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Present Simple
Use:
1) To talk about a habit, usually with a time/frequency expression
 We play soccer every day.
2) Facts, to state general truths
 Butchers sell meat
 Water boils at 100’ C.
3) For dramatic narrative/purposes (stories, jokes…)
 Pele kicks the ball and then shouts.
4) For planned action in the future.
 The school year begins on October the 26th.
 We leave London at 10am.
Form:
(+)
I (you, we, they) work.
He (she, it) works.
(-)
I (you, we, they) don’t work.
He (she, it) don’t work here.
(?)
Do I (you, we, they) work here?
Does he (she, it) work here?
 The auxiliary is only used in negative and in question forms.
The verb then goes back to its base form.
Spelling rules:
 We usually add /s/ to the verb in 3rd person singular.
“The 3 snobs” = he, she, it
But - mix  mixes
wish  wishes
watch  watches
go  goes
dress  dresses
crcy  cries
trcy  tries
But - plavy  plays
buvy  buys
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y  ie because preceded
by a consonant
y  y because preceded
by a vowel
1
Time expressions:
1 word
After the subject
Before the verb
Never
Always
Sometimes
Hardly ever (‫)יוצא דופן‬
 I always do my
homework on time
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2 words
At the beginning or
The end of the sentence.
Every day
Once a week
 Every day, I do my
homework.
 I do my homework
every day.
2
Present Progressive (Continuous)
Use:
1) For an action taking place now/at the moment of speaking
 She’s looking at me now.
2) For an action taking place at present, but not this instant.
 I am reading Steven Pinker
3) For an action taking place in the near future.
 What are you doing tonight?
I’m marking papers.
Form:
(+)
I am [’m]working here.
You (we, they) [‘re]are working here.
He (she, it) [‘s] is working here.
(-)
I’m not working today.
You’re (we, they) not working here.
He’s (she, it) not working today.
(?)
Am I working here?
Are you (we, they) working here?
Is he (she, it) working here?
(-?)
Aren’t I working here?
Aren’t you (we, they) working here?
Isn’t he (she, it) working here?
 The contracted form is what we normally use.
Spelling rules:
 V + ing
love e  loving
agree  agreeing
see  seeing
ee
ee  ee
(stays)
hcivtc  hitting
rcuvnc  running
pcuvtc  putting
stcovpc  stopping
begcivnc  beginning
admcivtc  admitting
 except when
When the stress is on the
last syllable:
cvc last c is doubled
cvx, cvw, cvy
mixing, rowing, playing
entcevrc  entering
listcevnc  listening
happcevnc  happening
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When the stress is NOT on
the last syllable:
cvc last c is NOT doubled
3
lie ie lying
die ie  dying
tie ie  tying
ie  y
Stative Verbs:
 * = exceptions  can be used with +ing
 ** = exceptions  can be used with +ing in some cases
1)




Verbs of senses:
feel*
hear**
smell*
see
(physical)
see*
(dating)
I see you behind the door
I’m seeing someone right now
2)




Verbs of possession:
belong
owe
cost*
have
(...‫(יש לי‬
have*
(giver birth)
have*
(take)
have*
(feel)
have*
(eat/drink)
I have a glass in my hand
I’m having a baby
I’m having a shower
I’m having a good time
I’m having a drink
3)






Verbs expressing feelings:
adore
appreciate
fear
want
love**
hate**
4)





Verbs of mental ability
agree
know
believe
understand***
recognize
(‫)לזהות‬
recognize*
(acknowledge)
think
think*
(as an action)
remember
remember*
(as an action)




