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WHAT WE LEARNED IN 8TH GRADE US HISTORY Review and Preview of this year READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Benjamin Franklin appeared before the Parliament of Great Britain in 1766 to explain reasons why American colonists opposed the Stamp Act. [Member of Parliament]: Do the Americans pay any considerable taxes among themselves? [Franklin]: Certainly many, and very heavy taxes . . . . [Member of Parliament]: For what purposes are those taxes laid? [Franklin]: For the support of the civil and military establishment of the country, and to discharge the heavy debt contracted in the last war [the Seven Years’ War] . . . . [Member of Parliament]: Was it an opinion in America before 1763 that the Parliament had no right to lay taxes and duties there? [Franklin]: I have never heard any objection to the right of laying duties to regulate commerce; but a right to lay internal taxes was never supposed to be in Parliament, as we are not represented there . . . . ACCORDING TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, TAXES WERE ONLY LEGITIMATE UNDER WHAT CONDITION? A. if Parliament set them at a lower rate B. if they were needed to pay off war debts C. if the king issued a decree requiring them D. if taxpayers’ representatives agreed to them D. if taxpayers’ representatives agreed to them USE THE PASSAGE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. In the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson criticized the King for allowing the slave trade to continue. He wrote: He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. The Continental Congress eliminated the statement before signing the Declaration. WHICH REASON BEST EXPLAINS THE CONGRESS’S DECISION TO ELIMINATE THE STATEMENT? A. The Congress knew that some colonies profited in the slave trade. B. The Congress worried that the passage would inflame tensions with American Indians. C. The Congress knew that Jefferson owned slaves and found the passage contradictory. D. The Congress thought that the passage would make it hard to win support from France. A. The Congress knew that some colonies profited in the slave trade. WHICH GOAL DID GEORGE WASHINGTON HAVE FOR THE NEW NATION? During the Revolutionary War, George Washington was a great military leader. He was also a great political leader. His actions as the head of the army supported his long-term goals for the new nation. He understood that military leaders must always listen to Congress, even if the leaders disagreed with Congress. Washington also understood that the army needed to show respect to the citizens it was serving. Some armies force the citizens to give them food. Washington commanded his men to ask for food. He knew that the army might be able to get more supplies by force, but then the people would not trust him or his soldiers. A. B. C. D. Military leaders would disagree with Congress. The United States would be ruled by its citizens. The United States would recognize his leadership. The military would have the right to take supplies by force. B. The United States would be ruled by its citizens. USE THE EXCERPT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Our Debts being unfunded and unprovided for, the Interest cannot be paid . . .. The United States have call’d for eight Million of Dollars early in November last, of which the first quarterly Payment was to have been made on the first Day of April. But I cannot find a single State has laid the Taxes . . . . [L]et the several States be ever so negligent, the Confederation has given no Power to compel [force]. While it confers on Congress the Privilege of asking everything, it has secured to each State the Prerogative of granting nothing. —Robert Morris, Secretary of the Treasury, to John Hanson, president of the Continental Congress, February 11, 1782 THE AUTHOR OF THIS EXCERPT IS EXPRESSING CONCERN ABOUT WHAT WEAKNESS IN THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION? A. The national government had no army. B. The national government had no power to tax. C. The national government had no system of courts. D. The national government had no executive branch. B. The national government had no power to tax. USE THE EXCERPT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. [T]he establishment of a productive system of revenue, expressly appropriated for the discharge of the national debt, would, we trust, give success to negociations for making the future annual payments more adequate to the resources of the union, than they are at present . . . . By the union of the several states they have rescued themselves from the tyranny of a powerful nation, and established constitutions on the free consent of the people . . . . But these constitutions cannot long outlive the fate of the general union; and this union cannot exist without adequate funds to defray the expences of the government, and to discharge those engagements which have been entered into with the concurrence of the citizens of all these states, for their common benefit. —An addres[s] from the United States in Congress assembled to the legislatures of the several states, 1786 THIS EXCERPT REFLECTS CONCERN WITH WHAT NATIONAL ISSUE? A. the constitutionality of establishing a national bank B. the consequences of government intervention to promote employment C. the costs and benefits of raising tariffs to protect the domestic economy D. the difficulties of paying the national debt under the Articles of Confederation D. the difficulties of paying the national debt under the Articles of Confederation Delegates met in Philadelphia in 1787 to create a new government. Soon after the convention began, two