Download names of east sea/sea of japan according to russian investigators of

NAMES OF EAST SEA/SEA OF JAPAN
ACCORDING TO RUSSIAN INVESTIGATORS OF
XVIII-XIX CENTURIES
N.GRazjigaeva
(Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia)
At the beginning of eighteen century northern part of Pacific was least investigated . Inexact and
fragmentary data and stories about imaginary voyages resulted to fantastic presentations about this
part of the World Ocean. According to American historian Golden no one place on the Earth was
cartographic intricate and unclear. Especially much confusion were about the areas to the north,
west and east from Japan. Contour of Asia was unknown, about position of Japan was suspected.
The ending of Asia northward China and distance to America was unknown too. Did not know how
far the ocean expended.
On the maps produced before eighteen century the configuration of Eastern Asia and the
islands are strongly differ from real. There are some Western European maps of sixteen-seventeen
centuries of Western Pacific. On the map of Siberia (Tataria) of A.Orthelius (1570) the sea between
Japan and continent is named as Chinese Sea ("Mare Cin"). The Atlas of Mercator and Gondy
(1659) shows Korea as an island, separated by the strait from the mainland. Pacific Ocean is name
as "Maris Pacifici Pars". On the map of A. Brand 1698) marine space eastward Asia is named as
"Oceanus Orientalis". Holland map of E.l.ldens 1704) didn't contain the names for Pacific area.
At the beginning of eighteen century first Russian maps of North-Eastern Asia and Pacific
were very approximate. There were some maps for this territory in Russia. For example, the Atlas
of Remesov (1701), where north is located on lower part and indicate Korea, Japan, Amur River.
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These maps are the most ancient Russian maps of North-Eastern Asia. The sources of these maps
were hand-drawings and questioning of expert people. It is the draft of Kamchatka and
surrounding area, first attempt to drawing North-Eastern Asia on the base of concrete data.
Remezov had used the compass.
The map indicates information about Japanese Sanimu who
was drifted from Japan to Kamchatka on the boat. The Japan Sea hasn't name on these drafts or
named as "Sea-Ocean".
Interesting map of Earth hemispheres (1707; 1713) was drown by V. Kipriyanov, librarian of
Navigate School at Moscow. On this map the sea between Japan and continent was unnamed.
At 1723 the map of the travel of Chinese ambassadors (1712-1714) to Russia of Tu-Li-shen was
published in Beijing. In Russian publication of this map marine space near Amur River mouth is
named "Sea".
Discovery of new lands and Russian trade and political interests on Far East region led to
necessary of providing of geographical expeditions. The development of geographical
investigations became important State policy. During Peter the Great's governing Russia
transformed to marine state, and role of marine investigations increased. Table 1 includes main
Russian Geographical Expeditions to northern and north-western Pacific at first half of XVIII
century.
The purposes of the expeditions were as follows:
discovery of a lands in Northern Pacific and way to America
to establish connection
Pacific and Arctic Oceans (strait or land bridge between Asia and
America)
discovery of marine way to Japan
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protection of Russian commercial interests
The map of Big Land discovery of duke Shelagsky was brought by Shestakov to St.
Petersburg at 1723. This map shows long distance between Japan and Kamchatka and long arc of
Kurile Islands and show northern part of East Sea/Sea of Japan without name.
This draft became
well known. Kirilov had used it in his atlas and de L'Isle transferred it to P.Buache.
Table I. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND
NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, first half of XVIII CENTURY
1714-1716
Firth voyages of Russian Cossacks on Okhotsk Sea
1719
Expedition of geodesists EVREINOV and LUZHIN
1725-1730
First Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus BERING
1732
Expedition of A.SHESTAKOV with geodesist M.GVOSDEV on "St. Gavriil"
1733-1743
Second Kamchatka Expedition ofY. BERING
Two marine detachments:
-V. BERING and A. CHIRIKOV on paketboat "St. Petr" and "St.Pavel"
- captain M.SHPANBERGon brigantine "Archangel Mikhail", boat "Nadejda"
and boat "St. Gavriil"
The results received during the expeditions and developing new lands of Asian part of Russia
became known in Western Europe · and used in some atlases. For example, Russian map of
Chukotka, Kamchatka and Okhotsk Seas from Atlas of Hommen (1725) was complicated by
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decision of Peter the Great's on the base of the Map 0fI. Lvov and brought by Ya.V.Brus.
