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Biodiversity
Chapter 10
SWBAT analyze human growth affects
biodiversity
Bellwork
• BW: How many species do you come in
contact with each day?
Bellwork
• What did you learn from yesterday’s activity?
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests
Coral Reefs
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests, coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists
believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests, coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists
believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where
would we find unknown species?
Deep ocean
Remote wildernesses
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests, coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists
believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species
Species Diversity
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests, coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists
believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species
2. Ecosystem diversity
Variety within and between ecosystems
Ecosystem Diversity
Bellwork
• What are the three types of biodiversity?
-Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests, coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists
believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species
2. Ecosystem diversity
Variety within and between ecosystems
3. Genetic diversity
Diversity in the genes contained within the
members of a population
Genetic Diversity
-Gene: a piece of DNA that codes for a specific
protein
Review Questions:
1. What is biodiversity?
2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy?
3. How many species have humans discovered
on earth? How many total species are estimated
to exist on earth?
4. Name and define the three levels of
biodiversity.
Review Questions:
1. What is biodiversity?
The number and variety of different species in a given area
2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy?
Rain forests, coral reefs
3. How many species have humans discovered on earth?
How many total species are estimated to exist on earth?
1.7 million species have been found, an estimated 10 million species
have not yet been discovered
4. Name and define the three levels of biodiversity.
Species diversity: Differences between & within populations of species
Ecosystem diversity:Variety within and between ecosystems
Genetic diversity:Diversity in the genes contained within the members
of a population
-Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
-Healthy ecosystems have balanced energy and
nutrient cycles
-A healthy ecosystem is able to support all its species.
- A keystone species is a species that is critical to
the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives
because it affects the survival and abundance of
many other species in its community.
Pisaster
Cause and Effect
Keystone Species
• A keystone species exerts top-down influence
on lower trophic levels and prevents species
at lower trophic levels from monopolizing
critical resources, such as competition for
space or key producer food sources.
• These individual populations are the keystone
of the community's structure, and the
integrity of the community and its unaltered
persistence through time."
Gray Wolf
•
•
•
•
Elk populations exploded, leading to
the overgrazing of plants
Significant declines in the
populations of many plant species
(e.g., aspen, willow) resulted, which
in turn influenced other wildlife, such
as beaver and songbird populations
(Ripple & Breschetta 2004, Hallofsky
& Ripple 2008).
Intensive browsing of aspen (Populus
tremuloides) stands, for example, led
to a rapid decline in the number of
seedlings and root sprouts growing
into saplings and trees.
For many stands of these trees, only
large diameter trees (i.e., those that
had matured before the wolves were
eradicated) remained.
Case Study: Black-Tailed
Prairie Dogs as Keystone
Species in Prairie Ecosystem
As a keystone species, black-tailed prairie dogs impact the prairie
ecosystem in multiple ways:
-Their burrows act as homes to other creatures, including burrowing owls, badgers,
rabbits, black-footed ferrets, snakes, salamanders, and insects.
-Their burrowing activity works to loosen and churn up the soil, increasing its
ability to sustain plant life.
-The enriched vegetation attracts an amazing array of wildlife who graze in their
colonies.
-They act as a critical food source for such animals as the endangered black-footed ferret,
swift fox, coyotes, hawks, eagles and badgers.
Bellwork
• What is the primary role of keystone species?
-Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
-Genetic diversity within a population increases the
chances that individuals will develop traits which help
them survive
Species and Population Survival
• When a population shrinks, its
genetic diversity decreases as
though it is passing through a
bottleneck.
• Even if such a population is able
to increase again, there will be
inbreeding within a smaller
variety of genes.
• The members of the population
may then become more likely to
inherit genetic diseases.
Medical and Industrial Uses
• 3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial,
and agricultural uses
• About one quarter of the drugs prescribed in the
United Sates are derived from plants, and almost all
of the antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in
fungi.
• New chemicals and industrial materials may be
developed from chemicals discovered in all kinds of
species.
• The scientific community continues to find new uses
for biological material and genetic diversity.
