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Ash Beech Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • Up to 40m • Bark smooth and grey when young but rougher and darker when older • Spring: – • Purply-yellow flowers Interesting facts: • Can press the nuts and get oil from them • True native tree • • Branches curve down and up again like a candelabra Deer, badgers, squirrels, mice and birds like to eat beech nuts • The ground beneath them is often bare so it is easy to see old tree’s gnarled roots • Useful wood as it burns well and grows quickly • It is a very adaptable wood – it can be bent and is springy so can withstand shocks, and so is used in many sporting goods, e.g. oars, billiard cues, hockey sticks, and also for furniture, carts and tool handles Summer: – • Compound leaf - leaflets grow in pairs on the leaf stalk with a single leaflet at the end Autumn: – Long seeds contained in a key that spin like a helicopter as they fall Leaves fall off the tree when they are still green – • • Winter: – – Black buds on the twigs Some brown keys hang on Ash dieback disease – fungus causes widespread damage to ash trees, estimated losses are 60-90% in Denmark, it has not reached Yorkshire yet Key identifying features: • Up to 40m • Smooth silver-grey bark • Spring/summer: – Waxy leaves • Autumn: – Leaves turn rusty brown – Beech nuts grow in small prickly cases called masts • Winter: – Narrow pointed buds Birch Story: • Wild woods in the wind in the willows – made up of beech trees • Read a section of this chapter given in the teacher’s pack • Things to think about • How does it feel to be in the woods? • What can you hear/see? • What kinds of animals live in the woods? Is there any evidence of them? Hazel Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • Up to 26m • Bark white with pale grey horizontal markings • Spring: – • Summer: – • Brown catkins with clouds of yellow pollen Small tree, very fast growing • Compared to other trees it does not live a long time, they often live less than 100 years • Paper can be made from birchwood • Oil from the bark can be used as an insect repellent and the sap is a natural shampoo Leaves turn golden yellow Millions of small papery seeds from the catkins float off in the wind Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • 4-7m • Bark smooth often shiny, can become cracked • Spring: – – Folklore: • Leaves are pale green and have pointy toothed edges Autumn: – – • • Dangly yellow male flowers Tiny red spiky female flowers In ancient times brooms made of birch twigs were commonly used to drive out the spirits of the old year and were believed to ward off evil • Broomsticks made of birch have the added benefit of these protective qualities • Autumn: • Winter: • Shrub or small tree • Seeds (hazelnuts) are edible and rich in oil • Squirrels bury these and help spread them • Wood is used for fencing and building • Forked sticks from hazel are used to find water (water divining) Summer: – – – Leaves are rounded and soft with a pointed tip Hazelnuts Oval, smooth buds on hairy twigs Folklore: • Is the tree of wisdom and learning • Wands made of this wood symbolise white magic Lime Oak Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • Up to 40m • Dark grey or blackish bark • Spring: – – • Soothing tea can be made from the flowers, which is called tillelul • Flowers are very fragrant when in full blossom in July • Are the noisiest of trees at this time – the roar of bees in them can often be heard 50 yards away Aphids like sucking the sap of the tree which makes the tree and anything underneath it sticky with honeydew People carve beautiful things out of the wood • Summer: – • Heart shaped leaf, tapered to a point with saw-toothed edges Tufts of hair on underside of leaf, make them feel furry! • Yellow white flowers hang from bracts, which look like leaves and act as sails to carry ripe fruits in the wind • – – • – • • Tall trunk with upward pointing branches Male flowers called catkins Early leaves are a brownish green Summer: Leaves are dense and shady with a lobed margin Autumn: – Winter: – Key identifying features: • Up to 30m • Bark on older trees is thick, greybrown and ridged • Spring: Acorns are green at first turning to brown as they ripen Winter: – Lots of twigs at the end of crooked branches Rowan Interesting facts: • Can live for over 700 years • The trees roots mirror its branches and stretch as far below ground as the branches do above • Look out for ‘knopper galls’ – gall wasps lay their grubs in these trees • Ships used to be made from oak, its wood is still used to make furniture Myths: • Carrying a piece of oak with you gives you good luck • The largest oak tree in Britain is the Major Oak in Sherwood Forest. Robin Hood is said have hidden in a big hollow oak like that one. Sweet chestnut Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • Up to 20m • Smooth shiny-grey