetic device comprising a 135 -60 material'for said magnet positioned at the poles core of magnetic material, an annular ?eld mag . thereof and forming an air gap with the core, net having poles of opposite polarity at diametri and a coil rotatably mounted in said air gap. cally opposite points surrounding the core, pole 23. An electromagnetic device comprising a core of magnetic material, a rotatably mounted pieces of soft magnetic material for said magnet positioned at the poles thereof and forming an 65 coil encompassing the core, a cylindrical magnet having diametrically opposite poles surrounding air gap with the core, and a magnetically actuat the core, and a pair of pole pieces having arcuate ed member rotatably mounted in said air gap. 32. An electromagnetic device comprising a outer faces engaging the inner periphery of the magnet and forming an air gap with the core for 70 said coil. 24. An electromagnetic device comprising a magnetic core and yoke forming an air gap, a coil mounted in said air gap, a pair of pivots for rotatably supporting the coil, a spiral spring ad jacent each of said pivots for yieldably retaining core, a coil wound on the core for producing a magnetic potential therein, a magnetically actu 145 ated member rotatable about said core and the coil thereon, and a yoke forming a magnetic path externally of the magnetically actuated member, LELAND E. LAWRENCE. 150