Captive Sweden officers supposedly compiled the map of Russia printed in Amsterdam in the
Atlas of 1725-1727. On this map Kamchatka striates up to Japan, Okhotsk Sea is coincided with
East Sea/Sea of Japan and has name Kamchatskoe Sea. Bering Sea is indicated as Japanese Sea.
This map didn't includes the results of first stage of First Kamchatka (Siberian-Pacific) Expedition,
which were secrete.
At 1728 M.Zinoviev had compiled General Map for International Agreement in Kyakhte on the
base of maps of land-surveyor P.Skobeltsin and some land-carts. On this map Bering Sea was
named Anadirskoe Sea, Okhotsk Sea - Pezhinskoe Sea, the place of East Sea/Sea of Japan was
unnamed.
Large work on complication of Atlas of Russian Empire (1733-1734) was done by I. Kirilov,
chief-secretary of the Russian senate. The atlas includes General Map of Russia, in which the
results of first stage of First Kamchatka Expedition were summarized.
The atlas was not printed
but this map was well-known in Western Europe and was active used in cartographic publications.
On this map Sakhalin Island was displaced northward. It was shown non-existed land eastward
Kurile Island. The contours of Japan Islands were strongly misrepresented. Okhotsk Sea is named
Kamchatskoe, Bering Sea - Orientalic, East Sea/Sea of Japan - without name.
The map of I.Kirilov (1734) was used by B. Homann (Atlas of 1759, Geographicus Universales,
Norimbergae). The sea around Japan from east was named as "Mare Japonicum Orientale" and
from west - "Mare Japonicum Occidentale".
At 1731 yr. J.N. de L'Isle, had produced the map, represented situation and distance of
East Tataria to the lands a shorter way off America. De L'Isle was professor of Imperial Academy
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of Science, offered by Peter the Great's (1721) for compilation Atlas of Russia. The map was
intended for the future marine voyages. The counters of China and Korea were plotted accordingly
to Chinese maps. For North-Eastern Asia region de L'Isle used the map ofP.A.Chaplin, including
the resulted of First Kamchatka Expedition, map of I.M. Evreinov and F.F. Luzhin (about 1722)
and for lands between Asia and America - Holland and Portuguese maps.
The copy of Chaplin's
Map de L'Isle sent to J.B. J.B. d' Anville, who used it for Atlas of China (J.B. d' Anville, t 737).
Chaplin's map was printed by du Halde (Halde, 1737). Hand-made copies of First Kamchatka
Expedition are preserved in difference European collections. The Chaplin's map didn't include
areas southward Kamchatka and Okhotsk Sea.
De L'lsle passed the original map (1732) to Russian senate. One copy with recommended
route was given to Vitus Bering, head of Second Kamchatka Expedition. The map includes
explanatory note "Information about new land card, represented East Ocean and the Shortest route
between Asia and America". The map show non-existed lands and islands. For example, mythic
"Land of de Homa" was plotted
~outhward
Kamchatka. Imperfection of the map was the cause of
tragedies events during this expedition. At the same time the map indicate almost exact distances
and useful for orientation. All north-western Pacific seas were without names.
At 1747 de L'Isle came back to Paris and together with P.Buache (1750) had produced the
map of northeastern coasts of Asia and northwestern coasts of America, which presented to Royal
Academy. The map was published at t 752. The map shows the routes of Second Kamchatka
Expedition and the routes of non-existed admiral de Fonte. East Sea/Sea of Japan is name Korean
("Mer de Corea").
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"Atlas for young people and all readers of historical books", published in 1737 in Russia
had combined East Sea/Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea. Marine space between Japan and Korea
hasn't name.
The results of Second Kamchatka Expedition (second stage of Siberia-Pacific Expedition)
were summarized on Summary Map of cruises of marine groups ofV. Bering and Chirikov (1741).
