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NAMES OF EAST SEA/SEA OF JAPAN ACCORDING TO RUSSIAN INVESTIGATORS OF XVIII-XIX CENTURIES N.GRazjigaeva (Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia) At the beginning of eighteen century northern part of Pacific was least investigated . Inexact and fragmentary data and stories about imaginary voyages resulted to fantastic presentations about this part of the World Ocean. According to American historian Golden no one place on the Earth was cartographic intricate and unclear. Especially much confusion were about the areas to the north, west and east from Japan. Contour of Asia was unknown, about position of Japan was suspected. The ending of Asia northward China and distance to America was unknown too. Did not know how far the ocean expended. On the maps produced before eighteen century the configuration of Eastern Asia and the islands are strongly differ from real. There are some Western European maps of sixteen-seventeen centuries of Western Pacific. On the map of Siberia (Tataria) of A.Orthelius (1570) the sea between Japan and continent is named as Chinese Sea ("Mare Cin"). The Atlas of Mercator and Gondy (1659) shows Korea as an island, separated by the strait from the mainland. Pacific Ocean is name as "Maris Pacifici Pars". On the map of A. Brand 1698) marine space eastward Asia is named as "Oceanus Orientalis". Holland map of E.l.ldens 1704) didn't contain the names for Pacific area. At the beginning of eighteen century first Russian maps of North-Eastern Asia and Pacific were very approximate. There were some maps for this territory in Russia. For example, the Atlas of Remesov (1701), where north is located on lower part and indicate Korea, Japan, Amur River. -113- These maps are the most ancient Russian maps of North-Eastern Asia. The sources of these maps were hand-drawings and questioning of expert people. It is the draft of Kamchatka and surrounding area, first attempt to drawing North-Eastern Asia on the base of concrete data. Remezov had used the compass. The map indicates information about Japanese Sanimu who was drifted from Japan to Kamchatka on the boat. The Japan Sea hasn't name on these drafts or named as "Sea-Ocean". Interesting map of Earth hemispheres (1707; 1713) was drown by V. Kipriyanov, librarian of Navigate School at Moscow. On this map the sea between Japan and continent was unnamed. At 1723 the map of the travel of Chinese ambassadors (1712-1714) to Russia of Tu-Li-shen was published in Beijing. In Russian publication of this map marine space near Amur River mouth is named "Sea". Discovery of new lands and Russian trade and political interests on Far East region led to necessary of providing of geographical expeditions. The development of geographical investigations became important State policy. During Peter the Great's governing Russia transformed to marine state, and role of marine investigations increased. Table 1 includes main Russian Geographical Expeditions to northern and north-western Pacific at first half of XVIII century. The purposes of the expeditions were as follows: discovery of a lands in Northern Pacific and way to America to establish connection Pacific and Arctic Oceans (strait or land bridge between Asia and America) discovery of marine way to Japan -114- protection of Russian commercial interests The map of Big Land discovery of duke Shelagsky was brought by Shestakov to St. Petersburg at 1723. This map shows long distance between Japan and Kamchatka and long arc of Kurile Islands and show northern part of East Sea/Sea of Japan without name. This draft became well known. Kirilov had used it in his atlas and de L'Isle transferred it to P.Buache. Table I. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, first half of XVIII CENTURY 1714-1716 Firth voyages of Russian Cossacks on Okhotsk Sea 1719 Expedition of geodesists EVREINOV and LUZHIN 1725-1730 First Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus BERING 1732 Expedition of A.SHESTAKOV with geodesist M.GVOSDEV on "St. Gavriil" 1733-1743 Second Kamchatka Expedition ofY. BERING Two marine detachments: -V. BERING and A. CHIRIKOV on paketboat "St. Petr" and "St.Pavel" - captain M.SHPANBERGon brigantine "Archangel Mikhail", boat "Nadejda" and boat "St. Gavriil" The results received during the expeditions and developing new lands of Asian part of Russia became known in Western Europe · and used in some atlases. For example, Russian map of Chukotka, Kamchatka and Okhotsk Seas from Atlas of Hommen (1725) was complicated by -415- decision of Peter the Great's on the base of the Map 0fI. Lvov and brought by Ya.V.Brus. Captive Sweden officers supposedly compiled the map of Russia printed in Amsterdam in the Atlas of 1725-1727. On this map Kamchatka striates up to Japan, Okhotsk Sea is coincided with East Sea/Sea of Japan and has name Kamchatskoe Sea. Bering Sea is indicated as Japanese Sea. This map didn't includes the results of first stage of First Kamchatka (Siberian-Pacific) Expedition, which were secrete. At 1728 M.Zinoviev had compiled General Map for International Agreement in Kyakhte on the base of maps of land-surveyor P.Skobeltsin and some land-carts. On this map Bering Sea was named Anadirskoe Sea, Okhotsk Sea - Pezhinskoe Sea, the place of East Sea/Sea of Japan was unnamed. Large work on complication of Atlas of Russian Empire (1733-1734) was done by I. Kirilov, chief-secretary of the Russian senate. The atlas includes General Map of Russia, in which the results of first stage of First Kamchatka Expedition were summarized. The atlas was not printed but this map was well-known in Western Europe and was active used in cartographic publications. On this map Sakhalin Island was displaced northward. It was shown non-existed land eastward Kurile Island. The contours of Japan Islands were strongly misrepresented. Okhotsk Sea is named Kamchatskoe, Bering Sea - Orientalic, East Sea/Sea of Japan - without name. The map of I.Kirilov (1734) was used by B. Homann (Atlas of 1759, Geographicus Universales, Norimbergae). The sea around Japan from east was named as "Mare Japonicum Orientale" and from west - "Mare Japonicum Occidentale". At 1731 yr. J.N. de L'Isle, had produced the map, represented situation and distance of East Tataria to the lands a shorter way off America. De L'Isle was professor of Imperial Academy -116- of Science, offered by Peter the Great's (1721) for compilation Atlas of Russia. The map was intended for the future marine voyages. The counters of China and Korea were plotted accordingly to Chinese maps. For North-Eastern Asia region de L'Isle used the map ofP.A.Chaplin, including the resulted of First Kamchatka Expedition, map of I.M. Evreinov and F.F. Luzhin (about 1722) and for lands between Asia and America - Holland and Portuguese maps. The copy of Chaplin's Map de L'Isle sent to J.B. J.B. d' Anville, who used it for Atlas of China (J.B. d' Anville, t 737). Chaplin's map was printed by du Halde (Halde, 1737). Hand-made copies of First Kamchatka Expedition are preserved in difference European collections. The Chaplin's map didn't include areas southward Kamchatka and Okhotsk Sea. De L'lsle passed the original map (1732) to Russian senate. One copy with recommended route was given to Vitus Bering, head of Second Kamchatka Expedition. The map includes explanatory note "Information about new land card, represented East Ocean and the Shortest route between Asia and America". The map show non-existed lands and islands. For example, mythic "Land of de Homa" was plotted ~outhward Kamchatka. Imperfection of the map was the cause of tragedies events during this expedition. At the same time the map indicate almost exact distances and useful for orientation. All north-western Pacific seas were without names. At 1747 de L'Isle came back to Paris and together with P.Buache (1750) had produced the map of northeastern coasts of Asia and northwestern coasts of America, which presented to