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American History Chapter 24 Review World War Looms Totaliarism
1. Defined as a government that exerts complete control over its citizen’s lives. a. Individuals have no rights b. Government suppresses all opposition 2. Soviet Union created such a state by 1939 under Joseph Stalin a. Created a model communist state 3. Italy formed a totalitarian state beginning in 1922 under Benito Mussolini a. Created a Fascist State 4. Germany’s creation of a totalitarian state under Adolf Hitler began in 1933 a. Known as Nazism i. A brand of Fascism built on extreme nationalism 5. Japan became part of a totalitarian state by 1931 a. Nationalistic military leaders tried to take control i. Shared a common belief with Hitler 1. More living space for a growing population 6. Spain’s Civil War under Francisco Franco, fascist dictator, resulted in a totalitarian government League of Nations dealing with the developing European crisis
1. Sent representatives to Manchuria to investigate Japan’s invasion of the Manchurian Province. a. Condemned Japan for the invasion 2. Allowed France and Belgium to invade the Ruhr in 1923 a. Germany’s most important industrial zone i. Allowed them to break their own rules due to anti‐German feelings throughout Europe 3. Italy bombarded the coastline of Corfu in the Greek Islands due to a border dispute between Italy and Albania. a. An Italian survey team as part of al mixed nationality team was sent to survey the disputed area and settle the dispute i. Italian section of the team was separated from the main party 1. Five of the Italians were shot by gunman b. Italy blamed Greece for planning the incident i. Demanded payment of a fine which Greece refused c. Italy sent its navy to Corfu and bombed the coastline i. Greece appealed to the League d. League under the persuasion of Mussolini, fined Greece 50 million lire 4. League in any instance of complaint issued no more than ineffective boycotts or did nothing. a. Hitler invading Austria b. Mussolini invasion of Ethiopia c. Japan’s invasion of Manchuria Political Developments in Germany:
1. Germany was in a deep depression following World War I a. The burden of reparations b. Efforts to rebuild c. Limits on industrial growth placed on the country by the Treaty of Versailles 2. Inflation skyrocketed a. German marc becomes worthless 3. The Weimar government is viewed as worthless a. Ineffective in dealing with the depression b. Weak 4. German people began to look to extremist groups a. Groups had promised strong leadership b. Some turned to Communism c. Many of the upper class and military wanted the return of a monarchy d. New political party emerged during the 1920’s and early 1930’s i. Called the “National Socialist German Worker’s Party” 1. Referred to as the Nazi Party 2. Led by Adolf Hitler ii. Party based on extreme nationalism and racial “purification” 1. Saw all that did not fit their definition of an “Aryan” race as inferior a. Jews b. Slavs c. All non‐whites iii. Wanted to unite all German speaking people into a German empire Political Developments associated with Italy
1. Country in a crisis mode post World War I a. Frustrated over the Treaty of Versailles i. Gained little of the Austrian territory it had wanted but did not receive 2. Internal struggles are a work a. Economy is failing i. Unemployment and inflation produced strikes 3. Social Class tensions a. Peasants began seizing lands b. Workers took over factories 4. Benito Mussolini established a Fascist regime a. Stressed nationalism b. Appealed to the country’s wounded pride c. Promised to restore Italy to ancient Roman Empire’s greatness d. Organized a private army i. Used to break up left‐wing rallies 5.
ii. Beat up political opponents Changes made under Fascist regime a. Outlawed all other political parties b. Forced all the countries leaders to join the Fascist Party i. Government officials ii. Business leaders iii. Union chiefs c. Flooded the country with pro‐fascist propaganda Fascism
1. Defined as a political philosophy that advocates a centralized, nationalistic government a. Headed by a strong dictator b. Places the interest of the state above the individual Spanish Civil War and the West’s Reaction 1. The western democracies remained neutral a. Individuals in the United States supported the Spanish loyalists i. Approximately 3,000 went to Spain to help with the fighting 2. Britain, France and the United States did not interfere with the Spanish Civil War a. Do to their fear that intervention could lead to another war. United States Foreign Policy Following World War I
1. Took the stand of remaining neutral a. Determined to isolate themselves from European problems 2. People in the United States had their own economic worries in the 1930’s a. Did not care much about what was happening elsewhere 3. Strong isolationist mood took the United States when threats of a war in Europe became known 4. Isolationists in Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts a. Banned arms sales or loans to countries at war b. Warned Americans not to travel on warring countries ships c. Limited economic ties with warring countries i. Hoped to stay out of the conflict Factors that saw neutrality break‐down
1. Following Hitler’s invasion of Poland the president announced the United States would remain neutral a. Most Americans did sympathize with the Allies 2. Britain was standing alone after the fall of France a. Roosevelt knew that if Britain fell the United States would have a problem 3.