The expedition discovered Komandar, Aleut Islands, significant part of north-western America
coasts and laid a route to America and Japan. The map was drown in secret expedition and had
vise by Siberian Governor D. Chicherin. On this map East Sea/Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea were
unnamed. Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea are named Pacific Sea.
General Map of Second Kamchatka Expedition (1742) was produced by decision of
Admiralty-Colleagues on the base of journals and reports of marine officers, traveled to America
and Japan coasts.
It shows the routes of the ships of V.Bering and M. Shpanberg and, mythic
"Gama Land" and Esso. The configuration of straits, inlets and islands were very similar to
present. East Sea/Sea of Japan and Bering Sea were unnamed, Okhotsk Sea is shown as
Penzenskoe.
The results of voyage of captain M.Spanberg was reflected on individual
Map of
Southern part of Kamchatka and Kurile Islands (1738-1739). It was done on the base of
astronomical and compass measurements and reflects new stage of cartography of Kuriles and
Japanese Islands. The expedition reached to Eastern Hokkaido coasts and East Sea/Sea of Japan
didn't shown.
The draft from Okhotsk Sea to Alaska was drawn by V.Kazantsev (1742) shortly after
Second Kamchatka Expedition. America was identified with "Esso Land" and plotted eastward
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Kuriles. Inscription "Japan" was made on the place of East Sea/Sea of japan. Okhotsk Sea is
named Penzhenskoe, Bering Sea -Anatorskoe.
At 1745 Imperial Academy of Science had published Russian Atlas. Geodesic works for its
compilation were carried out during 24 years.
At a moment, when the atlas was published
amount of astronomical defined sites in Russia were more than in Germany. The atlas includes 6
maps devoted Asian Russia. Some important results of Second Kamchatka Expedition was
unknown for the Atlas compilers. These materials were secret. It is explained non-real coastal
outlines of Sakhalin, Kuriles, Hokkaido and north coasts of East Sea/Sea of Japan. General Map of
Russian Empire from the Atlas shows East Sea/Sea of Japan and Bering Sea as Pacific Sea.
Okhotsk Sea is named Kamchatkoe Sea. Because of the island outlines are shown with strong
perversion the name "Pacific Sea" may be attributed to south part of Okhotsk Sea. The Atlas of
the World (1768), which has the same coastal outline, shows the sea between Korea and Japan as
Korean Sea.
General Maps of northern and eastern coasts of Russian Empire of Marine Academy (1742,
1746) were more exact. "Expedition of Marine Academy and Schools" was at the head of the map
compilation. The leader was A. Nagaev. The maps were produced on the base of journals and
reports of marine expeditions. Kurile Islands and Japanese coasts were plotted accordingly M.
Shpanberg voyage documents. The mapmakers of Russian Atlas (1745) hadn't these materials. On
the maps Okhotsk Sea was named Penzhiskoe, Bering Sea - East Ocean and East Sea/Sea of
Japan was unnamed.
At 1750-1758 some geographical maps for northwestern Pacific coasts were made in
Imperial Academy of Sciences. The mapmakers hadn't materials from secret cartographic archive
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of Admiralty-Colleagues and had some serious mistakes. In spite of this General Map of
G.F.MilIer became well known and were copied many times on Western Europe maps of XVIII
century. Pacific Ocean was named "Mer de Sud" (South Ocean). On the "Map of Kurile Islands
with surrounding lands" ofG.F.Miller East Sea/Sea of Japan was unnamed.
At second half of XVIII century Geographical Departament had published series of detail
maps. The map of north-eastern Asia and adjacent regions prepared by I.F .Truskott (1773)
indicated East Sea/Sea of Japan without name, Okhotsk Sea as Okhotsk Sea or Lama, northern
part of Bering Sea was named Anadirskoe, southern part -Kamchatskoe.
A summary Map by G. Shelikov, one of the founders of the Russian-America Company.
drawn in 1787, shows the sea between Korea and Japan as Korean Sea, Pacific Ocean as South sea,
Bering Sea as East Ocean and Pacific Sea.