Royal Academy. The map was published at t 752. The map shows the routes of Second Kamchatka Expedition and the routes of non-existed admiral de Fonte. East Sea/Sea of Japan is name Korean ("Mer de Corea"). -117- "Atlas for young people and all readers of historical books", published in 1737 in Russia had combined East Sea/Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea. Marine space between Japan and Korea hasn't name. The results of Second Kamchatka Expedition (second stage of Siberia-Pacific Expedition) were summarized on Summary Map of cruises of marine groups ofV. Bering and Chirikov (1741). The expedition discovered Komandar, Aleut Islands, significant part of north-western America coasts and laid a route to America and Japan. The map was drown in secret expedition and had vise by Siberian Governor D. Chicherin. On this map East Sea/Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea were unnamed. Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea are named Pacific Sea. General Map of Second Kamchatka Expedition (1742) was produced by decision of Admiralty-Colleagues on the base of journals and reports of marine officers, traveled to America and Japan coasts. It shows the routes of the ships of V.Bering and M. Shpanberg and, mythic "Gama Land" and Esso. The configuration of straits, inlets and islands were very similar to present. East Sea/Sea of Japan and Bering Sea were unnamed, Okhotsk Sea is shown as Penzenskoe. The results of voyage of captain M.Spanberg was reflected on individual Map of Southern part of Kamchatka and Kurile Islands (1738-1739). It was done on the base of astronomical and compass measurements and reflects new stage of cartography of Kuriles and Japanese Islands. The expedition reached to Eastern Hokkaido coasts and East Sea/Sea of Japan didn't shown. The draft from Okhotsk Sea to Alaska was drawn by V.Kazantsev (1742) shortly after Second Kamchatka Expedition. America was identified with "Esso Land" and plotted eastward -118- Kuriles. Inscription "Japan" was made on the place of East Sea/Sea of japan. Okhotsk Sea is named Penzhenskoe, Bering Sea -Anatorskoe. At 1745 Imperial Academy of Science had published Russian Atlas. Geodesic works for its compilation were carried out during 24 years. At a moment, when the atlas was published amount of astronomical defined sites in Russia were more than in Germany. The atlas includes 6 maps devoted Asian Russia. Some important results of Second Kamchatka Expedition was unknown for the Atlas compilers. These materials were secret. It is explained non-real coastal outlines of Sakhalin, Kuriles, Hokkaido and north coasts of East Sea/Sea of Japan. General Map of Russian Empire from the Atlas shows East Sea/Sea of Japan and Bering Sea as Pacific Sea. Okhotsk Sea is named Kamchatkoe Sea. Because of the island outlines are shown with strong perversion the name "Pacific Sea" may be attributed to south part of Okhotsk Sea. The Atlas of the World (1768), which has the same coastal outline, shows the sea between Korea and Japan as Korean Sea. General Maps of northern and eastern coasts of Russian Empire of Marine Academy (1742, 1746) were more exact. "Expedition of Marine Academy and Schools" was at the head of the map compilation. The leader was A. Nagaev. The maps were produced on the base of journals and reports of marine expeditions. Kurile Islands and Japanese coasts were plotted accordingly M. Shpanberg voyage documents. The mapmakers of Russian Atlas (1745) hadn't these materials. On the maps Okhotsk Sea was named Penzhiskoe, Bering Sea - East Ocean and East Sea/Sea of Japan was unnamed. At 1750-1758 some geographical maps for northwestern Pacific coasts were made in Imperial Academy of Sciences. The mapmakers hadn't materials from secret cartographic archive -119- of Admiralty-Colleagues and had some serious mistakes. In spite of this General Map of G.F.MilIer became well known and were copied many times on Western Europe maps of XVIII century. Pacific