i. Axis Powers would be in position to bring enormous military and naval resources against the Western Hemisphere 1. Roosevelt believed if this happened the United States would be living at gunpoint Roosevelt believed that 90% of the world population was being jeopardized by the remaining 10%. a. Breaking down international order and law The Good Neighbor Policy
1. An effort to improve relations with Latin American countries a. Withdrew troops from two countries i. Nicaragua ii. Haiti 2. Withdrew the Platt Amendment a. Limiting the independence of Cuba 3. Emphasized cooperation and trade a. Wanted to end military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere Hitler’s Foreign Policy
1. Began moving cautiously on the international scene 2. Pulled Germany out of the League of nations in 1933 3. Used Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia as a distraction a. Announced Germany would rearm 4. Year after announcing rearmament sent soldiers into the Rhineland a. Britain and France did nothing 5. Used propaganda to justify the invasion by Germany a. Declared to the world that German minorities were being mistreated i. Threatened Austria 1. Germany would attack if current government not replaced by Austrian Nazis. 6. Hitler met with Britain, and France a. Signed the Munich Agreement i. Gave Germany the Sudetenland as long as Hitler promised to go no further. 7. Hitler broke the agreement six months after signing it. Britain and France Respond to Germany’s Actions:
1. Britain and France promised they would protect Czechoslovakia from German invasion 2. Met with Hitler in Munich to discuss Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union a. Mussolini was also there 3. Hitler told the diplomats the Sudeten was the last territory he would demand a. Both France and Britain feared war b. Wanted to believe Hitler and signed the Munich Agreement i. Agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland ii. Believed their people would not fight so had no other alternative iii. Believed appeasement was the best policy when dealing with Hitler Actions that Freed Hitler to Attack Poland
1. Joseph Stalin suggested to Britain that the Soviet Union and France back Britain’s guarantee to Poland a. Help them if Germany attacked 2. Britain’s Prime Minister, Chamberland, turned Stalin down a. Believed it would give the Soviet Union the right to send troops into Poland to fight the Germans b. Poland refused to allow the Soviet Union’s troops on their lands 3. Stalin came to the conclusion that Britain and France would not help the Soviet Union if attacked by Germany a. Decided to sign a nonaggression pact with Germany i. The two nations agreed no to fight each other ii. Signed a second secret pact to share Poland with Germany 1. Germany would take the western half of Poland 2. Russia would take the eastern half of Poland 4. Hitler had outwitted the democratic nations a. Signing the nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union removed the threat of a two front war i. He now had a clear path to invade Poland Tactics Used by Germany to Attack Poland
1. Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 a. Used various modes of military force i. Planes ii. Tanks iii. Ship’s iv. Used approximately 2 million troops. 2. Used the tactic known as “Blitzkrieg” a. Lightning War i. Stated by dive bombing Polish airfields and large cities 1. Disrupted communication 2. Created general confusion ii. Mechanized panzer divisions followed 1. Moved over roads strafed by low‐flying planes a. Cleared the roads of defense forces and refugees iii. Used Genocide 1. Exterminated two million German‐occupied Polish Jews The “Phony War”
1. After the initial terror of the Polish campaign everyone expected heavy combat 2. Germany had paused to regroup during the winter of 1939‐1940 until April 1940. 3. The British and French decided to stay on the defensive. a. Because so little combat took place, it soon became known as the Phony War or the Sitzkrieg. 4. During this time, the British Royal Air Force started dropping propaganda leaflets on Germany. a. These leaflet flights were often called ʺBomphlet raidsʺ or ʺConfetti Warʺ in the British press. 5. Ended on June 17, 1940 a. Germany attacked Denmark and Norway and later the Netherlands in order to protect their freedom and independence i. Reality was the Hitler planned to build military bases on their coastlines in order to strike at Britain. France Following The “Phony War”
