Download Classification-Taxonomy-and-Kingdom-Notes

Classification
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What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Taxonomy is the science of
naming organisms
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Similarity in DNA, RNA, or
amino acid sequence of
Proteins
•
•
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Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
•
category into which related
organisms are placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup!
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
1. List the levels of classification
from broadest to most specific.
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Early Taxonomists
•2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
He subdivided
them by their
habitat ---land,
sea, or air dwellers
•
•
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• Father of
Taxonomy
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
•
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used today
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature:
•Genus species
•Latin
•Italicized or
underlined.
•Capitalize genus,
Turdus migratorius
but NOT species
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
2. Binomial nomenclature is a
____ name system. We use the
________ and the ________ for
an organism’s scientific name.
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Benefits of Classifying
•organisms
Accurately & uniformly names
•some
Uses same language (Latin or
Greek) for all names
Sea”
”horse”
”?
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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THE LEVELS OF
CLASSIFICATION
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Two Modern Systems
Six Kingdom System
Three Domain System
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Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea (1) and Eubacteria (2)
•
are unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
Eukarya (3) are more complex
and have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
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Archaea live in harsh environments and may
represent the first cells to have evolved.
Sewage
treatment
plants, thermal
vents, etc.
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Eubacteria, some of which
cause human diseases, are
present in almost all habitats on
earth.
Live in the
intestines
of animals
Many bacteria are important
environmentally and commercially.
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
•Protista (protozoans,
algae…)
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•Animalia (multicellular
animals)
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
3. List three domains of life.
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Protista
•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
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Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
•
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of
cellulose
•
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Animalia
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Feed on plants or animals
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
4.What four kingdoms are in the
Domain Eukarya?
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The Six Kingdoms:
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Similarity in DNA, RNA, or
amino acid sequence of
Proteins
•
•
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Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
5.What are the three
characteristics that provide the
basis for modern taxonomy?
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• Phylogeny- the evolutionary or ancestral
relationships among organisms
• Phylogenetic tree- a branching tree
that indicates how closely related species are.
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
6.What does a cladogram show?
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Dichotomous Keying
•Used to identify organisms
•Characteristics given in
pairs
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
7.What is the purpose of a
dichotomous key?
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