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4
Past Simple
Use:
1) For actions completed in the past at a definite time.
 When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
 When asking about the time (when)
2) For actions in the past whose time is not given, but which happened at a period of
time now over.
 Shakespeare wrote more tragedies than comedies.
 Compare with:
Amos Oz has written more novels than short stories.
(He is alive…so far)
3) For a habit in the past
 I never listened to her when I was a child.
 If you can use “used to” then it’s the Past Simple
Form:
(+)
I (you, we, they, he, she, it) worked here last year
(-)
I (you, we, they, he, she, it) didn’t work here last year
(?)
Did I (you, we, they, he, she, it) work here last year?
 All pronouns have the same conjugation
 The auxiliary do  did
It shows us the past, so the verb goes back to the base form.
Spelling rules:
 V + ed
print  printed
bake  baked
love  loved
crcy  cried
trcy  tried
plavy  played
stavy  stayed
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If the verb ins in an /e/
we simply add /d/
y ie because there is a
consonant before the y
5
stcovpc  stopped
admcivtc  admitted
prefcevrc  preferred
occcuvrc  occurred
 except when
When the stress is on the
last syllable:
cvc last c is doubled
cvx, cvw, cvy
mixed, rowed, played
entcevrc  entered
listcevnc  listened
happcevnc  happened
lie ie lying
die ie  dying
tie ie  tying
Irregular Verbs:
V1
Base form (present simple)
see
teach
think
When the stress is NOT on
the last syllable:
cvc last c is NOT doubled
ie  y
V2
Past simple
saw
taught
thought
V3
Past Participle (perfect & passive)
seen
taught
thought
Time expressions:
Last (week, year…)
(2 minutes, 5 weeks…) ago
A specific date (In 1994…)
When (I was in the army…)
Yesterday (…)
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6
Past Progressive (Continuous)
Use:
1) To describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.
 What was she doing between midnight and 2 o’clock in the morning?
She was sleeping, I guess.
2) To describe 2 or more continuous actions happening at the same time in the past.
 While I was cooking dinner, Yael was playing with the cat.
 I was marking papers while my husband was watching the news.
3) To describe an action in progress, interrupted by another action in the past.
 When I arrived, the teacher was writing on the board.
 I was taking a shower when suddenly the phone rang.
4) To indicate gradual development
 She was becoming heavier and heavier.
 It was getting darker by the minute.
Form:
(+)
I (he, she, it) was working there.
You (we, they) were working there.
(-)
I’m not working today.
You (we, they) were not working there.
He (she, it) was not working there.
(?)
Was I (he, she, it) working there?
Were you (we, they) working there?
(-?) Wasn’t I (he, she, it) working there?
Weren’t you (we, they) working there?
 The contracted form is what we normally use.
 Stative verb rules apply
 Compare:
 I was cooking dinner when she came into the kitchen crying.
(____continuum_____|__interrupted by a short action)
 I cooked dinner, read my daughter a book, and put her to bed.
(series of actions, one after the other.)
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Present Perfect
Use:
1) For past actions whose time isn’t given and not defined.
 I have read the instructions, but I don’t understand them.
 Compare with:
I read the instructions last night.
 Amos Oz has written an number of novels which have been translated into
many languages.
 Relevance to the present
____________by__|now
time of speech
2) An action recently completed, used with “just”.
 I’ve just heard the news
 He has just left.