1. Germany pushed their way to Paris through the Ardennes a. France and Britain thought they would try to go through the Maginot Line i. Went through the French army ii. Trapped Britain army at Dunkirk b. Italy entered the war a few days after Dunkirk on Germany’s side c. France surrendered to Germany in on June 22, 1940 i. Germany took control of the northern half of France ii. Southern France became part of a puppet government iii. Charles de Gaulle fled to Britain Britain in 1940
1. Germany attacked Britain a. Sent waves of bombers over the English Channel i. Wanted to soften Britain’s air defenses 1. Before a planned sea and airborne invasion of Britain 2. Britain began using the new invention called “Radar b. Used to warn against upcoming attacks c. Using radar, Britain was able to shoot down hundreds of German planes 3. Hitler gave up his plans to invade Britain by October 1940 d. Continued bombing British cities i. Wanted to continue disrupting production ii. Wanted to break civilian morale Results of the Battle of Britain 1. Battle was small in terms of the number of combatants and casualties 2. Battle of Britain marked the first defeat of Hitlerʹs military forces 3. Signaled a shift in the United States opinion that Britain would not survive the attack 4. German attacks failed to destroy British Industrial potential 5. Victory was as much psychological as physical a. Turned a tide of defeats and encouraged the enemies of Germany. 6. Battle of Britain had a heavy cost a. Britain losses included 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded civilians Winston Churchill’s Leadership Style
1. Delegated freely 2. Regarded nothing to big or small for his attention 3. Prodded and pressed the Chiefs of the Armed Services a. Never went against their collective judgment 4. Dominated Parliament a. Never neglected it or took it for granted b. Saw it as an instrument for public persuasion 5. Committed to an all‐out victory 6. Laid out elaborate strategy a. He followed it religiously 7. Asked all British citizens to share in his goal a. Even asked the Communists Treatment of Jews By the Nazis After Taking Power
1. Nazi Party blamed two groups for the outcome of World War I a. Jews b. Communists 2. Hitler once in power went forward with the program he had outlined in “Mein Kampf a. Burned all books written by Jews b. Declared Anti‐Semitism the official government policy i. Deprived Jews of citizenship ii. Barred Jews from Government service iii. Brutally attacked Jews 1. Encouraged Germans to do this iv. Destroyed synagogues v. Looted Jewish homes and businesses c. Jews were excluded from working in specific jobs other than government i. Radio ii. Journalism iii. Farming iv. Teaching v. Practicing medicine d. Businesses could not sell to Jews i. Butcher shops ii. Bakeries iii. Drugstores iv. Dairies e. Forced Jews to wear yellow “Star of David” on their clothing i. Germans could then tell them apart from the public f. Created enclosed slum areas in cities g. Created a program called “Final Solution” Jews Could Not Escape Germany
1. Tens of thousands of Jews fled Germany a. Many nations would not ease immigration restrictions b. Many refused to accept Jewish refugees 2. Anti‐Semitism had a long history in many European nations a. Refusal to take immigrating Jews fueled the German belief that everyone wanted to get rid of them 3. All Jewish property and money, jobs, and citizenship were taken from them a. Had no means to get out of Germany 4. Germany halted all emigration of Jews in 1938 The Final Solution
1. A policy of genocide imposed by Hitler concerning the Jews of Europe a. It was a systematic and deliberate way of killing the entire population of Jews and others deemed undesirable by the German Nazis. 2. To strengthen and purify the superior master race a. “Aryans” Nazis Industrialize the Killing of Jews
1. This is the final stage of Hitler’s “Final Solution” 2. Large numbers of Jews were emptied from Ghettos and sent to death camps a. Daily trains of Jews and undesirables were being shipped to the various camps throughout Nazi territories b. There they were paraded by several doctors where they would be separated into groups strong enough to work and those chosen to die 3. All their belongings were left for the Germans to go through 4. Those marked for death were marched to mass shower rooms on the pretext of delousing a. Cyanide gas was pumped into these rooms and in some instances cheerful music was being played by 5.