Ocean was named "Mer de Sud" (South Ocean). On the "Map of Kurile Islands with surrounding lands" ofG.F.Miller East Sea/Sea of Japan was unnamed. At second half of XVIII century Geographical Departament had published series of detail maps. The map of north-eastern Asia and adjacent regions prepared by I.F .Truskott (1773) indicated East Sea/Sea of Japan without name, Okhotsk Sea as Okhotsk Sea or Lama, northern part of Bering Sea was named Anadirskoe, southern part -Kamchatskoe. A summary Map by G. Shelikov, one of the founders of the Russian-America Company. drawn in 1787, shows the sea between Korea and Japan as Korean Sea, Pacific Ocean as South sea, Bering Sea as East Ocean and Pacific Sea. At the end of XVIII century the interest of Western Europe to this part of Pacific increased. Some expeditions were organized (Table 2). Most important results of investigation of East Sea/Sea of Japan were received in the expedition of J .F. La Perouse (1785-1788), Kolnet (1789-1791), and U.R.Broughton (1793-1796). The expedition of IF. La Perouse reached north of Tatar Strait and supposed that exists land bridge between Sakhalin and the mainland, although Sakhalin is plotter as island on the most map of XVIII century. -120- Table 2. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS OF EUROPEANS TO NORTHERN AND NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, XVIII CENTURY 1776-1780 Voyage of J.COOK :i / , " 1785-1788 Voyage of J.F. LA PEROUSE on frigate" Boussole " and "Astrolabe" 1789-1791 Voyage of captain Kolnet 1790-1795 Voyage ofG.A. VANCOUVER on "Providence" 1793-1796 Voyage ofU.R.BROUGHTON Table 3. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC of the end ofXVlII CENTURY 1785-1793 North-Eastern Geographical and Astronomical Expedition of I. BILLINGS and G. SARYCHEV First Russian voyage round the world of captain G.I.MULOVSKIY 1787 (didn't take because of Russian-Turkey War) 1792-1793 Voyage of A. LAKSMAN and V. LOVTSOV in Japan on brigantine "St. Ekaterina". First Russian trade mission to Japan At the same time some Russian expeditions were organized (Table 3). First Russian round-the-world voyage with four ships commanded by captain G .L.Mulovsky to northern Pacific - 121- must be carried out in 1787. Unfortunately big plans were not realized because of Russian-Turkish (1787-1791) and Russian-Sweden (1788-1790) Wars. The voyage of A. Laksman and V. Lovtsov on brigantine "St. Ekaterina" from Okhotsk to Japanese Islands (Hakodate) was at 1792-1793. It was first Russian trade mission to Japan. The results of this voyage were the journal and two maps. The Lovtsov's manuscript atlas of 1782 shows the sea between Korea and Japan as Korean -Sea. At 1802 st. Petersburg Depot of Map (headed by General Sukhotelen) compiled "The Map of Discoveries of Russian investigators in north-western part of Great Ocean" on which western coasts of Japanese islands were plotted on the base of the map imported to Russian by Japanese Kondo, participant ofG. Laksman mission to Japan in 1792. North-Eastern Geographical and Astronomical Expedition of I. Billings and G. Sarychevof 1785-1793 worked at North-Western Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The purposes of the expeditions were as follows: - geodesic, astronomical, hydrographic observation and mapping, -characteristic of climatic and environment conditions, -description of mode and traditions of aboriginal population Studied areas of the expedition must included Kurile, Sakhalin, Japanese Islands and East Sea/Sea of Japan. In 1802 captain GSarychev had published book in St. Petersburg "Travel of the fleet captain Sarychev on Northeastern Siberia, Ice Sea and East Ocean during 8 years in Geographical and Astronomical Expedition, headed by fleet captain Bellings from 1785 to 1793". He wrote that the expedition was going to reach Korean Sea, but strong south-western winds and nearness of winter prejudice the success of this plans. - 122- Atlas of northern part of East