Download Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism Answer

Key Concept 5.1
Industrialization and Global
Capitalism
 How did industrialization
change how goods were
produced?
“Facts”
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline
How did industrialization change how goods were produced? Industrialization
allowed for better quality goods to be made more efficiently and in a greater
quantity. Goods that were traditionally produced in the home began to be
produced in large factories. The spinning jenny, flying shuttle, and spinning mule
are examples of equipment that produced cotton textiles with better quality more
quickly during the industrial revolution.
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What combination of factors
were necessary in order for
industrialization to take
place?
What combination of factors were necessary in order for industrialization to take
place? In 1750 CE, the British were the first to begin the process of
industrialization. It was not because they had just a couple factors working
together, such as a strong government or natural resources, but due to the fact
that they had all of the necessary factors working together. These factors were the
geography (rivers, isolated, etc.), their large population which fueled both factories
and came up with new inventions, their agricultural advances (such as
mechanization, closure, etc.), their natural resources such as coal and iron, their
entrepreneurial spirit with finding open markets, their stable government, and the
desire to compete against the other powers of Europe.
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What “fueled” (both literally
and metaphorically) the Ind.
Rev.?
What “fueled” (both literally and metaphorically) the Ind. Rev.? Water power
originally fueled industry by providing easily accessible energy from water wheels.
In 1781, James Watt produced the steam engine which allowed for both
movement of factories away from water sources and the development of the
steamship. Fossil fuels such as coal provided a lot of easily accessible energy to
factories and was used to provide energy for Stevenson’s “Rocket” in the 1830s. In
1791, John Barber patented the internal combustion engine and used it to help
produce the motors used in the first car. Barber’s ideas to create this new engine
came from the steam engine earlier in the produced by Watt.
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steam engine
fossil fuels
internal
combustion engine
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How did factories change
the nature of labor itself?
How did factories change the nature of labor itself? The factory system was
created by the urbanization of the workforce and involved putting all of the workers
in one place to produce goods. This leads to specialization of labor in a way similar
to agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution. It allowed for workers to produce
specialized goods more efficiently and with better quality. This leads to capitalism
in some areas like North America through supply and demand.
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factory system
specialization of
labor
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Where did factories (and the
IR start) and where/how did
the factory system spread
in this time period?
Where did factories (and the IR start) and where/how did the factory system
spread in this time period? The Industrial Revolution and factory system started in
Great Britain. From here it spread to Russia, the rest of Western Europe, North
America, and Japan. It spread through competition of nations, involvement of other
nations with the British, and Westernized reform systems such as those
established by the Meji Restoration in Japan. These areas that later started to
industrialize where initially stalled because of political issues that had developed in
their specific regions. An example of this would be Western Europe stalling
industrialization because of the effects of the French Revolution and Napoleon.
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What was the Second
Industrial Revolution? How
did it affect the role of
science in larger society?