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by a Jewish inmate orchestra i. Chelmno averaged 12,000 deaths per day b. Bodies were then removed and in the beginning of the third stage of the “Final Solution” were buried in mass graves i. This ended when the decaying corpses gave off such a stench towns complained. ii. Mass graves also left evidence of what the Nazis were doing New options included the building of huge crematoriums and other camps threw the bodies into big pits and burned a. Began burning the evidence Other methods used to eliminate the undesirables were also used a. Some were shot b. Some hanged c. Others injected with poison d. Medical experimentation Concentration Camps Brutalities
1. Carried out medical experiments and reserved several blocks of housing for these purposes a. Experimented on with destructive materials: new gases or burning fluids and medicinal materials as well: vaccinations or anti‐viral materials.ʺ b. Experiments with gases 2. Millions of prisoners were killed through mistreatment, disease, starvation, and overwork 3. Prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds 4. Prisoners were shot for not working fast enough, what was perceived as talking back. 5. Some were thrown into electrified fences 6. Forced to sleep on barbed wire bedding 7. Women were used as prostitutes, Germans opened brothels 8. Not all the prisoners were equal a. Treatment depended largely on the category assigned to each inmate
i. Nationality ii. Disabilities iii. Religion iv. Sexual preferences v. Criminal status Effects of Concentration Camps on Survivors 1. Remember the treatment by the Germans 2. Feeling of guilt that they survived 3. Remembering the faces of those who were killed 4. Remember their loss a. Some lost their entire family 5. Smells that remind them of the burning bodies 6. Arm tattoos are a constant reminder 7. Never forget their desire to live during their interment Events by the United States after the beginning of World War II in Europe
1. Continued with the an approach of isolationism 2. Laws were passed in 1935 forbidding the supply of arms to warring nations a. Neutrality Acts in 1939 were a compromise i. Allowed sales of arms to belligerent‐ warring nations ii. Forbid American ships to go into war zones 3. Hitler’s victories in 1940, changed American thinking a. Passed the Selective Service Training and Services Act in 1940 i. First time there was a peace‐time draft b. Increased of defense spending 4. Continued to transfer surplus World War I arms and supplies to Britain a. Gave Britain fifty aging destroyers i. Payment was a free lease to British naval bases in Canada and the Caribbean 5. Land‐Lease Act of 1941 a. Allowed the United States to sell, lend or lease war materials to any nation whose defense is believed vital to American security b. Stripped away any pretense of neutrality Formation of Axis Alliance and It’s Impact on the United States
1. Consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan a. Japan quickly occupied new territories i. Southeast Asia ii. Strategic Islands in the Pacific b. Germany was sinking three to four ships in the Atlantic daily 2. The United States formed an alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union called Allies a. Believed Germany and Italy were the greater threat of the three b. Allies agreed on fighting the European theatre first 3. The purpose of the Axis Alliance was to keep the United States out of the war. a. With the United States involved it could be a two ocean and two continent war. Germans Threaten the Lend‐lease Program
1. U‐boats preyed on the Atlantic convoys a. Supplying Britain from the US 2. Protecting airplanes did not have the range to fly 3. Convoys had destroyer escorts but faced problems a. Speed of the U‐boats b. Confusion caused in a large convoy under attack Atlantic Charter
1. Joint program between the United States and Britain a. Statement supporting specific principles and aims i. Rejection of territorial enlargement ii. Opposition to territorial changes made against individuals concerned wishes iii. Restore the sovereign rights and self‐government to those that were forcibly deprived iv. Access to raw materials for all nations of the world v. Ease trade restrictions vi. World cooperation to secure economic and social conditions for all vii. Freedom from want and fear viii. Freedom of the seas ix. Abandon use of force x. Disarmament of aggressive nations 2. Signed on August 14, 1941. Japan and the United States on a collision course
1. Japanese military leaders believed it was Japan’s destiny to drive out the Western colonial powers and rule all of Asia. a. Idea was supported by many Japanese business leaders i. Supported expansion for economic reasons b. Invades Manchuria in 1931. 2. The invasion of Manchuria was a direct slap at the United States a. United States announced that we would not recognize Japanese rule in Manchuria or any other territory they ruled by force. i. Referred to as the Stimson Doctrine 3. The United States saw itself as a Pacific Power and China’s protector a. In 1940, the United States embargoed specific exports to Japan i. Iron ii. Steel b. Demanded that Japan abandon all claims in China and Southeast Asian colonies i. Japan furious 1. Felt the United States was trying to strangle Japan’s economy 2.
