Download Clincal Notes - V14-Study

Clinical Points
Term
Definition
Panniculus adiposus The hypodermis, in certain regions of the body (i.e. gluteal region), is infiltrated by
numerous fat cells, forming a thick layer of adipose tissue
Panniculus sarcosus Thin layer of striated muscle the develops within the hypodermis (i.e. cutaneous trunci m.)
(annular ligaments)
Retinaculae
Increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell size; cell number remains the same
Hypertrophy
Where arteries and veins have a direct connection by circumventing capillary beds in order
Arteriovenous
to meet physiological requirements of organs (i.e. GI system between meals)
anastomosis
FASCIA
- Fascial layers are surgically important. In orthopedic surgery, locating fascial planes between muscles
will minimize the surgical trauma to muscles
- Deep fascia can support sutures.
MUSCLE
- Why are skeletal fibers multinucleated?
 Developmentally derived from myoblasts (stem from mesenchyme of somites) that fuse with
each other to form myotubes, which mature into myofibers
- If muscle injury results in broken endomyseal sheath, muscle fiber is replaced with CT (scarring) and
bleeding inside muscle can disrupt blood flow (especially from clots). If endomyseal remains intact,
muscle fiber will replenish myofibrils
TENDON
- Tendon injures or grafts can result in permanent disruption of blood vessels to tendon, which may
result in death of collagen bundles
BONE
- It is possible to determine the approximate age of an animal radiographically by comparing the growth
plates of different bones. As the animal ages, the growth plate “closes” and is replaced by bone tissue
- Zone of hypertrophic cartilage is the weakest zone of the growth plate, where damage results in the
most traumatic injuries
- Osteochondritis dessicans (OCD) is a manifestation of osteochondrosis (abnormal endochondral
ossification) resulting in unilateral lameness from a lesion on the articular cartilage of the humeral
head
 Lesion is characterized radiographically by floating, detached articular cartilage
- Legg-Calve-Perthe’s disease is a manifestation of OCD in the head of the femur. Non-inflammatory,
aseptic necrosis of the head of the femur in young dogs before the closure of the femoral head physis
- The lateral sesamoid of the gastrocnemius m. is used as an anchor for nonabsorbable suture in the
treatment of cranial drawer syndrome
- Anastomosis (reconnection) of nutrient, metaphyseal, and periosteal arteries prevents ischemic
necrosis of bone marrow and bone cortex when disruption of nutrient artery occurs. However, the
periosteal artery is not large enough to solely prevent necrosis when all other arteries are damaged
- Cancellous bone grafts are preferred for bone restoration because they enhance bone repair by three
mechanisms (osteogenic, osteo-inducive, provide scaffold for growth) and are preferred at 4 sites
 Greater tubercle of humerus
 Iliac crest
 Greater trochanter of femur
 Tibial crest
-
Thoracic limb lameness may be caused by medial or lateral luxation of shoulder joint
 Medial luxation - damage to medial collateral ligament (small breed dogs)
 Lateral luxation - damage to lateral collateral ligament (large-breed dogs)
Most traumatic elbow joint luxation results in the rupture of one or both collateral ligaments
Carpal luxation or subluxation (partial luxation) is called carpal hyperextension injury, which results
from the loss of carpal ligament support
3 methods for onychectomy (de-clawing)
 Complete removal of PIII (third phalanx of digit I)
 DDF tendonectomy
 Partial removal of PIII
NERVE
- Although the phrenic nerve originates from C5, C6, C7, it is NOT considered part of the brachial plexus
- Lateral thoracic n. involved in panniculus reflex, which can be used to locate the level of spinal cord
injury
Ossification Centers
Bone
Thoracic limb:
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpus
# of Centers
2
5
5
3
10
Body of scapula, supraglenoid tubercle
Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, trochlea, capitulum, medial epicondyle
Aconeal process, olecranon tuber, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
Ulnar carpal (1)
Accessory carpal (2)
Radial carpal (3)
Distal carpals I-IV (1 each)
Metacarpals I-V (2 each)
P1 of digits I-V (2 each)
P2 of digits I-V (2 each)
P3 of digits I-V (1 each)
Sesamoid bones (1 each)
7
5
Ilium, iliac crest, ischium, tuber ischium, ischial arch, pubis, acetabulum
Proximal epiphysis, major trochanter, minor trochanter, diaphysis, distal
epiphysis
Tibial tuberosity, proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis, medial
malleolus
Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
o Calcaneus (2)
o 6 bones (1 each)
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvic limb:
Os-coxae
Femur
Tibia
5
Fibula
Tarsals
3
8
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Locations of Centers
Same as in thoracic limb
Same as thoracic limb