How did the Ind Rev
influence world trade
overall?
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What was the Second Industrial Revolution? How did it affect the role of science in
larger society? The second Industrial Revolution lead to improvements in the fields
of electricity, chemicals, steel, and oil. Science began to become a much larger
field as inventions and innovations began. Science also began to become a thing
that transcended nationalistic ties and become a cross-national organization. Many
famous electrical inventors were Tesla, Edison, and Faraday. The chemical
industry produced plastic, insecticides, and fertilizers. Steel helped the train
industry flourish by being a sturdy material to build railroad tracks with.
How did the Ind Rev influence world trade overall? The Industrial Revolution
caused global trade to explode. The railroad allowed for many raw materials and
finished products to be transferred quickly from one area to another. Steam ships
allowed for the same goods to be traded more quickly across the oceans and also
lead to imperialism. Overall, world trade and global interactions drastically
increased to greater levels than before.
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2 IR
Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
What raw materials were
commonly exported to
industrialized areas?
What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas? At first the
system of taking raw materials from the have-not countries was just a continuation
of the mercantilist system. An example was found in India where the British
government would take the raw cotton, produce cotton textiles, and sell them back
at inflated prices to the Indians. This changes over time as the capitalist and
imperialist countries enter the picture. Industrialized countries often imported
sugar, coffee, bananas, meat, wheat, and guano from Latin America much as they
had done throughout Period 4. Palm oil, rubber, and diamonds were taken from
Africa as is evident from Belgium’s King Leopold II. Finally, cotton was taken by
the British from India.
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At first a
continuation of
mercantilism
Cash crops such
as cotton, rubber,
palm oil as well as
guano, wheat, and
meat
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As industrial production
rose what happened to
handicraft industries such
as the cotton textile industry
in India?
As industrial production rose what happened to handicraft industries such as the
cotton textile industry in India? Handicraft industries experienced marked declines.
Home-run businesses in Britain began to decline as factories created monopolies
over various products. Handicraft industry in India, such as the cotton textile
industry, came to a stop completely. Instead, the British would import India’s raw
cotton, create cotton textiles using their machinery, and sell it back to India at
inflated prices. This eventually leads to much discontent with the British and Indian
nationalists in the time period and the next.
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What “new” markets did
industrialized states look
What “new” markets did industrialized states look for/create for their exports? The
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nd
Opium Wars
for/create for their exports?
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How did industrialization
lead to the development of
extensive mining centers?
How did the Ind Rev affect
the scale of businesses and
overall economic
productivity?
United States’ Matthew Perry opened up Japan to trade with the west. He used
“gunboat diplomacy” to force the Japanese to accept the Open Door Policy. The
British did the same with the Opium Trade in China. At first the Qing tried to rebel
against the harmful drug, but the British kept the Chinese market open by
devastating the Qing and establishing imperial dominance through the Opium
Wars.
How did industrialization lead to the development of extensive mining centers?
When diamonds were discovered in South Africa in the Orange Free state in 1867,
the British, i.e. Cecil Rhodes, flooded in to develop the area. This lead to the
establishment of the Trans Cairo-Capetown Railroad. The same happened with
Transvaal in 1885, where diamond was found, and lead to the Boer Wars between
the British and the Boers. El Boleo and La Caridad in the 1800s experienced a
flood of people as copper was found in Mexico. The French and British swarmed
into these areas to develop them for copper alloys used in wire with machines.
How did the Ind Rev affect the scale of businesses and overall economic
productivity? The scale of businesses and overall economic productivity
skyrocketed as major corporations began to form in various parts of the world. The
United Fruit Company was an American corporation based in Latin America that
traded fruits to America and Europe. The HSBC is a large scale banking company
that loaned out money to other nations, and financed the growing trade between
Europe and China. The bank established a network of agencies and branches
based mainly in China and Southeast Asia. The bank also worked out of India,
Japan, Europe, and North America. The company was owned by the British whom
owned the Chinese city Hong Kong until 1997 when they finally gave it back to the
Chinese. The Japanese car company Mitsubishi is another example of a
multinational corporation that came as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
How did intellectuals explain
& industrialists legitimize the
How did intellectuals explain & industrialists legitimize the economic changes of
economic changes of the
the Ind Rev? Adam Smith, technically and enlightened thinker, argued in his book
Ind Rev
Wealth of Nations that people act according to their own self-interest, but promote
general economic advance through competition. In 1776, he came up with his
theory of laissez faire capitalism. This theory stated that the government should
have no control in the economy and that businesses should be free to do as they
please. A partial form of this is seen in the economy of the present day United
States. John Mill was a part of the Utilitarian faction and believed that the
individual has freedom opposed to being controlled exclusively by the state. Both
men explained that the government should exhibit less control of the people both
How did financial
socially and economically.
instruments expand to
facilitate investments?
How did financial instruments expand to facilitate investments? Corporations grew
and opened stock to the public for investment, but when they fell their stock also
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Cecil Rhodes and
South African
diamond mines as
well as gold mines
Copper mines in
Mexico
Multinationals
United Fruit
Company
HSBC-Hong Kong
& Shanghai
Banking Corp.
Adam Smith’s
Wealth of Nations
and laissez faire
capitalism
John Stuart Mill
and classical
liberalism
(freedoms)
Corporations
(limited liability)
Stock markets
Insurance
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What were the most
important developments in
transportation during the Ind
Rev?
What were the responses to
the problems of
industrialization? What
alternative visions of society
developed?
How did capitalist societies
reform themselves?
What governments
took a plunge. The stock bought is then traded using the stock market. Insurance
also lead to investment by insuring that people’s money would be safe if the
economy were to suddenly face a hardship. The thing with stock is that stock can
fall and people can lose money, but the price of gold does not fall so people
cannot lose money with it as portable wealth. Both the stock market and insurance
companies fell during the Great Depression in the next time period. The Gold
Standard did not. Gold has an internationally set price whereas currency does not.
This gold standard was an instrument used to prevent the inflation of gold during
economic depression.
What were the most important developments in transportation during the Ind Rev?
Railroads starting with Stephenson’s “Rocket” expanded for terrestrial
transportation. The Trans-Atlantic Telegraph cable developed in 1858 along with
Grahm Bell’s telephone in 1876. The Suez and Panama Canals also become
major canals used for quickened oceanic transportation of goods from one area to
another throughout time period 5.
What were the responses to the problems of industrialization? What alternative
visions of society developed? Industrialization created a huge gap between the
rich factory owners and the poor urban working class. To combat this,
philosophers came up with the idea of socialism after the French Revolution. The
point of socialism was to give access to goods to all individuals and attempt to
partially redistribute the wealth. Marx saw this and wrote about an extreme form of
socialism known as communism in his Communist Manifesto in 1848. He wanted
the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeois and create a classless society where all
were equal both socially and economically. The anarchists wanted to rid of all
government influence and run the country without any governmental censorship.
How did capitalist societies reform themselves? Capitalist societies reformed
themselves to prevent revolts that were frequent throughout this time period. Labor
laws and social laws set a minimum wage and the number of hours required for
work a week as well as outlawing child labor. A byproduct of this was an increase
in the leisure time of the populace. Labor Unions were allowed to form in order to
fight for higher wages or the amount of hours worked in a given week. The British
even extended the right to vote from just the aristocracy to the middle class and
urban working poor over time as a result of the Chartist Movement. The British
even created the House of Commons in the Parliament as a result of the Reform
Bill of 1832. Public education for children became mandatory as primary and
secondary schools developed. State pensions were also awarded to the retired
such as Social Security created by Roosevelt in the next time period The public
health care sector began to expand in areas, such as Germany, under powerful
leaders, such as Otto von Bismarck. Even prisons began to be established in
places such as Germany.
What governments promoted their own state sponsored programs of
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Gold standard
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RRs
Telegraph then
later telephone
TWO major canals
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Socialism
Marx—Communist
Manifesto
Anarchism
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Labor/social laws
Labor unions
Expansion of
suffrage in Britain
State pensions
and public health
in Germany
Public education

Meiji Japan
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promoted their own state
sponsored programs of
industrialization? Assess
the success of each.

Who in Qing China and the
Ottoman Empire resisted
any changes?