competing plans for representation developed. Large states supported a plan that created a strong national government. Their plan would base representation by the size of population. Small states supported a plan for a weaker national government that would have a one-house legislature represent all states equally. Disputes between big states and small states nearly broke up the convention. The delegates finally compromised on a plan that created a powerful national government. The legislature would have two houses. The number of representatives to the lower house would be based on population. Each state would send two representatives to the upper house. WHAT DID SMALL STATES GAIN IN THE COMPROMISE PLAN? A. a powerful national government to protect their interests against big states B. some ability in the upper house to check large states' power in the lower house C. the right to elect some members to the upper house based on their populations D. the right to have two representatives per state in the upper house, rather than just one per state B. some ability in the upper house to check large states' power in the lower house USE THE INFORMATION BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. Great Compromise House of Representatives Representation based upon state population Senate Equal representation for each state: 2 Senators per state Why was this compromise important for the functioning of the U.S. government? A. It meant that smaller states had a greater voice than larger states in the federal government. B. It permitted governors of smaller states an opportunity to exert pressure on Congress. C. It gave smaller states more input than larger states in the selection of presidential candidates. D. It allowed smaller states to have as much power as larger states in one house of Congress. D. It allowed smaller states to have as much power as larger states in one house of Congress. BASED ON THE EXCERPT, WHICH STATEMENT BEST SUPPORTS THESE IDEAS IN FEDERALIST 51? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. . . . [T]he great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. —James Madison, Federalist 51 A. B. C. D. Government should keep citizens from having any control over it. Government should be designed to function with limited power. Government should set clear limits on citizens’ rights. Government should stay out of religious matters. B. Government should be designed to function with limited power. USE THE EXCERPT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate [entangle] ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes [fluctuations] of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. —George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 WHICH STATEMENT BEST EXPLAINS WHY GEORGE WASHINGTON PROPOSED THIS FOREIGN POLICY POSITION? A. Involvement in other countries’ affairs could draw the U.S. into wars. B. He wanted the U.S. to take over the European colonies in Latin America. C. The U.S. was forced to choose sides in a war between two of its military allies. D. He believed that the U.S. could help to negotiate an end to the war among Europeans. A. Involvement in other countries’ affairs could draw the U.S. into wars. READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. On December 2, 1823, President James Monroe delivered his annual message to Congress in which he claimed as a matter of U.S. interests that the recently independent countries in the Americas could no longer “be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Monroe described it as “impossible” that any European powers “should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our independence and happiness.” What BEST describes the justification used by President Monroe to explain this doctrine? A. The U.S. wanted to expand its own territory in the western hemisphere. B. The U.S. economy relied on developing markets throughout Latin America. C. The U.S. shared political values with other independent American countries. D. The U.S. had signed treaties to defend other American countries from invasion. C. The U.S. shared political values with other independent American countries. USE THE TABLE BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. Federalists • Strongest support in New England • Favored a strong central government • Supported by bankers and big business owners • Led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams Democratic-Republicans • Strongest support in the South • Favored states’ rights • Supported by farmers and shopkeepers • Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Which of the following individuals would have been MOST supportive of the Federalist Party in 1800? A. a large plantation owner in Virginia B. a small grocery store owner in Georgia C. a small farmer in rural Pennsylvania D. a large shipping company owner in Massachusetts D. a large shipping company owner in Massachusetts READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Article III of the United States Constitution created the judicial branch of the federal government. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a system of courts and established the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. In 1803, the Marbury v. Madison decision asserted the Supreme Court’s authority to determine whether or not acts of Congress or the president were unconstitutional. Which statement BEST explains the lasting impact of these turning points in United States history? A. They made the judicial branch the most powerful branch of government. B. They guaranteed the specific individual rights that all citizens should enjoy. C. They specified the powers that could be exercised by the federal government. D. They ensured the role of the judicial branch in the system of checks and balances. D. They ensured the role of the judicial branch in the system of checks and balances. USE THE INFORMATION BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. The soil and climate in this region led to the settlement of small farms rather than large plantations. As industry grew, one quarter of the population lived in urban areas by 1860. Between 1800 and 1860, the percentage of the population working in agriculture dropped from 70% to only 40%. The large majority of immigrants settled in this region, providing much of the labor in cities and factories. More than twothirds of the nation’s railroad tracks were located in the region by 1860. This paragraph describes the characteristics of what region in the United States? A. B. C. D. the West the North the South the Midwest B. the North WHICH CHANGE IS DESCRIBED IN THIS EXCERPT? But from the establishment of the Spinning Machines in many Counties . . . no Hand Work could be had, the consequence of which is the whole maintenance of the family [depends on] the father, and instead of six or seven shillings a week, which a wife and four children could add by their wheels, his weekly pay is all they have to depend upon . . . . — Observations on the Loss of Woollen Spinning, 1794 A. B. C. D. the importance of luxury products the formation of commodity exchanges the industrialization of textile manufacturing the formation of labor unions C. the industrialization of textile manufacturing USE THE EXCERPT BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. Slavery, it appears, is of great antiquity. It has existed in the world, in some form or other, even from the times immediately following, if not before the flood. —George Freeman, The Rights and Duties of Slaveholders, 1836 (Antiquity - the ancient past, especially the period before the Middle Ages) What impact did the views of religious leaders such as George Freeman have on the economic development of the United States? A. They provided support for the protection of the plantation system of the South. B. They demonstrated that wage labor should be the basis of a capitalist society. C. They provided support for the use of child labor in factories. D. They encouraged the development of large-scale factory production. A. They provided support for the protection of the plantation system of the South. USE THE LIST TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. United States Treaties & Agreements • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Gadsden Purchase (1853–54) What was a consequence of each of these treaties and agreements? A. The United States joined a free-trade zone. B. The United States gained additional territory. C. The United States ended a war with a neighbor. D. The United States became part of a military alliance. B. The United States gained additional territory. In 1793, Eli Whitney wrote a petition requesting a patent for his new invention, the cotton gin. He wrote that “if turned with horses or by water, two persons will clean as much cotton in one Day, as a Hundred persons could cleane [clean] in the same time with the ginns [gins] now in common use.” How did this invention affect United States society? A. Fewer immigrants arrived as demand for labor decreased. B. The number of slaves grew as cotton production increased. C. Farms in the South became smaller as fewer workers were needed. D. The population in the South decreased as workers migrated to the North. B. The number of slaves grew as cotton production increased. USE THE INFORMATION IN THE TABLE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS Reformer Achievements Thomas Gallaudet (1787–1851) Pioneered the education of deaf students in the United States Horace Mann (1796–1859) Campaigned for publicly funded education and professional training for teachers Catharine Beecher (1800–1878) Advocated for women’s education and the role of women as teachers Samuel Howe (1801–1876) Developed methods used for the education of blind students across the United States Charlotte Forten (1837–1914) Traveled to the South to educate former slaves THE REFORMERS ON THIS LIST WOULD MOST LIKELY AGREE WITH WHICH STATEMENT? A. It is more valuable to have an education than political rights. B. Traditional approaches are the most effective basis for education. C. Education is intended to preserve the power of the wealthiest citizens. D. An education can improve people’s social and economic opportunities. D. An education can improve people’s social and economic opportunities. USE THE LIST OF EVENTS TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. 1831 – William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator 1845 – Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass published 1852 – Uncle Tom’s Cabin published by Harriet Beecher Stowe 1859 – John Brown arrested after leading a raid at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia This list identifies events that were important in the movement for what goal? A. to annex Texas B. to organize labor C. to abolish slavery D. to limit immigration C. to abolish slavery READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS In July 1848, hundreds of reformers gathered in Seneca Falls, NY, in order to organize and act in support of women’s rights. Participants included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Frederick Douglass. They signed a Declaration of Sentiments that stated in part, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal . . . .” The Seneca Falls Convention’s Declaration of Sentiments illustrates the lasting impact of which of the following? A. B. C. D. the values expressed