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LT5:Icandescribetheformationandtransformationofrocksandminerals.
Part1:Minerals
FiveTraitsofMinerals
KeyCharacteristics/PropertiesUsedtoIdentifyMinerals
1.
Solid
●
Streak
2.
Naturally Occurring
●
Luster
3.
Crystalline Structure
●
Hardness
4.
Specific Composition
●
Color
5. Not Alive
●
Fracture / Cleavage
●
Crystal Form
UsethelinkprovidedontheclasswebsitetocompletetheMineralIdentificationLab
Sample#
Color
Streak
Hardness
Luster
CrystalForm
Mineral1
White
White
2
Non-metallic
n/a
1 irregular
n/a
Gypsum
Mineral2 Red-Brown
White
7
Non-metallic
n/a
0 conchoidal
n/a
Garnet
Mineral3 Yellow-Gold
Dark Grey
6
Metallic
Pyritohedron
0 irregular
Weakly magnetic
Pyrite
White
7
Non-metallic
Hexagonal
0 conchoidal
n/a
Quartz
White
9
Non-metallic
Hexagonal
0 conchoidal
n/a
Corundum
Mineral4
Clear
Mineral5 Red-Brown
Other
Cleavage/
MineralIdentification
Fracture Characteristics
Mineral6
White
White
6
Non-metallic
n/a
2 irregular
n/a
Plagioclase
Mineral7
Grey
Grey
6
Metallic
n/a
0 irregular
Magnetic
Magnetite
Mineral8
Green
White
5
Non-metallic
Hexagonal
1 irregular
n/a
Apatite
Mineral9
Pink
White
6
Non-metallic
n/a
2 irregular
n/a
Orthoclase
Mineral10
Clear
White
2
Non-metallic
Cubic
3 conchoidal
Salty Taste
Halite
Mineral11
Clear
White
2
Non-metallic
n/a
1 irregular
n/a
Muscovite
Mineral12
Green
White
7
Non-metallic
n/a
0 conchoidal
n/a
Olivine
Mineral13 Red-Brown Red-Brown
4
Non-metallic
n/a
0 irregular
n/a
Hematite
Mineral14
Clear
White
4
Non-metallic
Prism
4 irregular
n/a
Fluorite
Mineral15
Black
White / Pale Green
5
Non-metallic
n/a
2 irregular
n/a
Hornblende
Mineral16
Grey
Grey
2
Metallic
Cubic
3 conchoidal
n/a
Galena
Mineral17
Clear
White
3
Non-metallic Rhombohedron 3 conchoidal Reacts to HCl
White
5
Non-metallic
n/a
2 irregular
n/a
Augite
Mineral19 Dark Brown Grey-Brown
3
Non-metallic
n/a
1 irregular
n/a
Biotite
Grey
1
Non-metallic
n/a
1 irregular
n/a
Talc
Mineral18 Dark Green
Mineral20
White
Calcite
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Part2:RocksvsMinerals
MineralsOnly
MineralsandRocks
RocksOnly
Part3:RockJig-Saw
A:_________________
B:________________C:________________ D:________________
RockSpecialtyObservations
Rock1:____________________________________________
__________________________________________________
RockGroupDescription
Rock2:____________________________________________
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Rock3:____________________________________________
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Rock4:____________________________________________
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Rock5:____________________________________________
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Rock6:____________________________________________
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Rock7:____________________________________________
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Rock8:____________________________________________
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Rock9:____________________________________________
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ReturntoyourRockCycleGroupwithyourdescriptionsandoneoftherocksyoudescribed.Eachgroupmemberwill
takeaturnatdescribingtheirrocktotheothermembersofyourRockCycleGroup.
ROCKTYPE
CONSENSUSDESCRIPTIONFOREACHROCKTYPE
SKETCH
A
Intrusive Igneous
B
Metamorphic
C
Sedimentary
D
Extrusive Igneous
Part4:NOVADeadliestVolcanoes
1. Whatismagma?Whatcausesmagmatoeruptoutofavolcano?
Magma is partially molten (melted) rock containing gases at high pressures. When the pressure gets too great then the volcano
erupts.
2. HowisYellowstonedifferentfrommostothervolcanoes?
Yellowstone is a Supervolcano.
3. WhatprocessisresponsibleforthevolcanicactivityinYellowstoneNationalPark?
A hot spot mantle plume.
4. Howarevolcanoesandearthquakesrelated?
There is no way to predict when an eruption or an earthquake is going to occur.
5. WhyistheYellowstonevolcanoandVesuviusbeingsocloselymonitored?
Yellowstone because its eruption could bury much of the United States in ash and cause global climate impacts.
Vesuvius because its near heavily populated areas
6. Arescientistsabletoaccuratelypredictwhenavolcanowillerupt?Explainyouranswer.
No, they can monitor a volcano’s seismic activity but that just indicates that magma is moving, not that it’s going to erupt.