How did the Ind Rev affect
social and demographic
characteristics?
industrialization? Assess the success of each. The Japanese Meji Restoration
after the Tokugawa Shogunate proved to be very successful. Japan quickly
industrialized and many zaibatsu such as Mitsubishi were formed. They
westernized to an extent and became the leaders of a very powerful, industrialized
nation. They even went on the beat the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War in
1905. Sergei Witte made leaps and bounds in industrializing Russia’s economy.
He encouraged foreign investment and developed the Trans-Siberian Railroad.
However, Russia continued to lag far behind other industrialized powers and would
continue to until the installation of Stalin’s Five Year Plans. The Chinese wanted to
retreat back to isolationism and avoid contact with the Western powers. They
called this movement the self-strengthening movement and used this common
goal to fight off any foreign imperializers. This proved to be ineffective as is shown
by the Opium War and the seizing of Hong Kong with the British. Muhammad Ali of
Egypt was successful at westernizing Egyptian society. He created a strong cotton
industry that continued to grow after his death in 1848. The problem is he was
followed by a string of weak rulers called khedives that made Egypt dependent on
just cotton exporting and lead to the dynasty’s eventual downfall by Nasser in
1952. Nasser was much more effective at undergoing reforms for Egyptian
industrialization in Period 6.
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Czarist Russia—
Sergei Witte & the
Trans-Siberian RR
China’s SelfStrengthening
Movement
Muhammad Ali’s
attempts to create
a cotton textile ind
in Egypt
Who in Qing China and the Ottoman Empire resisted any changes? The Confucian
scholar bureaucrats of China resisted change and westernization
from the industrialized powers. The Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire resisted
changes and slaughtered Selim III for introducing the printing press. Mahmud II
avenged him by killing off the Janissary class and riding of opposition to western
styled reforms.
How did the Ind Rev affect social and demographic characteristics? A huge
division between the rich and the poor developed as a large middle class began to
take shape. Money became the factor of upward and downward social mobility in
some places. There was a huge influx of people from the outer rural areas of the
country side into the cities and the factory system began to develop.
What new socio-economic
classes developed or grew
in size and power?
What new socio-economic classes developed or grew in size and power? The
urban working poor drastically increased as factory output increased and the
working conditions worsened. Another name for the urban working poor in
communist countries is the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie continued to have no
influence until Russia and other Slavic countries underwent a communist rebellion.
The middle class was also a new economic class that began to flourish and
became the largest socio-economic class in industrialized nations.
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How did the Ind Rev affect
family relationships?
How did the Ind Rev affect family relationships? Due to advances in science and
medicine, the birth rate and infant mortality rate drastically decreased. The size of
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Urban working
class
Bourgeoisie
Nuclear v.
extended family?
families gradually became smaller as a byproduct of this. The nuclear family model
became a more popular mode opposed to the extended family model as families
depended less on things done rurally together, such as farming, and more on
things that were done in urban areas and apart, such as factory work. Plus it was
easier to find a job and earn money to pay for living quarters away from one’s
family.
Gender roles?
Gender roles? Women originally stayed home and tended to the children while the
husband generally went to work. This generally changes over time as the women
begin to work in factories, such as in Japan. Women are also forced to both do a
job and take care of the family, so a new stress forms on the family life when both
parents in the family were working.
Demographic patterns?
Demographic patterns? There are less urban children than there are rural children.
There is an influx of people into cities and cities start to face both pollution and
sanitation problems as they start to become overpopulated.
Patterns of
settlement/urbanization
within industrialized states?
How was this sometimes a
problem?
Patterns of settlement/urbanization within industrialized states? How was this
sometimes a problem? A greater percentage of the population is found in the
urban cities rather than in the rural countryside as more and more people flood into
the cities searching for job opportunities. This becomes a problem as both
unsanitary conditions and pollution increases with the overcrowding of cities. An
example of these conditions is found in Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle.
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline
What are the similarities and differences between colonialism (from the last period)
and imperialism (in this one)? Colonialism is when another state comes in and
takes over the entirety of that state from the social aspect all the way to the
economic aspect. An example of this would be the Spanish in Latin America with
the formation of a new social pyramid featuring creoles and peninsulares in
Periods 4 and 5. Imperialism is much more restricted. Technically both mean to
control a certain are, but imperialism is controlling just the political and economic
aspects of that area. An example of this would be the British Raj created in British
imperialized India. Colonialism is also trying to settle down in a certain area
whereas imperialism is just controlling it. Colonialism’s main driving force is for raw
materials to build their economy and to spread their culture around the world such
as Spain in Mexico and the silver from the Potosi mines. Imperialism’s main
motivating factors are nationalism, resources for industrialization, and competition
between countries such as the “Scramble for Africa.”
Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism
and Nation-States Formation
 What are the similarities
and differences between
colonialism (from the last
period) and imperialism (in
this one)?
Which area(s) of the world became imperial powers, and why did they imperialize

Family size?
“Facts”
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Which area(s) of the world
became imperial powers,
and why did they imperialize
while other areas did not?
while other areas did not? Areas in western Europe became imperial powers and
gained many new imperia holdings. The Portuguese, Dutch, English, Germans,
Belgians, French, Americans, and eventually the Russians and Japanese. These
areas became imperial powers because they needed resources to fuel their
ongoing struggle for industrialization. They also became imperial powers because
they possessed advanced weapons that allowed them to more easily take over
less advanced peoples. Some state, such as the French and the Belgians, used
nationalism as a motivating force for imperialism.