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Remained in China Moved into French Indochina in 1941 a. Cambodia b. Vietnam c. Laos c. The United States seized all Japanese money and property in the United States d. The United States cut off all oil exports to Japan i. This would halt Japan’s war machine e. Japan forced into two options i. Give the United States what they wanted ii. Grab the Dutch East Indies Oil 1. This would mean war. Events that Precipitated America’s Entry into World War II
1. United States had broken Japanese codes a. Learned that Japan was planning a strike on the United States i. Did not know where or when, but wanted Japan to make the first move 2. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii on December 7. 1941 a. Killed 2,403 Americans b. Wounded 1,178 Americans c. Damaged 21 ships and more than 300 aircraft 3. United States declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 a. Japan’s allies declared war on the United States three days later i. Germany ii. Italy Selective Service and Its Efforts to Meet the United States Manpower Needs
1. Increased military forces within the United States a. For the first time it went beyond the army 2. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, recruiting offices in the United States were jammed with American’s wanting to join. a. More than Five million volunteered i. It was not enough to face an all‐out war on two fronts 1. Pacific 2. Europe 3. Selective Service expanded the drafts a. Eventually provided ten million more solders Undeclared War in the Atlantic
1. German submarines were sinking millions of tons of shipping 2. British nay was stretched to its limits a. American ships were desperately needed 3. Roosevelt met the threat in gradual stages a. Launched neutrality patrols in American waters i. Watching for German U‐boats b. Allowed American destroyers to accompany British convoys halfway across the Atlantic i. U‐boats fired on American destroyers c. Announced the navy would shoot any U‐boat found in the western Atlantic 4. In October 1941, U‐boats torpedoed two more American destroyers a. First uniformed Americans to die in 1941 Women’s and Minorities Contributions to the Military Efforts
1. Women joined the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps a. Worked at many jobs that were performed by men prior to this time i. Nursing ii. Ambulance drivers iii. Radio operators iv. Electricians v. Pilots 1. Not part of direct combat 2. Many of the minorities in American joined the Armed Forces a. 300,000 Mexican Americans b. Approximately one million African Americans i. Placed in segregated units ii. Most were limited to non‐combat roles iii. Eventually saw combat in 1943 after much protesting 3. More than 13, 000 Chinese Americans served in the military 4. There were also 33,000 Japanese Americans who also served in uniforms a. Several thousand served in other ways i. Spies ii. Interpreters in the Pacific 5. Native Americans that enlisted reached approximately 25,000. a. This included 800 women American Industry Contributions to the War Effort 1. Automobile plants shut down and retool to produce war vehicles a. Tanks b. Airplanes c. Boats d. Command cars 2. Other factories also converted to war production a. Mechanical pencil producers made bomb parts b. Bedspread manufactures made mosquito netting c. Soft drink companies filled shells with explosives 3. Shipyards and defense plants expanded 4. Labor contributions changed due to selective service and volunteers a. More than six million women take industrial jobs b. More than two million minorities went to work for the war effort Scientists Help With the War Effort
1. Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941 a. Used this to bring Scientists into the war effort 2. Scientist made many contributions a. Improved radar b. Improved sonar c. Use of pesticides like DDT to fight insects d. Development of penicillin e. Developed the atomic bomb i. Under the Manhattan Project Manhattan Project
1. A two billion dollar effort to build the first Atomic Bomb a. Program to study the potential military use of fission 2. Early research was done at Columbia University a. Also was carried out at the University of California and the University of Chicago 3. Laboratory to construct the bomb was established at Los Alamos, N.M. a. Staffed by scientists headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. b. Production also was carried out at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford, Washington 4. Bomb was tested successfully at Alamogordo, New Mexico in July 1945 Mass Media And It’s Contribution to the War Effort