Ocean by Sarychev was published by Hydrographical Department of Marine Ministry at 1826. "Mercator Projection Map of Japan and Yellow Seas and the part of East Ocean, surrounding Chinese and Japanese coasts from latitude up 18 to 47° N, from longitude up 75 to 125°E from Peterburg" shows Chinese coast from Tonkin Bay to Terney Bay. The islands were plotted accordingly A. Arrowsmith Map, published in 1820. The latitudes and longitudes were estimated on the base the map of 1811, and results of latest navigators from the maps of admiral Kruzenshtern and captain-commodore Golovnin. East Sea/Sea of Japan from on different maps of this atlas is named Sea of Japan. The table 4 shows Russian Geographical Expeditions to northern and north-eastern Pacific during first half of XIX century. The purposes of this period of geographical investigations were as follows: geographical discoveries astronomical, topographic and meteorological observations scientific investigations trade and cultural exchanges During First Russian round-the-world voyage of captain I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F.Lisyansky (1803-1806) the ships "Nadejda" and "Neva" reached East Sea/Sea of Japan and investigated north-western coasts of Japanese Islands. Intention to sail from Japan to Korea disapproved by Japanese Government therefore East Sea/Sea of Japan wasn't investigated. Captain Kruzenshtern described this travel in the book "Around-the-world voyage at 1803, 4, 5 and 6 years by dictate by Emperor Alexander I on the ship Nadejda and Neva", St. Petersburg, 1809-1810. Kruzenshtern had used name Sea of Japan, but in Part I (p. 271) he discussed the - 123 ~ voyage of English captain Kolnet (1789-1791) to Korean Sea. Materials of his voyage didn't be published, but E.Gawer used them during his voyage with Lord Makartney to China. The results of the expedition of l.F.Kruzenshtem were used for compilation of the "Atlas to round-the-world voyage of captain Kruzenshtem in St. Petersburg 1813". "Map of Nippon Island and Sea of Japan with Straits Van-Dimen, Sakgar, and Korean, 1801" from this atlas shows the ways of La Perouse (1786), Kolnet (1791), Broughton (1797), and Kruzenshtem (1804). "Map of discoveries and schedules made in 1804 and 1805 yrs on the ship "Nadejda" by command of captain Kruzenshtem" shows Sea of Japan, Okhotsk Sea as Sakhalin Sea. "Map of Sakhalin Peninsula, 1805" are confirmed the mistake of La Perouse, that Sakhalin is peninsula. The strait between Sakhalin and the mainland was found and studied only by expedition of 0.1. Nevelskoy. In this atlas the sea between Korea and Japan is unnamed on "Corrected Map, taken by Lord Anton on Spain Ship in 1843 with way which usually galleons sailed from Acapulco to Manila and back 1810". Table 4. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO NORTHERN AND NORTH-WESTERN PACIFIC, first half of XIX century First Russian round-the-world voyage of captain I.F.KRUZENSHTERN and 1803-1806 Yu.F.LlSYANSKIY on ships "Nadejda" and "Neva" Second Russian round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Russian America) of 1807 L.A.GAGEMEISTER Thirty Russian round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Kamchatka) of V.M. 1807-1813 GOLOVNIN on ship "Diana" - 124- Round-the-world voyage (Krondshtadt-Russian America) of M.P. LAZAREV on 1813-1816 ship "Suvorov" 1815-1818 Round the world voyage of O. E. KOTZEBUE on brig "Rurik" 1823-1822 Arctic Voyage of M.N.VASILIEV and GS.SHISHMAREV on ships "Otkritie" ("Discovery") and "Blagonamerenniy" 1825-1826 Voyage of M.N.STANYUKOVICH and F.P.LITKE on ships "Moller" and "Senyavin" 1848-1849 Round-the-world voyage of 0.1. NEVELSKOY on transport "Baikal" 1850-1855 Amur Expedition of GI. NEVELSKOY At middle of XIX century Russians began active geographical investigations on the northwestern coasts of East Sea/Sea of Japan (Table 5). That was connected with annexation of this area to Russia accordingly Aigung Agreement of 16 May 1858, confirmed