7. Whatisapyroclasticflow?
A burning cloud of ash and gas.
8. Whywoulda3Dimageofavolcanobesovaluablewhenstudyingvolcanoes?Whatdoesitreveal?
It would reveal the size of the eruption tube (throat) of the volcano which could indicate how big of an eruption would be likely
from that volcano. It can also indicate how much lava will reach the surface.
9. Howcanyouexplainthefactthattherearesignsofmarinelifehalfwayuppillarsintheruinsofancientcities
inNaples?
It was once submerged. This means that after it had been built the land sank (subsided) into the sea and then rose back out.
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10. HowwasthebaysurroundingthecityofNaplesformed?Whatisthisgeologicstructurecalled?
It is a giant volcanic crater called a collapsed caldera. It formed when ground above the magma chamber sank down as it was
emptied in the last eruption.
11. IfthesupervolcanoinNaplesweretoerupt:
a. Describetheshort-termlossesimmediatelyfollowingtheeruption(minutestodays)
Pyroclastic flows would destroy everything in the near vicinity
b. Describethelong-termlosses(weekstoyears)
Climate Changes – world wide cooling as the sun’s rays are blocked by the volcanic gases in the atmosphere
12. Howisavolcanosimilartoabottleofsoda?
When capped, you can’t see any of the CO2 in a bottle of soda. Once the cap is removed the gas wants out and you can see the
bubbles.
13. HowcanmeasuringCO2beusedtopredictvolcanicexplosions?
From research scientists have discovered that the biggest explosive eruptions almost always (12/14 of the last eruptions) have
been preceded by an increase in CO2 detected at a volcano’s summit.
14. Whatisalahar?Whatistheonlywaytomitigatelossoflifewhenalaharstrikes?
A lahar is a churning avalanche of volcanic mud, rocks, and water. The only way to prevent or minimize the loss of life from a
lahar is through a lahar warning system and escaping to higher ground.
Part5:IgneousRocks
BeforeCooling?Observations
SlowCoolingObservations
FastCoolingObservations
Youcantelljustbylookingatanigneousrocktheamountoftimeittooktocool.Explainhowthisworks.
Whatshouldyoulookfor?
You should look for the crystals in the rock. The larger the crystals, the longer it took the magma to cool.
Howdoigneousrocksform?
Magma beneath the Earth’s surface cools slowly forming intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks, or it is erupted to the surface where
it cools quickly forming extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks.
Whatarethe2basicclassificationsofigneousrocks?Defineeachone.
_Extrusive (Plutonic)_:__Lava that cools quickly on the Earth’s surface.____________________
_ Intrusive (Volcanic)_:__Magma that cools slowly on side the Earth (beneath the surface). ________
Describehowthechemicalcompositionoftherockaffectsthecoloroftheigneousrock.
•
Mafic Igneous Rocks – Dark Colored (Black, Grey, Green) Rocks
•
Felsic Igneous Rocks – Light Colored (White, Clear, Grey, Red) Rocks
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RockName
Texture
(Coarse?Fine?Medium?)
Color
(Dark?Light?Intermediate?)
IntrusiveorExtrusive?
Andesite
Fine, with porphyrites
Intermediate
Extrusive
Basalt
Fine, with vesicles
Dark
Extrusive
Diorite
Coarse (Large)
Dark
Intrusive
Granite
Coarse
Light
Intrusive
Granodiorite
Coarse
Intermediate
Intrusive
Obsidian
Glassy (Super Fine)
Dark
Extrusive
Pumice
Fine, with vesicles
Light
Extrusive
Rhyolite
Fine, with tuff
Light
Extrusive
Scoria
Fine, with vesicles
Dark
Extrusive
Part6:Volcanoes
VolcanoesoftheCascades
Canada(BC)
Washington
Oregon
NorthernCalifornia
Silverthrone Caldera
Mt. Baker
Mt. Hood
Mt. Shasta
Franklin Glacier Volcano
Glacier Peak
Mt. Jefferson
Medicine Lake Volcano
Mt. Meager
Mt. Rainier
Three Sisters
Lassen Peak
Mt Cayley
Mt. St Helens
Newberry Volcano
MT. Garibaldi
Mt. Adams
Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama)
Active,ExtinctorDormant?
ActiveVolcanoesare…
ExtinctVolcanoesare…
DormantVolcanoesare…
Volcanoes that have at least one eruption
Volcanoes that have not had an eruption
Volcanoes that are active that is not
in the last 10,000 years
for at least 10,000 years AND is not
erupting but are supposed to erupt again.
expected to erupt again
VolcanoTypes
KeyFeatures
Fissure
Shield
Stratovolcano
CinderCone
Cracks or openings where the
Volcano is wider than it is
Volcano is taller than wide, with
Smaller cone shaped volcano.
steep slopes. Found along
Made from small chunks of
subduction boundaries.Forms
hardened lava which are loosely
intermediate (granodiorite/
piled on tope of each other.
andesite) and felsic (granite/
Commonly found on other
(basalts).
ryholite) rocks.
volcanoes.
crust is beings stretched out.