At the end of XVIII century the interest of Western Europe to this part of Pacific increased.
Some expeditions were organized (Table 2). Most important results of investigation of East
Sea/Sea of Japan were received in the expedition of J .F. La Perouse (1785-1788), Kolnet
(1789-1791), and U.R.Broughton (1793-1796). The expedition of IF. La Perouse reached north of
Tatar Strait and supposed that exists land bridge between Sakhalin and the mainland, although
Sakhalin is plotter as island on the most map of XVIII century.
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Table 2. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS OF EUROPEANS TO NORTHERN AND
NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, XVIII CENTURY
1776-1780
Voyage of J.COOK
:i
/ ,
"
1785-1788
Voyage of J.F. LA PEROUSE on frigate" Boussole " and "Astrolabe"
1789-1791
Voyage of captain Kolnet
1790-1795
Voyage ofG.A. VANCOUVER on "Providence"
1793-1796
Voyage ofU.R.BROUGHTON
Table 3. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND
NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC of the end ofXVlII CENTURY
1785-1793
North-Eastern Geographical and Astronomical Expedition of I. BILLINGS and
G. SARYCHEV
First Russian voyage round the world of captain G.I.MULOVSKIY
1787
(didn't take because of Russian-Turkey War)
1792-1793
Voyage of A. LAKSMAN and V. LOVTSOV in Japan on brigantine "St.
Ekaterina". First Russian trade mission to Japan
At the same time some Russian expeditions were organized (Table 3). First Russian
round-the-world voyage with four ships commanded by captain G .L.Mulovsky to northern Pacific
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must be carried out in 1787. Unfortunately big plans were not realized because of Russian-Turkish
(1787-1791) and Russian-Sweden (1788-1790) Wars.
The voyage of A. Laksman and V. Lovtsov on brigantine "St. Ekaterina" from Okhotsk to
Japanese Islands (Hakodate) was at 1792-1793. It was first Russian trade mission to Japan. The
results of this voyage were the journal and two maps. The Lovtsov's manuscript atlas of 1782
shows the sea between Korea and Japan as Korean -Sea.
At 1802 st. Petersburg Depot of Map (headed by General Sukhotelen) compiled "The Map
of Discoveries of Russian investigators in north-western part of Great Ocean" on which western
coasts of Japanese islands were plotted on the base of the map imported to Russian by Japanese
Kondo, participant ofG. Laksman mission to Japan in 1792.
North-Eastern Geographical and Astronomical Expedition of I. Billings and G. Sarychevof
1785-1793 worked at North-Western Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The purposes of the expeditions
were as follows:
- geodesic, astronomical, hydrographic observation and mapping,
-characteristic of climatic and environment conditions,
-description of mode and traditions of aboriginal population
Studied areas of the expedition must included Kurile, Sakhalin, Japanese Islands and East
Sea/Sea of Japan. In 1802 captain GSarychev had published book in St. Petersburg "Travel of the
fleet captain Sarychev on Northeastern Siberia, Ice Sea and East Ocean during 8 years in
Geographical and Astronomical Expedition, headed by fleet captain Bellings from 1785 to 1793".
He wrote that the expedition was going to reach Korean Sea, but strong south-western winds and
nearness of winter prejudice the success of this plans.
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Atlas of northern part of East Ocean by Sarychev was published by Hydrographical
Department of Marine Ministry at 1826. "Mercator Projection Map of Japan and Yellow Seas and
the part of East Ocean, surrounding Chinese and Japanese coasts from latitude up 18 to 47° N, from
longitude up 75 to 125°E from Peterburg" shows Chinese coast from Tonkin Bay to Terney Bay.
The islands were plotted accordingly A. Arrowsmith Map, published in 1820. The latitudes and
longitudes were estimated on the base the map of 1811, and results of latest navigators from the
maps of admiral Kruzenshtern and captain-commodore Golovnin. East Sea/Sea of Japan from on
different maps of this atlas is named Sea of Japan.