Where did already existing
colonial interests become
part of imperial holdings?
How did the governments
change in these areas?
Where did already existing colonial interests become part of imperial holdings?
How did the governments change in these areas? In 1620, the Dutch arrived on
the island of Java and created a trading city called Batavia. Here the Dutch East
Indies Company was established to trade Dutch goods for Javanese spices such
as cloves and nutmeg. Originally, the Dutch didn’t side in the wars of the native
populace. Eventually they started to side with the regional warlords in turn for a
stake of land. Over time the Dutch came to control all of Java and had to suppress
native uprisings. A similar thing occurred with the British in India. At first the British
traded with the Indians in cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. Eventually
the British took advantage political fragmentation after the fall of the Mughal
Empire to take over India. They aligned themselves with the princely states and
fought battles to unite India. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was one such example
of the British dominance in India. After uniting India, the British installed the British
Raj. The governments changed in India and Java from being native and directly
ruled to being indirectly ruled by foreigners due to the powers of the imperial
leaders in Period 5.
What states established
new imperial holdings and
where? You need to have
an overall idea of who had
empires where in this
period.
What states established new imperial holdings and where? You need to have an
overall idea of who had empires where in this period. New imperial holdings were
established in the resource rich African continent. This all started when King
Leopold II of Belgium sent Henry Stanley into Africa to carve out the Belgian
Congo to supply the Belgians with palm oil, rubber, and a colonial holding. This
lead to the “Scramble for Africa.” The whole African continent, with the exception
of Liberia (the zoned place for freed slaves to be sent from the Americas) and the
Ethiopians (defeated the Italians), was split by the European powers: the French
getting West Africa, the British getting Sudan and South Africa (after stealing it
from the Dutch), the Portuguese getting a couple of small territories throughout
Africa, and Belgium in the Congo. The British also happened to control New
Zealand and annexed Hawaii in 1843. The United States later annexed Hawaii
officially in 1898 and held imperial holdings in the Bahamas and Philippines. The
Japanese held imperial holding in Manchuria and Korea as well.
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Which former colonial powers saw their influence decline in this period? France
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Batavia—Java—
Calcutta, Bombay,
Madras
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Which former colonial
powers saw their influence
decline in this period?
What methods and tactics
did industrialized states use
to establish and expand
their empires?
Where were the major
settler colonies?
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Where did industrialized
states establish economic
imperialism?
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How did US interest in
Japan ultimately lead to the
development of Japan as an
industrial, imperial power?
slowly began to decline as the British fought for their colonial holdings in Canada.
The Dutch trading power began to decline as the world scene shifted away from
the use of trade companies and more towards industrialization. The Spanish
began to decline as they lost their colonial holdings in Latin and South America
because of multiple rebellions. Finally the Portuguese declined as they lost Brazil
to Dom Pedro in 1822.
What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand
their empires? Industrialized states used economic dependency to maintain in
economic control of imperial holdings. An example of this is found with the British
in India where the Indians traded raw cotton for manufactured cotton textiles to
create a dependency. Social reform was another way to maintain an empire. An
example of this was the extension of voting rights beyond the aristocracy in Britain.
In order to expand their empires the industrialized powers used advanced
weapons to defeat native powers such as the British against the Zulus in South
Africa. The Zulus won the first battle, but ultimately lost the war because they
fought using spears and not guns.
Where were the major settler colonies? The major settler colonies were Algeria,
Kenya, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa. These areas all had terrible disputes
between the settlers and the natives and lead in part to the formation and
installation of Apartheid in South Africa during Period 6 (1948-1990s).
Where did industrialized states establish economic imperialism? Industrialized
states established economic imperialism by creating economic dependencies with
imperialized nations. These economic dependencies occurred in areas in Africa
with the European powers such as Ghana and France and Sudan and Britain.
They even happened in the Middle East with the later formed Trans-Jordan and
Egypt with the British. A huge economic dependency was created with the cotton
textile industry in India with the British. The British would import the raw cotton and
export the manufactured textiles back to India to create an economic dependency
with the natives. This case also happened with the British exporting Opium to
China and lead to the Opium Wars. This economic process eventually became a
nationalist battle cry for many leaders such as Mohandas Ghandi, Kwame
Nkrumah, Abdul Nasser, and Leopold Sedar Senghor in India, Ghana, and Egypt
respectively in Period 6.
How did US interest in Japan ultimately lead to the development of Japan as an
industrial, imperial power? In 1853, American Matthew Perry arrived in Edo with a
powerful navy and used “gunboat diplomacy” to enact the Open Door policy in
Japan. Because of this, Japan saw how far behind the rest of the world they were
because they had not yet industrialized. This lead to the overthrow of the
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Tokugawa Shogunate and the establishment of the Meji Government in 1868. The
Meji Government underwent the Meji Restoration by financing industry and
sending samurai around the globe to study the economy and politics of
industrialized countries. Japan rapidly industrialized as a result. This is evident by
the many zaibatsu, such as Mitsubishi, that were founded in Meji Japan.
How did anti-imperialism
lead to the shrinking of
Ottoman territories, and
what did nationalism have