Forms along divergent
boundaries. Forms mafic
rocks (basalts).
tall. Forms on divergent
boundaries and hotspots.
Forms mafic rocks
EruptionType
Fissure
Hawaiian
Plinian
Strombolian
Example
Columbia Plateau
Hawaiian Islands
Mt St Helens
Paricutin, Mexico
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Part5:SedimentaryRocks
PhysicalWeathering
Definition:
ChemicalWeathering
Definition:
The breaking down of rocks with out any change to their
The breaking down of rocks due to a chemical change.
chemical composition
Example:
Example:
Rusting and acid rain
Formation of potholes
Whatarethe3basicclassificationsofsedimentaryrocks?Defineeachone.
1. Clastic – sedimentary rocks that formed from small eroded rock fragments like sand and gravel.
2. Chemical – sedimentary rocks that formed as water evaporated leaving behind minerals.
3. Biochemical – sedimentary rocks that are formed as minerals are deposited by living organisms.
DescribehowsedimentaryrockscantellahistoryofpastenvironmentsonEarth.
RockName
Texture
OtherFeatures
Clastic,Chemical,or
Biochemical?
EnvironmentalClues
(EnergyLevel)
Brecca
Large Particles
Jagged fragments
Clastic
High Energy
Calcite
Mineral
Forms a “glue” for sed. rocks
Chemical
n/a
Coal
Microscopic Particles
Biochemical
Low Energy
Conglomerate
Large Particles
Clastic
High Energy
Diatomite
Microscopic Particles
Biochemical
Low Energy
Limestone
Microscopic Particles
Fossils, Reacts with HCl
Biochemical
Low Energy
Mudstone
Very Fine Particles
Fossils
Clastic
Low Energy
Quartz
Mineral
Forms a “glue” for sed. rocks
Chemical
n/a
Sandstone
Sand Size Particles
Layering, Ripples, Fossils
Clastic
Medium Energy
Shale
Very Fine Particles
Fossils
Clastic
Low Energy
Rounded fragments
Part6:MetamorphicRocks
Whatisaprotolith?
The “parent rock” or what the rock was before it was changed.
InwhatareasoftheEarthiscontactmetamorphismlikelytooccur?
Divergent Boundaries and Hotspots
Wheremightregionalmetamorphismtakeplace?
Convergent Boundaries
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RockName
Temperature
Pressure
Grade
(Low,Medium,orHigh?)
(Low,Medium,orHigh?)
(Low,Medium,orHigh?)
Foliatedor
Nonfoliated?
Regionalor
Contact?
Gneiss
High
High
High
Foliated
Regional
Hornfel
Medium
Medium
Medium
Nonfoliated
Contact
Marble
Medium
High
Medium-High
Nonfoliated
Regional-Contact
Phyllite
Medium
Medium
Medium
Foliated
Regional
Quartzite
Medium
Medium
Medium
Nonfoliated
Contact
Schist
Medium-High
Medium
Medium
Foliated
Regional
Serpentinite
Medium-High
High
Medium-High
Nonfoliated
Regional-Contact
Slate
Low
Low
Low
Foliated
Regional
CanmetamorphicrocksformontheEarth’ssurface?Explainyouranswer.
Part7:RockCycle
Whattypeofrockdidyoucollect,lose,orexchange?
Igneous
WhatCaused
ThisChange?
WhatHappened?
Sedimentary
WhatCaused
ThisChange?
WhatHappened?
Metamorphic
WhatCaused
ThisChange?
WhatHappened?
Collectedanew
rock
Collectedanew
rock
Collectedanew
rock
Lostarock
Lostarock
Lostarock
Itbecameigneous
Itbecameigneous
Itbecameigneous
Itbecame
sedimentary
Itbecame
sedimentary
Itbecame
sedimentary
Itbecame
metamorphic
Itbecame
metamorphic
Itbecame
metamorphic
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Whichtype/sofrockscanbecomeigneousrocks?____Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic___
Whichtype/sofrockscanbecomesedimentaryrocks?_____ Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic____
Whichtype/sofrockscanbecomemetamorphicrocks?_____ Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic_____
Whatcausesrockstochangefromonetypetoanother?
Createadiagramusingwordsandarrowstodescribetherelationshipbetweenigneous,sedimentary,and
metamorphicrocks.
SelfReflection:ColortheSmileyFacethatshowshowwellyoufeelyouunderstandLT#5
WhatHaveILearnedaboutLT#5:
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