1. Used by the United States government as a form of propaganda a. Encouraged media programmers to do their part i. Responded by urging all‐out participation in the war effort 1. Moviemakers a. . . Hundreds of war movies came out of Hollywood i. Build support for the war ii. Romanticized American and allied soldiers iii. Portrayed Japanese as treacherous iv. Portrayed Germans as fanatical v. Portrayed the Italians as cowards 2. Songwriters a. Wrote songs popularized a new form of jazz i. Bebop ii. Sentimental songs that expressed the longing for peace 3. Radio station programmers a. Broadcast war news and entertainment 2. Movie stars advertised war bonds a. Traveled overseas to entertain the troops 3. Hundreds of war movies came out of Hollywood a. Build support for the war b. Romanticized American and allied soldiers c. Portrayed Japanese as treacherous d. Portrayed Germans as fanatical e. Portrayed the Italians as cowards Federal Controls on the Economy
1. Government increased more than ten times the number of Americans who would pay income tax a. Most middle and lower income groups 2. Remainder of the money came from borrowing a. Sold war bonds 3. Sale of war bonds helped the government deal with a major concern a. Keep inflation down b. Offered a way of siphoning off excess income 4. Other ways the government took to stop inflation a. Rationing of consumer goods i. Gasoline ii. Heating fuel iii. Tires iv. Coffee v. Sugar vi. Meat viii. Butter ix. Canned goods b. Tried to keep wages and prices down i. Froze wages i. Until cost of living rose it allowed wages to rise 15% Churchill and Roosevelt Agreed Early in the War 1. Churchill and Roosevelt met in Washington D.C. two weeks after the assault on Pearl Harbor a. Two leaders and their staffs agreed that defeating the Axis powers in Europe would be the first Allied priority b. Allied strategy in the Pacific would be defensive instead of offensive 2. To formalize the alliance, representatives from 26 Allied nations called themselves the United Nation a. Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Joint Declaration that was signed i. Promised full military and economic cooperation in the war effort ii. Agreed that none of them would make a separate peace with the Axis powers iii. Endorsed the war aims outlined by Roosevelt and Churchill in the Atlantic Charter Importance of Winning the Battle of the Atlantic
1. Continued to need the routes to bring troops, war supplies and food to Europe from the United States. 2. Destroy Germanys U‐boats hold in the Atlantic a. Important factor was the use of sonar equipment b. Allies developed fast escort ships for convoys c. Allies air‐bombed German u‐boats and submarine yards. Battle of Stalingrad
1. Took place in fall of 1942 2. Soviet Union attacked German troops in Stalingrad a. Winter was terrible b. Hitler forbid the Germans to surrender i. Trapped in the city ii. Few supplies and little food c. Axis surrendered in February 1943 i. Less than one third of the original German force remained alive 3. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad and El Alamein broke the momentum of the Axis advance Events in the North African War
1. Italians forces launched an invasion in North Africa in 1940 2. British at a later date began inflicting heavy damage on the Italians 3. Hitler sent in the German Afrika Korps a. Commanded by Rommel i. Known as the Desert Fox b. Advanced as far as El Alamein, Egypt by July 1942 and ready for the final thrust of the Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East c. Axis aircraft all but forced the British navy out of the Mediterranean i. Forced Britain to send its hips thousands of miles around Africa 1. The only way to reach Egypt, Middle East and India d. Rommel was having shortages of both men and supplies i. British used this to their advantage 1. Won a victory at the Battle of El Alamein which turned the corner for the Allies in North Africa Operation Torch
1. British invasion of French North Africa a. Started on November 8, 1942 2. Purpose was to clear the Axis from North Africa and improve naval control of the Mediterranean and Prepare an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943 3. Allies planned an Anglo‐American invasion of northwestern Africa a. Morocco and Algeria territory i. Normally in the hands of the Vichy French government b. Believed that the Vichy French would not fight i. American Consul in Algiers provide such information 4. Allies intended to advance into Tunisia rapidly to attack German forces in the rear a. Had to have a secure cooperation from the French forces 5. Allies planned a three‐pronged amphibious landing a. Seize the key ports and airports of Morocco and Algeria at the same time b. Also targeting Casablanca, Oran and Algiers at the same time 6. The only fighting that took place was in the port of Algiers. Tuskegee Airmen’s Heroism