to do with the process?
What new states developed
on the edges of large
empires?
How did imperialists attempt
to justify imperialism?
How did anti-imperialism lead to the shrinking of Ottoman territories, and what did
nationalism have to do with the process? Before World War I started, the Ottoman
Empire was known as the “Sick Man of Europe.” This is in part because of a lack
of strong-willed, expansive rulers and the many revolutions that occurred in Time
Period 5. The rulers allowed rebellions to happen because they had no experience
with governance before their ascension to the throne. The Janissaries also were
proof of weak rulers as they became a powerful faction in the royal court and were
often able to corrupt the ruler’s thoughts for their own benefit. In 1820, the Greeks
on the Balkan Peninsula revolted and succeeded against the weakening Ottomans
because nationalism lead them to want to renew the power of ancient Greece by
creating a new Greek state. In 1798, Napoleon attacked the Mamluks in Egypt and
opened way for both Muhammad Ali and British influence in Egypt. Muhammad Ali
opened Egypt up to become a power house, but his khedive successors destroyed
the Egyptian hopes for a better future after Ali’s death in 1867. The British then
took advantage of their weakness and gained control of Egypt for the use of the
Suez Canal. In 1830, France took Algiers from the Ottoman Empire by defeating
General Hussein Dey. The French kept Algiers and struggled when the FLN tried
to gain Algerian Independence in Period 6. Both the French and the British were
inspired to gain new colonies and imperial possessions through nationalism.
What new states developed on the edges of large empires? The Cherokee Nation
was an autonomous native American government that developed near present day
Oklahoma in 1794 to combat the American idea of Manifest Destiny. The area
governed by the Cherokee Nation became a home for the peoples dislocated by
the Trail of Tears in the 1830s. The Cherokee Nation was disbanded in 1907 by
the formation of Oklahoma. Siam remained independent throughout Period 5 by
playing the British in India against the French in Indochina. The Zulu kingdom was
founded in South Africa in 1816. They were lead into battle against the Boers and
British against under a leader named Shaka and ultimately lost due to poor
weapons.
How did imperialists attempt to justify imperialism? In the 1870s Herbert Spencer
coined the theory of Social Darwinism. His theory stated that some groups of
people are better to rule others because evolution had favored them over another
group of people. This lead to the European powers such as the British forcing their
“more civilized” culture on “less civilized” cultures, such as Indian culture, in a way
ti help them prosper. Thus lead to the White Man’s Burden and the European
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Greek revolt and
the Balkans
Muhammad Ali
and Egypt
French interests in
Algeria
Later British
interest in Egypt
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Cherokee nation
Siam
Zulu kingdom
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Social Darwinism
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How did the development
and spread of nationalism
as an ideology create new
communal identities?
Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism,
Revolution, and Reform
 What role did the
Enlightenment play in
making political rebellions
possible?
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How did Enlightenment
thinkers affect
understandings of the
relationship between the
natural world and humans?
How did the Enlightenment
thinkers re-evaluate the role
of religion in public life?
beliefs that must imperialize other people in order to help civilize them.
How did the development and spread of nationalism as an ideology create new
communal identities? Unification movements by the Prussian state under Wilhelm
helped evolve the Prussia nation into Germany with the help of Otto von Bismarck.
Under a series of clever political moves, Bismarck gained Germany enough land to
make it a superpower before World War I. Benito Mussolini united Italy under
fascist control in Period 6 as Italy moved slowly but surely into the global political
scene. Filipino nationalism rose in the Philippines after being under Spanish
control for centuries. These nationalistic ideas led to a wide-ranging campaign for
political, social, and economical freedom. Liberian nationalism developed as more
and more freed slaves were sent to Liberia. This group of freed slaves with
common goals easily created strong state. Nationalism gave all of these new
communities a sense of pride that is still existent in the current day.
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline
What role did the Enlightenment play in making political rebellions possible? The
Enlightenment started in Paris during the 18th century after the death of Louis 14th
during the French Revolution. Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu were
concerned about rights hat led in part to revolution. Montesquieu looked at the
republic, monarchy, and despotic government systems and compared them
against one another in his book The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. Voltaire believed in
religious tolerance and secular states, making rebellions against religiously
inspired governments possible. Rousseau believed that men were born good and
the government was bad and came up with the radical idea of democracy, which
lead to the overthrow of many governments that were based on a monarchy, i.e.
the French monarchy.
How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between
the natural world and humans? Newton was a scientific thinker that came as a
result of the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century. Newton accepted the findings
of Copernicus and disproved the findings of Ptolemy. Newton discovered gravity
and said that the world was based on a set of natural laws that included forces
such as friction and gravity. Deism, that belief that God created the universe and
set it in motion to run by its own natural laws, quickly developed during the
Enlightenment from Newton’s theories created a century ago.
How did the Enlightenment thinkers re-evaluate the role of religion in public life?
Many thinkers rejected the Church and its disbelief in new scientific findings. The
church doubted anything that didn’t coincide with the Bible, which led them to
clash with the scientists. From this situation, some thinkers coined deism which
allowed for them to both believe in God and the natural scientific forces. Others
such as Darwin and Voltaire were famous atheists that denounced the church and