The table 4 shows Russian Geographical Expeditions to northern and north-eastern Pacific during
first half of XIX century. The purposes of this period of geographical investigations were as
follows:
geographical discoveries
astronomical, topographic and meteorological observations
scientific investigations
trade and cultural exchanges
During First Russian
round-the-world voyage of captain
I.F.Kruzenshtern and
Yu.F.Lisyansky (1803-1806) the ships "Nadejda" and "Neva" reached East Sea/Sea of Japan and
investigated north-western coasts of Japanese Islands. Intention to sail from Japan to Korea
disapproved by Japanese Government therefore East Sea/Sea of Japan wasn't investigated.
Captain Kruzenshtern described this travel in the book "Around-the-world voyage at 1803, 4, 5
and 6 years by dictate by Emperor Alexander I on the ship Nadejda and Neva", St. Petersburg,
1809-1810. Kruzenshtern had used name Sea of Japan, but in Part I (p. 271) he discussed the
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voyage of English captain Kolnet (1789-1791) to Korean Sea. Materials of his voyage didn't be
published, but E.Gawer used them during his voyage with Lord Makartney to China.
The results of the expedition of l.F.Kruzenshtem were used for compilation of the "Atlas to
round-the-world voyage of captain Kruzenshtem in St. Petersburg 1813". "Map of Nippon Island
and Sea of Japan with Straits Van-Dimen, Sakgar, and Korean, 1801" from this atlas shows the
ways of La Perouse (1786), Kolnet (1791), Broughton (1797), and Kruzenshtem (1804). "Map of
discoveries and schedules made in 1804 and 1805 yrs on the ship "Nadejda" by command of
captain Kruzenshtem" shows Sea of Japan, Okhotsk Sea as Sakhalin Sea. "Map of Sakhalin
Peninsula, 1805" are confirmed the mistake of La Perouse, that Sakhalin is peninsula. The strait
between Sakhalin and the mainland was found and studied only by expedition of 0.1. Nevelskoy. In
this atlas the sea between Korea and Japan is unnamed on "Corrected Map, taken by Lord Anton
on Spain Ship in 1843 with way which usually galleons sailed from Acapulco to Manila and back
1810".
Table 4. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND
NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, first half of XIX century
First Russian round-the-world voyage of captain I.F.KRUZENSHTERN and
1803-1806
Yu.F.LlSYANSKIY on ships "Nadejda" and "Neva"
Second Russian round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Russian America) of
1807
L.A.GAGEMEISTER
Thirty Russian round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Kamchatka) of V.M.
1807-1813
GOLOVNIN on ship "Diana"
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Round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Russian America) of M.P. LAZAREV on
1813-1816
ship "Suvorov"
1815-1818
Round the world voyage of O. E. KOTZEBUE on brig "Rurik"
1823-1822
Arctic Voyage of M.N.VASILIEV and GS.SHISHMAREV on ships "Otkritie"
("Discovery") and "Blagonamerenniy"
1825-1826
Voyage of M.N.STANYUKOVICH and F.P.LITKE
on ships "Moller" and
"Senyavin"
1848-1849
Round-the-world voyage of 0.1. NEVELSKOY on transport "Baikal"
1850-1855
Amur Expedition of GI. NEVELSKOY
At middle of XIX century Russians began active geographical investigations on the
northwestern coasts of East Sea/Sea of Japan (Table 5). That was connected with annexation of this
area to Russia accordingly Aigung Agreement of 16 May 1858, confirmed by Tyantszin Agreement
of 1 June 1858 and Beiging Agreement of2 November 1860. In this time detail topographic survey
on the land and hydrographic study of the sea began. A valuable contribution to topographical
survey of Korean and Primorye coasts was done during voyage of frigate "Pall ada" commanded by
admiral EVPutyatin. Before this time one of the main map of Korea coasts was the map of J.B.
d' Anville (1737), compiled by missioners in 1709-1717 from Chinese and Korean sources. The
coast configuration on the later maps repeated data from this map. Russian writer I.A.Ooncharov
used name Sea of Japan in the description of the voyage of frigate "Pall ada" (1857).