by Tyantszin Agreement of 1 June 1858 and Beiging Agreement of2 November 1860. In this time detail topographic survey on the land and hydrographic study of the sea began. A valuable contribution to topographical survey of Korean and Primorye coasts was done during voyage of frigate "Pall ada" commanded by admiral EVPutyatin. Before this time one of the main map of Korea coasts was the map of J.B. d' Anville (1737), compiled by missioners in 1709-1717 from Chinese and Korean sources. The coast configuration on the later maps repeated data from this map. Russian writer I.A.Ooncharov used name Sea of Japan in the description of the voyage of frigate "Pall ada" (1857). Atlas of East Ocean by Catalogue of Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry was published at 1868. The atlas includes "Map of the Arctic Sea and East Ocean compiled - 125- accordingly the latest data in Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry in 1844". The between Korea and Japan on this map is named Korean Sea. However other maps from this atlas compiled at 1862-1865 identify this sea as Sea of Japan. For example, "Mercator Map of' the Great's Bay"ofHydrographyc Department of Marine Ministry, compiled by data of the expedition headed by V.M.Babkin in 1862 and 1863; "Mercator Map of northern part of Japanese Sea with part of Tatar Strait accordingly Russian and English Maps, 1859". But "Mercator Map of East Ocean and Southern Half of Okhotsk Sea with Kurile Islands, compiled from different sources and maps in Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry, 1852" shows the sea without name. Table 5. RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL EXPEDITIONS TO EAST! SEA OF JAPAN COASTS OF PRIMORYE, second half of XIX century 1852-1856 Voyage of frigate "Pallada" of admiral E. V. PUTYA TIN 1858 Expedition by land ofM.I.VENYUKOV 1859 Ussuriyskaya Expedition by land ofK.F.BUDOGOSKY 1859-1863 Topographic Survey of Russian 1874 Topographic Expedition of General Staff, headed by L.A.BOLSHEV officers, headed by Y.M.BABKIN The archive of Society of Investigation of Amur Region, Vladivostok have some other maps of second half of XIX century, on which East Sea/Sea of Japan is shown as Sea of Japan, including "Map of Amur Area, annexed to Russian accordingly of Aigun Agreement 16 May 1858, confirmed by Beijing Tractate of 2 November 1860". The Map was published in Irkutsk Printing-House of General Staff. - 126- To the beginning of XX century all Russian maps and maps from the different atlases indicate East Sea/Sea of Japan as Sea o{Japan. It should be noted that Pacific Ocean was named East Ocean. This name was preserve on the maps of beginning of XX century, for example, in "Atlas of Asian Russian", published of Migration Department in S1. Petersburg in 1914. Conclusion 1. To the beginning of XVIII century the contour of Asia and Northern Pacific was unknown, and position of East Sea/Sea of Japan was suspected too. On the first Russian maps of second half of XVII - beginning of XVIII centuries the marine space between Korea and Japan was unnamed or named as "Sea-Ocean". 2. The most Russian maps of XVIII century include different names for Pacific, Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea and East Sea/Sea of Japan. Main inteest of geographical investigations of this time was focused to Northern Pacific, discovery of the way to America and the strait between Asia and America. Usually the sea between Korea and Japan was shown without name. Pacific Ocean is usually named as "East Ocean" or "East Sea"; "Calm (Pacific) Ocean" or "Calm Sea". In some Western European Maps, printed on the base of Russian maps, Pacific Ocean was named as "Oceanus Meridionalis" and "Mer de Sud" (South Ocean). ,, .. , 3. On ancient maps, which we have found, name Japanese East Sea ("Mare Japonicum ~ Orientale") and Japanese West Sea ("Mare Japonicum Occidentalis) is firstly appeared on Homann Atlas Geographicus Universales, Noribergae, after 1734. This name was given for marine space - 127- around Japan Islands as from East as from West. 4. At second half of XVIII in Russian geographical literature (atlases, description of the travels) name "Korean Sea" was very often used for marine space between Japan and continent. 