Unification
movements in Italy
and Germany
Filipino nationalism
Liberian nationalism
“Facts”


Newton to
philosophes

Voltaire
preached religious toleration. Voltaire is even believed to have said, “Crush the
infamous thing!” on his death bed.



What new political ideas
,such as the individual,
natural rights, and the social
contract , did the
Enlightenment thinkers
develop?
What social norms did
Enlightenment thinkers
challenge? What were the
effects of their questioning?
What revolutionary
documents were inspired by
Enlightenment ideas? How?
What new political ideas ,such as the individual, natural rights, and the social
contract , did the Enlightenment thinkers develop? John Locke coined three words
in his Treatises on Government that would later come to influence the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and the Declaration of Independence. Locke called for three
natural rights: the rights to land, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. He also
developed the theory of the Tabula Rosa, or blank slate, that experience writes
upon throughout life. Rousseau’s published book, The Social Contract, stated that
man is generally good and the government corrupts him. He also wrote of the
Social Contract where everybody in society agrees to be governed by general will
in a democracy. Montesquieu believed in three types of governments: republic,
monarchy, and despotism. He believed that a monarchy was the best way to
govern society.
What social norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge? What were the effects of
their questioning? William Wilberforce headed the abolitionist movements in
England in the late 18th century and early 19th century. William Wilberforce fought
alongside many famous figures, such as Oloudah Equiano, to show the British
people of the pain that the slaves where put through on their journey to the
Americas. The Parliament finally recognized his plea in 1807 when they passed
the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Mary Wollstonecraft, Madame de Beaumere, and
Marianne Ehrmann all fought for women’s rights in England, France, and Germany
respectively. In 1792, Wollstonecraft published The Vindication of the Rights of
Rights of Women. Her pleas were largely unanswered until after World War I. After
World War I in 1918, women over thirty gained the right to vote and to hold
property.
What revolutionary documents were inspired by Enlightenment ideas? How? In
1776, the British colonies in North America wrote the Declaration of Independence
to declare their freedom from the British rule. In this constitution the newly formed
country, the United States, used the ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Voltaire,
and Rousseau. They declared that every man has the three basic rights that Locke
state (land, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness). They disclaimed mercantilism for
Smith’s laissez faire capitalism. They used Voltaire’s ideas by establishing a
secular state. Finally, they declared themselves a democracy free from the British
monarch due to Rousseau’s influence. After the French Revolution in the 18th
century, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was created featuring Locke,
Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau. Voltaire was present when the French
declared freedom of religion and speech. Rousseau was evident by saying that all
men were created equal. Montesquieu was present in article 16 stating that the
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





Locke’s Treatises
on Government
Rousseau’s The
Social Contract
Montesquieu’s
ideas about
government
William
Wilberforce 1807
Abolition
movements
Female suffrage—
Mary
Wollstonecraft
Declaration of
Independence,
French Declaration
of the Rights of Man,
Bolivar’s Jamaica
Letter

What is the basis of national
identity and nationalism?
How did governments use
these new ideas on their
people?

How did increasing
discontent with imperial rule
propel reformist and
revolutionary movements?
Sometimes subject peoples
challenged centralized
imperial authorities.
Sometimes colonial
subjects led a series of
rebellions which facilitated
the emergence of
independent states
government needs separation of powers. Locke was evident yet again by the
presentation of the three unalienable rights. Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter quotes
Montesquieu and his ideas. It also states that all men are created equal and must
not be enslaved as Rousseau said.
What is the basis of national identity and nationalism? How did governments use
these new ideas on their people? The basis of national identity and nationalism is
the government or central authority installing a feeling of pride in being a certain
ethnicity or nationality. Nationalism can be both a beneficial and malevolent force
to a prosperous empire. On one hand it can lead to bonding of certain peoples and
jointed help towards one common goal such as when the slaves in Haiti rebelled
against their French overlords under L’Ouverture. It can also be harmful by
weakening empires such the Greek Revolt against the Ottomans. However,
nationalistic ideas were often beneficial to empires as the government used it to
promote trade, nationalism, and industrialization. The idea also lead to the
imperialism of Africa as is evident with Leopold II carving out the Congo and
starting the “Scramble for Africa.”
How did increasing discontent with imperial rule propel reformist and revolutionary
movements? As certain ethnic groups within an empire began to feel their foreign
overlords weakening, they often struck out in retaliation to gain their freedom and
autonomy. Revolution began to become an idea more frequently thought of as the
overlords refused to make political and social reforms to fit the needs of the
people. This lead to discontent with the government which eventually lead to
internal strife. Only a few societies were able to reform before it was too late, such
as the British and the Reform Bill of 1832.
Sometimes subject peoples challenged centralized imperial authorities. When
Shah Jahan died, his son Aurangzeb gained rule of an internally weakening
empire. Instead of undergoing much needed social reforms, Aurangzeb continued
to expand and strain he Mughal Empire like his forefathers. The Marathas
(Marattas) in western India saw this instability and mounted a rebellion. They
succeeded and greatly weakened the dying Mughal Empire. Without social reform,
subject peoples will always lash out against imperial authorities.
Sometimes colonial subjects led a series of rebellions which facilitated the
emergence of independent states. In 1776 the newly created United States
rebelled against British rule and King George III. The Americans had been
discontent with the Quartering and Tea Acts as well as the British taxation on their
exports. James Madison along with several others proceeded to write the
Declaration of Independence and Constitution while George Washington created
the Continental Army. Latin America took a different approach. Simon Bolivar
rallied the creoles to fight for independence from their peninsulares leaders. When
Europe was weak after the fall of Napoleon, Bolivar struck and took Latin America.