______by__|___now
time of speech
3) For an action which begins in the past and ends at the time of speaking.
 I haven’t seen you in ages.
 link to now
_______________|now
time of speech
Form:
(+)
I (you, we, they) have already eaten.
He (she, it) has already eaten.
(-)
I (you, we, they) haven’t sent the document yet.
He (she, it) hasn’t sent the documents yet.
(?)
Have I (you, we, they) had breakfast yet?
Has he (she, it) had breakfast yet?
Yes, he has already had breakfast
Spelling rules:
 have/has + V3
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V1
Base form (present simple)
V2
Past simple
V3
Past Participle (perfect &
passive)
I
II
III
IV
eat
write
cut
put
hit
win
buy
dream
learn
ate
wrote
cut
put
hit
won
bought
dreamed/dreamt
learned/learnt
eaten
written
cut
put
hit
won
bought
dreamed/dreamt
learned/learnt
Time expressions:
Which may be used
lately
recently
never
ever
yet (in negative or interrogative)
before (now…)
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9
Present Perfect Progressive
Use:
1) For an action, which began in the past and is still continuing or has just finished.
 I’ve been waiting for an hour, but he hasn’t arrived yet.
 I’ve been looking for an apartment for weeks, but I haven’t found one yet.
 I have been waiting for quite a few hours, where have you been?
 Notice:
The action can be expressed with either Present Perfect or
Present Perfect Progressive
 Some verbs can be used in the Present Perfect
or in the Present Perfect Progressive
and they mean the same thing:
lie
learn
stand
work
live
rain
stay
look
sit
study
wait
sleep
teach
 Present Perfect Progressive CANNOT replace
The Present Perfect in the following examples:
 The copula “be”
 He’s been in the hospital since Friday
(he’s still there)
 Stative verbs
 They’ve always had everybody’s sympathy
(they still do)
 She’s known him for years.
(she still does)
 Recently, Since
are markers for both Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive.
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10
Past Perfect
Use:
1) For an action in the past that was completed before another action began.
 When I got home, my brother had already gone.
 When I arrived at the station, the bus had already left.
(the bus is no longer there)
___________|_______________|______________
the bus left
I arrived
Time of speech
 Compare with:
 When I arrived at the station, the bus was leaving for Jerusalem.
(I can still see the bus)
past progressive
_____the_bus_is__|___driving_away___________
I arrive
Time of speech
2) If there are several past actions in the same sentence, they should be grouped
according to the order in which they happened.
 When I opened the door and turned the lights on, I saw that robbers had
broken into the house, and had stolen all of my jewelery.
had broken in|___had stolen|_______________opened|_turned|_saw____
(ended before the following
series of actions began)
 The Past Perfect is used when you don’t have a clear
indication of when the second action began.
The action is finished in the past before another action in the
past began.
 Before / After
These words give a clear indication of the order of actions.
Both Past Simple and Past Perfect can be used.
 I arrived at the gate after the plane had already taken off.
 I arrived at the gate after the plane took off.
Spelling rules:
 had + V3
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11
Past Perfect Progressive
Use:
1) For a continuous action in the past which began before another action in the past
and continued up to that time or stopped just before it.
 It was 6 o'clock and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.
_________|____had been working________|_________________|
dawn
6 o'clock
Time of speech
he was tired
 Different from the Past Perfect because
it’s a continuous action.
 Different from the Present Progressive because
it’s an action completed in the past before the beginning of another
action.
 Different from the Present Perfect Progressive because
there is no reference to the present.
 I’m tired because I’ve been working since dawn. (Present Perfect Progressive)
(implies that I’m still working or
that I’ve just finished working.)
 For Stative verbs:
use the Past Perfect instead of the Past Perfect Progressive.
Spelling rules:
 had + been + V3
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Conditionals
Type 1:
 This type of sentence implies that the action in the “if clause” is probable.
 Conditions that will probably be fulfilled in the future.
 If he runs, he’ll get there on time
 If I study for the exam, I will pass it.
 Unless = if not
 Will the cat scratch me if I pull its tail?
The cat will not scratch you unless you pull its tail.
If clause
present simple
Main clause
future simple
The “zero” conditional:
(a variation on type 1 conditional)
 Used for general truths. OR
 For a scientific/economic (etc.) fact.
OR
 If we want to imply this is always the case.
 If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
 If there is a shortage of any products, prices of that product go up.
If clause
present simple
Main clause
present simple
Type 2:
 When the supposition is contrary to the present situation
 If I were rich, I would lend you the money.
(I’m not rich)
 If I had a map, I wouldn’t get lost
(refers to the present)
 Were she skinny, would she be a model?
Yes, if she were skinny, she would be a model.
 She wouldn’t become a model unless she was skinny.
 All pronouns are with /were/
If clause
past simple
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Main clause
future past (were+V1)
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Type 3:
 The time is past. Talking in retrospect.
The condition cannot be fulfilled since the action in the “if clause” didn’t happen.
 If you had given me the details, I would have picked you up at the airport.
(but you hadn’t told me)
 If the police had know about it, they could have prevented it.
 Refers to the past, ‫אילו היה אפשר להחזיר הגלגל אחורה‬, lost case.
If clause
past perfect
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Main clause
perfect conditional
(would+have+V3)
14
Temporals
Time clauses with future meaning:
After the following time expressions/words, the verb is used in the present tense.
(Even though it talks about the future.)
after
by the time
until
as long as
once
till
as soon as
the moment
whenever
before
when
 As soon as he gets home, he’ll speak to you.
 The moment you come home, I’ll tell you the story.
The following time expressions also behave like temporals, and only the present tense
will be used after them.
If
Unless
Provided
In case
 Unless you tell me what to do, I won’t be able to do it.
 I will call you when I am ready.
Main
clause
Temporal
clause
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The Passive Voice
We form the passive from the copula (helping verb) be and the 3rd form of the main
verb (V3).
Be expresses the tense of the main verb.
 The movie is being shown now.
 The movie was shown last night.
 The movie will be shown tomorrow.
We use the passive:
1) When we want to emphasize the action rather than who or what did it.
 Sara was raised in a religious home.
 The game will be played even if it rains (conditional type 1 )
2)



