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LABORATORY THREE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial 5/1/2017 1 Classification of Bones (Shape) • • • • Long (femur) Short (wrist) Flat bones (skull) Irregular (scapula) 5/1/2017 2 Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis (Shaft – compact bone) • Contains yellow marrow inside medullary canal (marrow cavity) • Epiphyses (spongy bone) • Expanded ends of long bones • Contains red marrow (RBC production) 5/1/2017 3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone 5/1/2017 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 The Skeletal System Axial • Two subdivisions • Axial skeleton • lie along the body’s central axis (bones found along midline) • Appendicular skeleton • appendages and the bones that attach them to axial skeleton Appendicular • the pectoral & pelvic girdles serve as points of articulation for the arms and legs 5/1/2017 5 The Axial System • Three subdivisions: • Skull – formed from many articulated bones • Hyoid bone - (U-shape) • Thorax • Sternum • Rib cage • Costal cartilages • Vertebral column • Vertebrae • Sacrum and coccyx 5/1/2017 6 Bones of The Skull Articulate at immovable joints called sutures Supraorbital foramen/notch 5/1/2017 7 The Skull Figure 6.14 Take the top of the skull off of the model 5/1/2017 8 The Skull Take the mandible off of 5/1/2017 the model 9 Fetal Skull • • • • • • 5/1/2017 Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone 10 The Vertebral Column • Provide axial support between the skull and pelvis • Protects the delicate structure of spinal cord • Primary curve: thoracic & sacral – Has already developed at birth • Secondary curve: cervical & lumbar – develops as an infant learns to hold his head up, stand, and walk 5/1/2017 11 Abnormal Spinal Curvature • Scoliosis (lateral curvature) • Kyphosis (hunchback) • Lordosis (swayback) 5/1/2017 12 The Vertebral Column •24 individual bones-named for the associated body region •7 Cervical (C1-C7) - neck •12 Thoracic (T1-T12) – ribs attached to •5 Lumbar (L1-L5) - lower back •On practicum: number and type of vertebra •2 fused bones •sacrum (part of pelvis) •coccyx (tailbone) 5/1/2017 13 A Typical Vertebra TP to SP TP to body 5/1/2017 14 5/1/2017 15 ID Different Vertebrae The first two cervical vertebrae are significantly modified from a typical vertebra • C-1 or atlas (shoulder pads) - articulates with the occipital bone – no body & no spinous process, but has transverse foramina • C-2 or axis (football player) – dens or odontoid process (body of C-1, important for “no” rotation) – bifid – has transverse foramina • Typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) – transverse foramina – spinous process is split in some (bifid) • Thoracic vertebrae (giraffe ) – long narrow spinous process & small body – demi-facet where ribs are attached – the superior articular facets are flat and protrude upward • Lumbar vertebrae (moose) – massive bodies because of more weight upon them – short blunt spinous process 5/1/2017 16 Sacrum •Sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae •Coccyx consists of 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae •Median sacral crest: spinous process •Ventral and Dorsal sacral foramina: intervertebral foramina •Sacral canal: vertebral foramina 5/1/2017 17 The Thorax • • • • Form a bony cage around the heart & lungs The sternum: • Manubrium - Jugular notch is a superficial landmark where manubrium articulates with clavicles • Gladiolus (body) – inferior to sternal angle • Xiphoid process – apex of the heart – A landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Humans have 12 pairs of ribs - each is attached to a thoracic vertebra and form the wall of the thoracic cage • 7 pairs of true ribs • 3 pairs of false ribs • 2 pairs of floating ribs Costal cartilage 5/1/2017 18 Hyoid Bone • Body • Greater Horn • Lesser Horn 5/1/2017 19