The Marathas and
the Mughals


American
Latin American
Independence was not theirs. After the death of Bolivar, Latin America came to be
ruled by caudillos that broke up Bolivar’s Gran Colombia but maintained
independence.
In the case of Haiti, slave
resistance led to the
creation of an independent
state
Sometimes subjects
rebelled to try to change the
system of government at
home.
Sometimes questions about
political authority and
movements of anticolonialism led to uprisings.
In the case of Haiti, slave resistance led to the creation of an independent state.
Haiti was the one and only successful slave rebellion throughout world history. In
the beginning the slaves were forced to work on plantations in absolutely brutal
conditions. In 1791, the mulettos began wanting social reform for equality and
began a civil war. After this war fails, a Vodun priest named Boukman leads a
rebellion against white planters using the slaves and is killed. L’Ouverture then
took control of the revolution in 1792. He used maroon, people who were runaway
slaves and their descendants, forces and gained Haitian independence in 1801. In
1802, Napoleon’s forces captured L’Ouverture and fought to regain the colony.
They are decimated by disease and the Haitians gained true independence from
France in 1804.
Sometimes subjects rebelled to try to change the system of government at home.
In 1789, the Third Estate rebelled against the Second and First Estates to destroy
the “relics of feudalism” in what became known as the French Revolution. They
were inspired by Enlightened ideas that had occurred in Paris less than a century
ago in Paris less than a century ago. This revolution lead to an overturning of the
overarching monarchy in France in the establishment of a Republic. As with all
revolutions this one had many phases that swapped between moderate and
radical parties. Other areas in Europe faced similar situation, but the British were
unique in that they did not. They used reforms such as the Reform Bill of 1832 to
keep the subject peoples in check and prevent rebellions.
Sometimes questions about political authority and movements of anti-colonialism
led to uprisings. Throughout Time Period 5 the British relied heavily on the
conscription of Indian troop called sepoys. In 1857, it had come to the attention of
the sepoys that the cartridges that they had been biting open had been greased
with pig fat. Muslims made up half of the sepoys and are not allowed to eat pork,
so they broke religious vows unknowingly by doing this. This lead to a fierce
rebellion against the British known as the Sepoy Rebellion that was harshly
crushed. In 1898, an anti-foreign society in China started the Boxer Rebellion to rid
China of the Western filth. They did this to get rid of the British influence that had
been present since the Chinese lost the Opium Wars. The British would continue
to have holdings in Hong Kong until 1997.
Sometimes rebellions were influenced by religious ideas. In the 1850s in China, a
religious prophet named Hong lead a rebellion against the Qing government. Hong
had a vision that he later attributed to him being the younger brother to Jesus. He


Toussaint
maroons

French and many
other European
peoples


Sepoy Mutiny
Boxer Rebellion
Sometimes rebellions were
influenced by religious ideas
Sometimes problems with
unrest and rebellion led to
reform movements…some
more successful than
others!

The Enlightenment also
contributed to other new
Political ideas—liberalism
Social ideas—the
used this semi-Christianized belief to build a following of Chinese men and women
that he used as fighters for his army. By spring of 1853, they had won many
battles against the Qing and held a capital at Nanjing. Eventually the leaders of the
rebellion fought with one another and the Taiping Rebellion fell apart. In the late
1870s, a similar leader named Muhammad Akhmad claimed descent from
Muhammad and led a revolt known as the Mahdist Movement in Sudan. He
created a following in his Mahdi state that lasted after his death. The state
collapsed in 1898 at the Battle of Omdurman, where the Mahdi lost to the British.
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement in America which incorporated into
much of the Native American culture. The dance was used to unite the living spirits
with the dead, therefore bringing peace to the native people throughout the region.
This dance helped reunited the native tribes in North America to create a stronger
force that will counter that of the Europeans. The Xhosa cattle killing in 1856 was
about a prophetess named Nongqawuse who used the belief of millenarianism
(the belief in a future golden age of peace and justice) to expell the British by
encouraging the Xhosa to kill their cattle and destroy all of their crops.
Sometimes problems with unrest and rebellion led to reform movements…some
more successful than others! Mahmud II and his successor instituted the Tanzimat
Reforms from 1839 to 1876. The reforms established western-style universities, a
state postal system, railways, legal reforms, and a new constitution in 1876. These
reforms were very successful at saving the Ottomans until Abdul Hamid reverted
the Ottomans back to their unwesternized form in 1878. This ultimately led to the
destruction of the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century the Chinese started the selfstrengthening movement to westernize and counter the challenges from the west.
In the end, the Manchu rulers resisted the drastically needed reforms and brought
an end to Chinese dominance by rejecting western ideas during the Boxer
Rebellion. The British Parliament throughout this whole time period kept the British
happy, but elsewhere in Europe was the Luddite Rebellion of workers which was
harshly put down and the creation of Marxism by Marx in 1848. Both eventually led
to more rights for the workers of industrialized Europe and also later helped many
other workers in newly industrializing nations.
Political ideas—liberalism. Liberalism emerged as a view that emphasized ideas
that differed from the old conservative ways such as equality for all people and
limited government involvement. It urged the importance of constitutional rule and
parliaments. This idea was built on the principles of many Enlightenment thinkers.
Adam Smith is evident because of the view’s desire for less government influence.
The importance of equality for all was one of Rousseau’s radical ideas. Finally,
Montesquieu called for a limited government with checks and balances that the
liberal party fought for during Period 5.
Social ideas—the emergence of feminism. As men were gaining more rights as a
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



Taiping rebellion
Ghost Dance
Xhosa cattle
killing?
Mahdist Movement
Ottoman Tanzimat
Reforms
China’s Selfstrengthening
movement
All over western
nd
Europe in the 2
th
half of the 19 c.
Wollstonecraft
emergence of feminism
Key Concept 5.4 Global
Migration
 How did migrations in this
period compare to earlier
periods? What were the
main social, economic, and
political causes and effects
of this new age of
migration? A general
overview