bark • Spring: – • Pointed, toothed leaflets White creamy flowers in dense clusters May-Jun Autumn: – – • Is also called mountain ash • Berries are very attractive to birds and are an important food source for migratory birds • Rowan berries can be made into juice, jam and jellies. • The flowers strong, sweet smell attracts flies and beetles Summer: – – • Before the leaves appear the young hairy twigs can be seen to be tinged with purple • Leaves turn dark red Red berries in dense bunches stay on the branches after the leaves have fallen Winter: – Buds long and pointy Key identifying features: • Up to 35m • Smooth bark • Spring: – Folklore: • Thought to have protective powers • Was once widely planted by houses as a protection against witches Boats made of this wood were said to be protected from storms and from going off course Traditionally used to make spinning wheels – could relate to the story of Sleeping Beauty. • • • Autumn: – – • Shiny, large and spiky leaves with pointed teeth on the edges Leaves become golden yellow Hedgehog-like seed cases split open to reveal shiny, brownskinned nuts Winter: – Can see how the bark grows in spiral ridges around the trunk Interesting facts: • Can live for over 500 years • Were introduced to Britain by the Romans – it is said that the soldiers were given a porridge made from these before going into battle • The nuts can be eaten roasted or can be ground to make flour • Cakes and puddings can be made out of sweetened chestnut puree • The wood is very strong and so is grown for their timber – often used as gateposts and stakes as they last a long time Holly Sycamore Key identifying features: • Up to 35m • Smooth bark at first, then later scaly • Spring: – – • Bright yellow flowers Maple-shaped leaves Autumn: – – • Interesting facts: • Big and fast growing trees • When the seeds turn brown they spin like little helicopters to the ground and quickly take root • Violins and floors are often made from sycamore wood • In the spring/summer they are covered in aphids which attract lots of blue tits Leaves go golden yellow Winged fruits that look like bunches of keys Winter: – – Interesting example of how the bark peels off – a good tree to take bark rubbings from. Key identifying features: • Up to 15m • Shiny smooth leaves • Margin of leaves variable – they usually have sharp spines but they can be smooth • Smooth bark which is silvery or dark grey • Spring/summer: – • Autumn/winter: – Tall knobbly trunks Green buds Small pink flowers May-Jun clustered in the leaf axils Shiny red berries, often stay on trees over winter Pine e.g. Scots pine Key identifying features: • Up to 36m • Bare trunk • Bark is reddish-brown on the upper part of the trunk, lower down it’s grey or brown, rough and cracking into plates • Needles are in pairs and are stiff and pointed • Spring: – • Male flowers have yellow pollen and female flowers are pine cones on the tips on the shoots Interesting facts: • Cones can be used for weather forecasting – mature cones forecast rain by closing up to protect seeds, and open in dry weather • Resin which seeps through and hardens on the outside of the trunk is a source of antiseptic oil and is used for giving friction to violin bows and ballet shoes Folklore: • Thought to have protective and healing properties • Placing pine branches over the bed is thought to keep sickness away After pollination pine cones seal up and turn downwards. After 2 years they are ready to fall and release the winged seeds. Folklore: • Widespread belief that cutting down whole holly trees brings bad luck • Holly is seen as a charm against witchcraft • It is often planted in hedgerows to prevent the passage of witches, who were known to run on the top of hedges • Harry Potter’s wand is made of this wood Yew Interesting facts: Key identifying features: • Up to 25m • Needles are wide, flat, soft and finely pointed • Bark is red or grey-brown and is smooth and flaky • Spring: – Summer: – Interesting facts: • Commonest native evergreen • Birds eat the berries in winter when the food is scarce • Bringing in boughs of holly to decorate houses is a custom which goes back to pre-Christian times • Male and female flowers grow on separate trees – the female ones smell nice • Clouds of yellow pollen are released when you tap the male trees Autumn: – Bright red fruits on the female trees – sometimes called ‘snotty gogs’ or ‘snottle berries’ • Darkest leaves of all evergreen trees • Are very poisonous • Live for a very long time, some are over 1000 years old – some have been at Fountains Abbey since the time when the monks lived here • Branches grow down to the ground and root forming a new trunk and as a result of this unique way of growth the yew is a symbol of death and rebirth • Can be planted as hedges, made into mazes or cut into interesting shapes Folklore: • Often planted over graves to protect and purify the dead