1. African American military pilots were formed due to a series of legislative moves by Congress in 1941 2. Ready for combat duty during the North African campaign a. Were transported to Casablanca, Morocco and then traveled to Tunis i. Purpose was to operate against the Luftwaffe 3. Flyers and ground crews were isolated by racial segregation practices a. Result was little guidance from battle‐experienced pilots 4. Group were bounced around between three Air Command groups 5. First million was to attack the volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean a. Located between Sicily and Tunisia to prepare for the Allied invasion of Sicily 6. During the Battle at Anzio, fighter squads of shot down enemy fighters a. Shot down a total of 32 German aircraft b. Squadron won its second Distinguished Unit Citation in 1944 i. Attacked German positions on Monastery Hill and bombing a nearby strong point to force the German garrison to surrender 7. flew as escorts fro heavy bombers a. Clamed no bomber escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen had ever been lost to enemy fire 8. At the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen had credited with 109 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down D‐Day 1. Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6. 1944 a. Known as Operation Overlord b. Had been prepared since 1943 2. Invasion began with tactical bombing to destroy German communications in northern France 3. British and American airborne forces landed behind German coastal fortification in June a. Known as the Atlantic Wall 4. After daybreak seaborne troops from Britain and the United States assaulted the beach fortifications a. Men swarmed the shore 5. United States forces established two beachheads a. Utah Beach b. Omaha Beach 6. British troops landed near Bayeux on three beaches a. Gold b. Juno c. Sword d. Stopped before Caen 7. Between the two Allied forces wiped out a major part of the German army in August a. Opened the way for the Allies to overrun Northern France Battle of the Bulge Outcome
1. The German counterattack in the Ardennes a. German forces broke a thinly held American front in the Belgian Ardennes 2. Germans took advantage of foggy weather to surprise the Allies a. Allowed Germans to penetrate deeply into Belgium i. Created a bulge in the Allied lines ii. Threatened to break through to the north Belgian plain and take Antwerp 3. American forces help at Bastogne a. Surrounded and outnumbered 4. United States attacked the German salient from the north and the south a. Allied counterattacks were the result of the weather improving to fly 5. German forces were destroyed or routed During the Conquest of Germany Allied Troops Discovered 1. Encountered tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners a. Prisoners were suffering from starvation and disease. 2. Germans attempted to hide the evidence of mass murder by demolishing the camp 3. Abundant evidence of mass murder 4. Confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps a. Piles of corpses lay unburied Extent of Japanese Conquests
1. Conquests included most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific a. Manchuria, China b. French Indochina c. Thailand d. Burma e. Malaya f. Sumatra g. Java h. Borneo i. Dutch West Indies j. New Guinea k. Solomon Islands l. Korea m. Hong Kong Battle of Midway
1. Winner of this battle would shift the balance of power in the Pacific a. Japan had hoped to destroy the aircraft carriers they had missed at Pearl Harbor 2. Japan secured New Guinea before this battle 3. The United States had broken the Japanese Code prior to the battle 4. A defeat would permanently weaken the Japanese navy a. Lost over 200 naval aviators 5. Japan plan was to lure America’s remaining carriers into a trap and sink them a. Intended to occupy Midway Atoll to extend their defenses perimeter farther from Japan 6. Had Japan captured Midway, the northeastern Pacific Rim would have been defenseless a. Would have managed to remove the last capital ship of the United States fleet b. Would have ensured naval supremacy in the Pacific 7. Battle was considered the “turning point of the Pacific” Strategies Used by the United States in Fighting Japan
1. Used a technique called “leapfrogging” across the Pacific a. Guadalcanal b. Leyle Islands c. Iwo Jima d. Okinawa Kamikazees
1. Term used for suicide‐plane attacks by Japanese pilots a. Crashed their planes into Allied ships like a bomb 2. Term means “divine wind” a. Referring to the typhoon that saved Japan from being destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1281 Iwo Jima
1. United States invasion was aimed at capturing the airfields on the Island 2. Japan was heavily fortified on the island a. Bunkers b. Hidden Artillery c. Eleven miles of tunnels 3. First attack by the United States on Japanese Home Islands 4. Island had provided an airbase for Japan a. Could intercept long‐range Allied bombers b. Provided a haven for Japanese naval units who needed support c. Capture would have meant eliminating problems for the Allies Okinawa
1. Largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Campaign 2. Referred to as “Typhoon of Steel” a. Referring to the intense fighting that took place i. Gunfire ii. Large number of Allied ships was involved iii. Number of armed vehicles used to assault the island 4. Island had large civilian population a. Approximately 150,000 of them were killed during the fighting 5. Battle was not expected to be the last by either side 6. Soviet Union declared war on Japan during August in 1945 7. Believed this is what an invasion of Japan would be like if the Allies tried a. Massive losses on both sides b. Japanese willing to do anything to win for the Emperor Scientists View of the Atomic Bomb
1. Mixed feelings among scientists a. Some believed the use of the Atomic Bomb would save American lives 2. Other scientists felt strong enough against its use to submit a petition to the President a. Believed it was immoral to use without fair warning to Japan i. Believed that Japanese officials should view what the bomb could do and see if they would surrender Impact of the Bomb in the World Immediate Future
1. Beginning of the Cold War a. Soviet Union concerned that the United States would have an advantage over them Peacekeeping
1. Different opinion as to what should happen to Germany by Soviet Union and Britain a. Roosevelt acted as a mediator between the two nations 2. Yalta Conference in 1945 a. Made concessions with Russia i. Wanted them to join the United Nations ii. Wanted them to join in the war with Japan b. Roosevelt convinced Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany i. Four zones that would eventually be reunited 1. Each zone would be ruled under one of these four nations a. France b. Soviet Union c. Britain d. United States What Happened to the Surviving Japanese and German Leaders 1. Allies put Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes a. This followed the discovery of Hitler’s death camps b. These individuals were charged with crimes against humanity 2. Trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany a. Some sentenced to death b. Others sentenced to life in prison 3. Japanese leaders were also arrested and placed on trial a. Seven of them were sentenced to death 4. Japanese officials in the Philippines, China and other battlegrounds were tried for atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war Japan At the Conclusion of the War
1. American occupation a. Headed by General MacArthur 2. Nation’s economy was introduced to the free‐market practice 3. Government was transformed a. New Constitution b. Free elections c. Democratic government presided over the Emperor War Affects American Workers 1. Good for workers a. Defense Industry boomed b. Unemployment fell 2. Women were once again employed 3. Prices and wage controls averaged a 10% pay raise 4. Long work hours with overtime Population Patterns Affected by the Defense Industry
1. Triggered the greatest mass migration in American history a. Millions of people poured into California between 1941 and 1944 2. Towns with defense industries populations doubled or tripled 3. African Americans left the south for northern cities to work Home Life Activities during the War
1. Children were being left with family members, child care centers or alone a. Fathers fighting the war b. Mothers working 2. Juveniles without parent supervision became delinquents 3. War helped create new families a. Long time sweethearts rushed to marry before leaving for war 4. Government passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act to help men return to civilian life Treatment of African Americans
1. African Americans made some progress at home a. Thousands left the south to the Midwest i. Worked at skilled or semiskilled jobs 2. Discrimination was present where ever they went a. Civil Rights leader founded an interracial organization i. Congress of Racial Equality in 1942 3. Racial violence swept across the country Internment Camps
1. Pearl Harbor resulted in citizens fearing Japanese citizens a. Fear that they would commit sabotage b. Resulted in prejudice against Japanese Americans 2. War Department called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans in Hawaii a. Removal would have destroyed the economy b. Hinder military operations 3. Military was eventually ordered to place 1,444 Japanese Americans into interment on Hawaii 4. The west coast of the United States placed 110,000 Japanese Americans into interment camps a. Individuals forced to relocate lost everything. i. Homes ii. Business iii. Jobs iv. Belongings they could not bring with them 5. Japanese American Citizen League pushed the government to compensate those sent to interment camps a. Congress authorized $38 million to provide for losses of Japanese families during that time in 1965 b. In 1978, Regan signed a bill promising $20,000 for every Japanese American sent to a camp.