When the doer of the action is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
English is spoken here. (The doer is obvious)
My car has been stolen! (The doer is unknown)
Have the winners been announced? (The doer is unimportant)
To form the passive, we turn the object of an active sentence into the subject of the
passive sentence.
 Active:
All high school students study English.
 Passive: English is studied by all high school students.
If the active sentence has 2 objects, there are 2 ways of making it passive:
 Active:
You didn’t tell me the truth.
 Passive: I wasn’t told the truth (more common)
The truth wasn’t told (to me).
When the verb in the active sentence is followed by a preposition, remember to
include it in the passive sentence.
of, at, to, in,
 Active:
 Passive:
Tense
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Simple
Future Past
Modals
about, from
The critics think highly of his films.
His films are highly thought of by the critics.
Form (be + V3)
am/ is/ are + V3
Was/ were + V3
am/is/are being + V3
Was/were being + V3
have/has been + V3
had been + V3
will be + V3
would be + V3
modal + be + V3
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Example
English is spoken here
I was bitten by a dog last week.
We are being watched.
Was the test being given when you arrived?
Has the mystery been solved yet?
The preparations had been made earlier.
The job will be completed by Sunday.
You promised it would be finished on time.
The brakes must be repaired
16
 The following intransitive verbs cannot be followed by an
object (no receiver):
come
exist
occur
arrive
die
go
happen
sleep
live
have
 In the following transitive/bi-transitive verbs, the indirect
object will be passivised:
give
send
promise
lend
pay
refuse
 Active:
He gave the bride a ring
 Passive:
The bride was given a ring.
i.o.
promise
tell
offer
d.o.
 A: She paid him a lot of money.
 P: He was paid a lot of money.
 A: The teacher offered the class a reward.
 P: The class was offered a reward.
Indirect Object
Direct Object
?‫למי? למה‬
?‫את מי? את מה‬
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Direct Speech  Indirect (Reported) Speech
Use:
Instead of repeating the speaker’s exact words, we report to someone the content of
what was said.
 He said “I have lost my keys”.  He had said that he had lost his keys.
 Common verbs used in reported speech:
say
remark
point out
complain
tell
warn
add
state
claim
1) When the reporting verb is in the present tense, then the tenses don’t change.
 He says “I have lost my keys” He says that he has lost his keys.
 He says “I play the piano”  He says that he plays the piano.
2) When stating a fact, a permanent truth, the tenses don’t change either.
 “Everest is above 29,000 feet high” explained the physics teacher 
The teacher explained that Everest is 29,000 feet high.
Changes in Verb Tenses:
Direct Speech
Present simple
Past simple
Present perfect
Past perfect
Present Progressive
Past progressive
Present perfect progressive
Past perfect progressive
Future simple
Modals:
Can
May
Must/have to
could, should, might,
had to, ought to, used to
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












Reported Speech
Past simple
Past perfect
Past progressive
Past perfect progressive
Future past
Could
Might
Had to
No change
18
Changes in Time/Place Expressions:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
 Then
Now
 That day
Today
 The day before, the previous day
Yesterday
 The next day, the following day, the day after
Tomorrow
Next week/ month…  The following week/month/year…
 The previous week/month/year…
Last week/ year…
 The week/month/year before
A week ago…
 That
This
 Those
These
 There
Here
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19