Atlas of East Ocean by Catalogue of Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry was
published at 1868. The atlas includes "Map of the Arctic Sea and East Ocean compiled
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accordingly the latest data in Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry in 1844". The between
Korea and Japan on this map is named Korean Sea. However other maps from this atlas compiled
at 1862-1865 identify this sea as Sea of Japan. For example, "Mercator Map of' the Great's
Bay"ofHydrographyc Department of Marine Ministry, compiled by data of the expedition headed
by V.M.Babkin in 1862 and 1863; "Mercator Map of northern part of Japanese Sea with part of
Tatar Strait accordingly Russian and English Maps, 1859". But "Mercator Map of East Ocean and
Southern Half of Okhotsk Sea with Kurile Islands, compiled from different sources and maps in
Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry, 1852" shows the sea without name.
Table 5. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO EAST! SEA OF JAPAN COASTS OF
PRIMORYE, second half of XIX century
1852-1856
Voyage of frigate "Pallada" of admiral E. V. PUTYA TIN
1858
Expedition by land ofM.I.VENYUKOV
1859
Ussuriyskaya Expedition by land ofK.F.BUDOGOSKY
1859-1863
Topographic Survey of Russian
1874
Topographic Expedition of General Staff, headed by L.A.BOLSHEV
officers, headed by
Y.M.BABKIN
The archive of Society of Investigation of Amur Region, Vladivostok have some other
maps of second half of XIX century, on which East Sea/Sea of Japan is shown as Sea of Japan,
including "Map of Amur Area, annexed to Russian accordingly of Aigun Agreement 16 May 1858,
confirmed by Beijing Tractate of 2 November 1860". The Map was published in Irkutsk
Printing-House of General Staff.
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To the beginning of XX century all Russian maps and maps from the different atlases
indicate East Sea/Sea of Japan as Sea o{Japan. It should be noted that Pacific Ocean was named
East Ocean. This name was preserve on the maps of beginning of XX century, for example, in
"Atlas of Asian Russian", published of Migration Department in S1. Petersburg in 1914.
Conclusion
1.
To the beginning of XVIII century the contour of Asia and Northern Pacific was
unknown, and position of East Sea/Sea of Japan was suspected too. On the first Russian maps of
second half of XVII - beginning of XVIII centuries the marine space between Korea and Japan was
unnamed or named as "Sea-Ocean".
2.
The most Russian maps of XVIII century include different names for Pacific, Okhotsk
Sea, Bering Sea and East Sea/Sea of Japan. Main inteest of geographical investigations of this
time was focused to Northern Pacific, discovery of the way to America and the strait between Asia
and America. Usually the sea between Korea and Japan was shown without name. Pacific Ocean
is usually named as "East Ocean" or "East Sea"; "Calm (Pacific) Ocean" or "Calm Sea". In some
Western European Maps, printed on the base of Russian maps, Pacific Ocean was named as
"Oceanus Meridionalis" and "Mer de Sud" (South Ocean).
,,
..
,
3.
On ancient maps, which we have found, name Japanese East Sea ("Mare Japonicum
~
Orientale") and Japanese West Sea ("Mare Japonicum Occidentalis) is firstly appeared on Homann
Atlas Geographicus Universales, Noribergae, after 1734. This name was given for marine space
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around Japan Islands as from East as from West.
4.
At second half of XVIII in Russian geographical literature (atlases, description of the
travels) name "Korean Sea" was very often used for marine space between Japan and continent.
5.
Active Russian geographical investigations of East Sea/Sea of Japan and surrounding
areas with topographic and astronomical observation began only at XIX century. Maps of first half
of XIX century and descriptions of Russian investigators had used double name "Korean Sea" side
by side with "Sea of Japan".
6.
The maps of second half of XIX century used only name "Sea of Japan". Pacific Ocean
have name "East Ocean" up to beginning of XX century.
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,
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<RerereDce>
I
1
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j
,
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Atlas of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg, 1914.
Atlas of East Ocean by Camiogue of Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry. St. Petersburg,
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Atlas of Geographical Discoveries in Siberia and North-Western America XVII-XVIII Centuries.
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