5. Active Russian geographical investigations of East Sea/Sea of Japan and surrounding areas with topographic and astronomical observation began only at XIX century. Maps of first half of XIX century and descriptions of Russian investigators had used double name "Korean Sea" side by side with "Sea of Japan". 6. The maps of second half of XIX century used only name "Sea of Japan". Pacific Ocean have name "East Ocean" up to beginning of XX century. - 128- f 1 , f , • .:. <RerereDce> I 1 Alkseev, A.I.. 1976. Russian Geographical Investigations on Far East and in North America. l, XIX-beginning of XX centuries. Moscow: Nauka. 92 pp. j , Atlas about captain Kruzenshtem's travelling around the World. Sf. Petersburg. 1813. Atlas of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg, 1914. Atlas of East Ocean by Camiogue of Hydrographic Department of Marine Ministry. St. Petersburg, 1868. Atlas of Geographical Discoveries in Siberia and North-Western America XVII-XVIII Centuries. 1964. Moscow, Nauka. 135 pp. Atlas of rare maps and plans. 1989. Vladivostok.. Atlas of the Northern part of the East Ocean. St. Petersburg, 1826. Divin, V.A ., 197 1. Russian Seafaring on Pacific Ocean in XVIII Century. Moscow: Mis!. 374 pp. Efimov, A.V., 1950. From the history of Great Russian Geographical discoveries in 'the Arctic and Pacific Ocean. The XVII and the first half of XV III century. Moscow: Geographizd. 3 17 pp. Efimov. A. V.• 1971. From the history or Great Russian Geographical Oiscoveris. Moscow: Nauka 300 pp. Essays of the History of Geographical Science in USSR. 1976. (I.P.Gerasimov. Editor). Mo~ow: Nauka, 191 pp. First Russian Trade Mission 10 Japan. Dokuments. 1961. in : Moscow: USSR Academy of Science Publ. 113-148. - 129- Historical Archives. Vol. 4. 1 Geographical Collection, I 954. Vol. III. History of Geographical Knowledge and Geographical Discoveries. (Pavlovsky, E.N., Editor). Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science Publ. 188 pp. Goncharov, I.A., 1857. Frigate "Pallada". New Edition. Moscow, 1949.709 pp. Grekov, Y.U 960. Essays from the History of Russian Geographical Investigations in 1725-1765. Moscow: USSR Academy of Science Pub!' 425 pp. Hayser D. Historical Atlas of the North Pacific Ocean. Maps of Discovery and Scientific Exploration 1500-2000. 2001. Vancouverrroronto PICES, 224 pp. Kamchatka XVII-XX centuries. Historical-Geographical Atlas. 1997. (Zhdanov, N.D., and Polevoy, B.P., cds). Moscow: Federal Survey of Geodesy and Kartography of Russia. 112 pp. Kruzenshtem, I.F., 1809,1910, 1912. Around-the-world voyage at 1803,4, 5 and 6 years by dictate by Emperor Alexander I on the ship Nadejda and Neva", VoL I, II, Ill. St. Petersburg. Magidovich, I. P., 1967. Notes about history of geographical discoveries. Moscow: Prosveschenie. 714 pp. Russian Expeditions by Study of Northern Part of Pacific at tirst half of XVIII century. Collection of documents. 1984. (Narochnitsky, A.L. Editor). 320 pp. Russian Expeditions by Study of Northern Part of Pacific a1 second half of XVIII century. Collection of documents. 1989. (Narochnitsky. A.L. Editor). 400 pp. Sarychev, GA., 1802. Travel of fleet captain Sarichev on Northeastern Siberia, Ice Sea and East Ocean during 8 years in Geographical and Astronomical Expedition, headed by fleet captain 8ellings from 1785 to 1793". S1. Petersburg. - 130- 1 j II i Vemadsky, V.I., 1912-1914. Essays of the History of Natural Science in Russian at XVIII century. In: Transactions of history of the science in Russia. New Edition. Moscow: Nauka. 1988. Vinenburg. P.Y., 1916. Geological description of Muraviev-Amursky Peninsula. BulL of the Society of Investigation of Amur Region. Petrograd. ,. ,. - 131- ,. __--.-__"'1