How did the Industrial
Revolution affect migration
patterns during this period?
How did it contribute
population growth?
result of revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and reform, women believed
that they should get new rights as well. As a result, Olympe de Gouge published
Declaration of the Rights of Women in 1791to state the rights that women should
have in society as a result of the French Revolution. This quickly spread to Britain
where Mary Wollstonecraft published The Vindication of the Rights of Women in
1792. The idea spead throughout England. Pankhurst, a British suffragette,
worked for women’s property rights in 1879 and eventually began working for
voting rights in 1903. During World War I, she fought for women’s voting rights and
was reported saying, “What is the use of fighting for a vote if we have not got a
country to vote in?” These ideas spread to the United States where the Americans
held a women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls in 1848.
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline
How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods? What were the main
social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration? A
general overview. In earlier periods, migrations were much slower due to a lack of
technology such as steamships and railroads. Migrations were not from two very
faraway places in previous time periods, but due to an increase in technology
migrations began to take place on a global scale. There was also a greater influx
of people from rural areas to urban areas in his time period. There continues to be
forced migrations throughout world history on certain groups. An example would
be forced migration of the Jews. In c. 600 BCE, the Babylonians forced the Jews
to leave their home territory in the Jewish Diaspora. This happens yet again with
the Jews in Russia and with Zionism later in Period 6. The main causes of
migration were population explosions, revolutions, persecutions, improved
technology, gold rushes, the end of slavery, and seasonal job opportunities. As a
result, there were massive population shifts and transporting of various cultures
such as the Italian culture in Argentina and the American “melting pot. As a
byproduct, prejudices start to develop between two cultures that contributes in part
to xenophobia. Two examples of prejudice are the Chinese Exclusion Act and the
White Australia Policy in 1901.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?
How did it contribute population growth? Nations that had undergone the Industrial
Revolution had all the essentials to become imperial powers and did. These
imperial powers populations soared as they continued to be both an affluent nation
and a place where jobs were easiy available. Thus massive numbers of people
from around the globe flooded into industrialized cities and urbanization soared
even more. The only problems that are linked with a greater population are more
pollution and less sanitation. Poor working conditions and wages also became
more frequent with a bigger working class, but none of these problems stopped
migrations into cities.,



Emmaline
Pankhurst
Olympe de Gouge
Seneca Falls & US
“Facts”
How did new modes of
transport related to
industrial technology
contribute to new patterns

Why did people migrate?

Were are migrations
voluntary in this period?
Discuss the involuntary
ones.


Were all migrations
permanent? Discuss
examples that were NOT.
How were gender roles
affected by migration?
How did new modes of transport related to industrial technology contribute to new
patterns. Steamships and railroads helped migrations between two globally distinct
nations to occur much more easily. Automobiles, invented in 1886 in Germany by
Karl Benz, proved to be helpful with migration between two relatively close nations.
Machines powered by fossil fuels were the new median for migrations used in
place of things like canoes during the much earlier Polynesian migrations.
Why did people migrate? People migrated for new job opportunities that were not
easily available where they currently were. This is a reason why there was a huge
flux of the population into cities, where jobs were plentiful, from rural areas, where
jobs were far scarcer. People also migrate to avoid war or because they became a
POW of anther nation during a war. Some people migrate for freedom and to avoid
persecution such as free slaves moving to Liberia to avoid racism from where they
moved from.
Yes, some migrations were voluntary during this time period such as moving to
find a new job or moving for more freedoms, but some were not. The Jews were
forced out of Russia through government instilled pogroms that lasted from 1880
to 1920. Indentured servants throughout this time period had virtually next to no
choice. Those exiled by the government, such as Lenin, were forced to migrate to
a new country. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Act also
involved forcibly moving people that were not of a particular race. Native
Americans were also forced to move along the Trail of Tears in the 1830s.
Were all migrations permanent? Discuss examples that were NOT. Not all
migrations were permanent. Some, such as moving to the Americas, were mostly
permanent. Others, such as seasonal workers, did not make permanent homes
during their migrations. An example of this is found in Argentina where Italian
culture flourishes but there is only a small Italian population there. That is because
the seasonal workers would come to Argentina, share their culture, and leave back
to Italy. Gold Rushes also created temporary population spikes in certain cities
before the people shifted back to their homes. An example of a Gold Rush was the
Dahlonega Gold Rush in Georgia in 1828. Famine is also a major contributing
factor. When one’s homeland no longer faces famine, they are much more likely to
migrate back (i.e. the Irish Potato Famine).
How were gender roles affected by migration? Gender roles could be affected one
of two ways. First of all the new migrants could assimilate into the culture of their
new home. An example of this would be the Chinese assimilating into America
(before and after the Chinese Exclusion Act) culture and having a much different
view of women than just leaving them to take care of the home. In fact, most of the
Chinese men went into business with their spouses and opened up dry cleaning
shops. On the other hand, new groups could form their own enclaves and keep
their culture strong. An example of this would be Chinatown in New York.


How did migrants preserve
and transplant their culture
in their new homes
How did receiving societies
react to the new presence
of foreign migrants?
How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes? When
a large group of an ethnic minority develops a new community in an area that they
newly migrated into, an ethnic enclave can be created. An ethnic enclave is an
area with a particularly high ethnic minority concentration that features a different
culture from the surrounding society. An example of an ethnic enclave is
Chinatown in New York. Here the Chinese have tried to use their distinctive culture
to create and maintain a Chinese city in the Americas.
How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants? Some
receiving societies were very accepting of the influx of foreigners. Some were to
an extent. An example of this is the in United States where the Chinese Exclusion
Act was enacted in 1882. This act prevented the Chinese from migrating into the
United States for 10 years. The Americans passed this act because they believed
that the Chinese were stealing all the profits that could have been made by the
ethnic American populace. The White Australia Policy was established in Australia
in 1901 and was enacted because the Australians wanted to keep Australia
ethnically British. They pushed all of the aborigines off the fertile land and onto
reserves and demanded that only the British could migrate into Australia. Overall,
societies were accepting of migrants, but drastic measures had to be taken by the
Australia against the non-ethnic British and the Americans against the Chinese.

Ethnic enclaves

Chinese Exclusion
Act
White Australia
Policy