Medical Uses
-Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial, and
agricultural uses
4. Recreation and Aesthetics
-Biodiversity is beautiful and can be used for recreation
or to make money
-Ecotourism: tourism that supports the conservation
of ecologically unique areas
Ecotourism
-Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial, and
agricultural uses
4. Recreation and Aesthetics
Real World Application
• Describe the biodiversity of the ecosystem in
the following documentary. Use (and
underline) the following words:
– Biodiversity
– Species diversity
– Genetic diversity
– Ecosystem diversity
– Keystone species
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA5qhC_Y1sw&feat
ure=related
-Biodiversity at Risk
-Mass extinctions diminish biodiversity
-Ex: The extinction of the dinosaurs 6.5 million years ago
led to a decrease in biodiversity
-Biodiversity at Risk
-Mass extinctions diminish biodiversity
-Ex: The extinction of the dinosaurs 6.5 million years ago
led to a decrease in biodiversity
-Scientists believe we are currently in the middle of a mass
extinction
-Earth has lost 25% of its species in the past two
hundred years
-Species that are prone to extinction have small
populations and do not adapt easily
-Migratory
-Large individuals
-Require special habitats
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become
endangered if not protected
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become
endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
“As human populations grow, we use more land to build
homes and harvest resources. In the process, we destroy and
fragment the habitats of other species.”
-We destroy habitats because we aren’t careful to
take only what we need.
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become
endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
-Introduction of nonnative species
-Exotic species: a species not native to a particular
region
Australia's feral cat problem:
Destroy
endangered,
native animals
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become
endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
-Introduction of nonnative species
-Pollution
-Excessive hunting of species
-Poaching: illegal hunting
-Some areas of the world have greater biodiversity than
other areas
-These areas have a large amount of endemic species
Endemic species: species that are native to and found only
within a certain area
Ex: Honeycreepers in Hawaii
-Areas of critical biodiversity:
-Coral reefs
-Rain forests
-Islands
-Biodiversity hotspots:
-Most threatened areas with high biodiversity
-To protect biodiversity, the following tools are used:
1. Captive breeding programs breed species in captivity with
the hope of reintroducing populations to their natural habitats
-To protect biodiversity, the following tools are used:
1. Captive breeding programs breed species in captivity with
the hope of reintroducing populations to their natural habitats
2. Germ plasms are preserved for future use in species recovery
efforts
-Germ plasm: the collection of any form of genetic
material
3. Zoos, aquariums, and parks are developed to educate the
public and gain support in special interest initiatives
-Preserving habitats and ecosystems has become a
priority in order to protect biodiversity
-Conservationists focus on hotspots
-Legal protections for species
-1973 Endangered Species Act
-Protects plants and animals in danger of extinction
- Can’t be sold or traded
-Provides a species recovery plan for each listed
endangered species
-Encourages habitat conservation plans that protect
large expanses of land from development
International efforts to protect species and habitats:
-The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN)- organizes the bulk of international
conservation efforts
-Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) Treaty: the first effective effort to stop
the slaughter of African elephants
- Ivory
International efforts to protect species and habitats:
-The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN) organizes the bulk of international
conservation efforts
-Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) Treaty: the first effective effort to stop
the slaughter of African elephants
- Ivory
-The UN’s Conference on Environment and Development
-Biodiversity Treaty: preserves biodiversity and ensures
the sustainable and fair use of genetic resources in all
countries
-Private efforts are often more effective than governmental
efforts
-World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
http://www.youtube.com/user/WWF?blend=3
&ob=0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDTmjR_G
G1w&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOp9l_rEy
7o&feature=related
Biodiversity
Gene
Keystone species
Ecotourism
Endangered species
Threatened species
Exotic species
Poaching
Endemic species
Germ plasm
Lion King Classwork Questions
• 1. What role does biodiversity play in the
health of the ecosystem?
• 2. What effects would a decrease in
biodiversity have on the pride lands?
• 3. Explain the interconnectedness of the
species in the pride lands.
Chapter 10 Review Questions:
1. What is biodiversity?
2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy?
3. How many species have humans discovered
on earth? How many total species are estimated
to exist on earth?
4. Name and define the three levels of
biodiversity.
Chapter 10 Review
1. What is a keystone species?
2. What is ecotourism?
3. How has biodiversity changed in the past 200
years?
4. What’s the difference between a threatened
species and an endangered species?
5. What is an endemic species?
6. What tools can be used to help protect
biodiversity?
Protection of Biodiversity Application:
The Lion King
• How would the CITES treaty have affected the
Pride Lands?
• How would the 1973 Endangered Species Act
have affected the Pride Lands?
• According to your observation, which species
of animal in the movie is in most need of
protection? Why?
• Develop a governmental policy to protect the
species of your choice.