Download Chapter 11- Student Notes

Name:______________________
Block: 8______
Chapter 11- Student Notes
Oceans Control the Water Cycle
11.1 Ocean Basins:
The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the ___________________.
The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are:
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the ___________________
the ___________________
the ___________________
the ___________________
the ___________________
The low points in the oceans are called
___________________.
Oceans are vital to life, as they control ___________________, create
___________________patterns and provide ___________________for water cycles.
The Origin of Ocean Water:
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Oceans have filled over hundreds of ___________________of years.
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Scientists believe the oceans are more than 3 ___________________years old.
Water may have originally been released by:
3. ___________________eruptions.
4. Arrived on Earth via icy ___________________.
Features of the Ocean Floor:
Although the word “basin” makes it sound flat, many features found on land, including
___________________ranges, ___________________, flat ___________________,
___________________, and ___________________also exist on the ocean floor.
The ___________________is the large, flat middle part, while the
___________________margins are the edges rising up to the land.
Ocean Basins
 The largest changes to the ocean basin occur through the movement of
___________________plates, although there is also ___________________via
___________________, ___________________and icebergs.
 Mid-ocean ___________________: occur where new rock is forced up, and ocean
floor spreads ___________________.
 The Mid-___________________Ridge is the largest example on Earth.
 The ______________ de __________ plate lies ________ km off Vancouver Island.
 A ___________________forms when the less dense ___________________plates run
into, and slide under, the ___________________plates.
FYI: Earthquakes in B.C. (not on the test)
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The Cascadia subduction zone last had a big earthquake (magnitude 9) in _________
(similar to the March 11, 2010 Japanese earthquake/ tsunami).
 The time between megaquakes is ________ – __________years (avg. ________ years).
 Our last big earthquake was ________ years ago.
*source: Vancouver Sun (2012)
Ocean Basins
 ___________________plains: is oceanic crust between a ___________________midocean ridge and the trench it subducts (lowers) into.
 These make up _______% of the Atlantic sea floor, and ______% of the Pacific sea floor.
 Abyssal plains can be covered in _____ km of sediments.
 ___________________: are old volcanic mountains found on abyssal plains.
o Ex. Hawaiian Islands.
Continental Margins
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Continental margins are part of continental plates. (ex. Piece of paper with margins)
Continental margins are made up of:
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Continental ___________________ (averaging ______ km wide).
Continental ___________________down to the oceanic plate.
Continental shelves were above water during the last ice age.
___________________currents: are slides on the slopes, and can create large
___________________canyons in the shelf.
11.2 Ocean Currents
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There are more than_____ major ___________________which move large amounts of
water predictably around the ___________________.
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Currents move large quantities of water, ___________________, solar energy,
___________________, carbon dioxide, plankton & ___________________.
Currents are caused by water ___________________, ___________________,
___________________, the spin of Earth, coastlines & the ___________________.
Largest current is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Southern Ocean (________ km long).
Ocean currents are either:
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___________________currents (0 - _______ m)
___________________water currents (_______ m & deeper)
What Makes Surface Currents Move?
Wind:
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As air warms from solar energy, it ___________________, and ___________________air
rushes to replace it. This creates wind (H  L)
As the wind passes along the ___________________of the water, it
___________________the water molecules and moves them along in the same direction.
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Spin of the Earth:
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Earth spins from __________ to __________ (counter-clockwise)
The ___________________Effect deflects winds & currents to the
___________________in the Northern hemisphere (opposite in the Southern
hemisphere).
Shape of continents:
 ___________________move through the oceans and around the
___________________like rocks in a stream.
What Makes Deep Currents Move?
Water temperature:
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Warm water ___________________, & cool water
___________________.
___________________current = cool, dense water
moving on an ocean floor.
Three layers of water dependent on temperature:
 ___________________: 0 - 200 m, warmest.
 ___________________: 200 m - 1 km, rapidly cools.
 ___________________water: 1 km and deeper, just above freezing.
Water salinity:
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Adding fresh water decreases ___________________.
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___________________& ___________________increases salinity.
___________________ocean waters at the ___________________.
___________________occurs when nutrient-rich cold water finally moves up to the
surface.
Ocean Waves & Their Effect on Shaping Land:
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Most ___________________are created by ___________________.
In the open ocean, waves are called ___________________.
Swells “___________________” in shallow water, show characteristic curl.
The largest waves are ___________________, caused by undersea earthquakes,
landslides or volcanic eruptions.
Waves ___________________coastal areas based on the ___________________of the
waves, and the composition of the shoreline.
Erosion of a Headland:
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___________________made up of harder rock, and erode less, but absorb most wave
force.
___________________occur between headlands, are generally ___________________.
Sea ___________________are extra-hard rock left behind from eroded headlands.
Tides:
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Tides: caused by gravities of Earth and the ___________________.
____________ tides occur where the Moon is closest to Earth (and opposite side).
___________ tides occur at ______º to the high tides.
Tidal ___________________: (difference between high and low) averages ____m in BC.
The ___________ gravity, when lined up properly, can
produce extreme tides.
These are called ___________________tides.
When the Sun, Moon & Earth are not lined up, the
tides are called ___________________tides.
11.3 Oceans and Climate
Water has a high heat capacity:
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Water ___________________up and
___________________down slowly, and can absorb
large amounts of ___________________energy.
 Oceans can store and ___________________huge amounts of energy.
Oceans influence ___________________.
Weather tracked over many years = ___________________
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Climates vary greatly.
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Climate measures ___________________+ ___________________> ________ years.
How Oceans Affect Weather:
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___________________- heat energy transfers from the ocean’s surface to the air, and
this _________________________________________________________.
The warm “bubble” of air is called a ___________________.
El _________ is the warming ocean current effect that occurs some years in December.
 Starts off the Pacific coast of ___________________.
El Niño can change the weather around the world, including ___________________&
___________________in ________, and droughts in Africa and Australia.
Changing ocean temperatures also cause __________ life to change behaviours.
La ________ is a cooling of similar waters, and produces the opposite effects of El Niño.
The Moderating Effect of Oceans on Climate:
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Oceans can make cold, northern locations warmer (thanks to heat
___________________capacity):
o Locations like B.C., Norway, & England benefit.
Water’s high heat capacity: heat energy can be carried from south to north by currents
like the Gulf Stream (in England & Norway) or the Pacific Drift (in B.C.).
As the warm water ___________________, it carries energy over the mainland of the
province.
___________________block the warmth from reaching into the interior.
o Edmonton and Manchester, England are the same ___________________.
The Moderating Effect of Oceans on Climate:
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For these reasons, we can see considerable differences between locations at the same
approximate latitude (distance from the equator) in B.C.