in the Declaration of Independence the principle of judicial review upheld in Marbury v. Madison the system of checks and balances included in the Constitution the resistance to federal power evidenced in the Nullification Cri A. the values expressed in the Declaration of Independence USE THE INFORMATION TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS In 1851, the state of Maine passed laws that prohibited the sale of all alcohol except what was used for medicinal, mechanical, or manufacturing purposes. Fourteen other states passed their own “Maine Laws” during the 1850s. The passage of “Maine Laws” was due to the influence of what movement? A. suffrage B. nativism C. temperance D. abolitionism temperance During the mid-1700s, several religious leaders rose to prominence throughout the American colonies. Preachers like George Whitefield (1714–1770), Jonathan Edwards (1703– 1758), and Gilbert Tennent (1703–1764) delivered dramatic and emotional sermons at revivals that attracted large crowds. Sometimes these audiences brought together a social mixture of men and women, whites and African Americans. The revivalist preachers often challenged the authority of ministers who did not demonstrate sufficient piety and passion, which caused tensions within denominations that sometimes led new religious groups to arise. What was a consequence of the religious movement described in this passage? A. Religious diversity increased in American society. B. Enlightenment ideas became less appealing in colonial culture. C. People began to settle western territories to practice religious freedom. D. Colonial authorities enforced laws to protect established religious institutions. A. Religious diversity increased in American society USE THE LIST BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. Southern Black Codes, 1830s • Free Blacks could not carry firearms • Free Blacks could not purchase slaves • Free Blacks could not testify against white citizens What conclusion can be drawn from the information in the list? A. Southern states restricted the civil rights of free blacks. B. Free blacks often held political office in the South. C. Southern governments encouraged the education of free blacks. D. Free blacks received the same legal recognition as non-slaveholding white citizens. A. Southern states restricted the civil rights of free blacks. WHAT IMPACT DID THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE HAVE ON THE SPREAD OF SLAVERY THROUGH THE UNITED STATES? A. It provided slaveholders with additional land that could be farmed by slaves. B. It eliminated the sale of slaves north of the Virginia border. C. It was the first action by the federal government to prohibit the spread of slavery. D. It attempted to maintain a balance between free and slave states. C. It was the first action by the federal government to prohibit the spread of slavery. . The ordinance provided that: • No fewer than three, or more than five, states would be formed • Admission to the Union would be available when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000 • Civil Liberties be guaranteed • Education be encouraged • Slavery and involuntary servitude be prohibited WHAT IS FEDERALISM A. U.S. system of government in which power is distributed between the state and the federal government B. All the power in the government belongs to the federal government. C. It is a system for setting up the national bank D. It attempted to maintain a balance between the branches of government A. U.S. system of government in which power is distributed between the state and the federal government WHAT IS THE STATES RIGHTS DOCTRINE? A. The way the states governments are set up to determine the total representation in the state house of representatives. B. How the representatives from each state are chosen for the federal government C. The belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government. D. The belief that the power of the federal government should be greater than the power of the states. C. The belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government. USE THE LIST TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS • Three-Fifths Compromise (1787) • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) These legislative decisions were intended to address which concern? A. the growing population of immigrants B. sectional divisions over slavery and the economy C. income inequality resulting from industrialization D. the balance of power among the branches of government B. sectional divisions over slavery and the economy Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 • A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery. USE THE INFORMATION TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. In its 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in U.S. territories. Also, in upholding the Fifth Amendment rights of slave owners, the Court recognized slaves as property. It further ruled that African Americans were not United States citizens. How did this Supreme Court decision affect life in the United States? A. It strengthened slavery as a part of United States society. B. It settled the debate over states’ rights and federal power. C. It denied the government a role in making decisions about the economy. D. It gave states the authority to determine who was a United States citizen. A. It strengthened slavery as a part of United States society. USE THE INFORMATION IN THE TABLE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Rebellions and Conspiracies in America Event Year Location The Stono Rebellion 1739 South Carolina Gabriel’s Rebellion 1800 Virginia Denmark Vessey’s conspiracy 1822 South Carolina Nat Turners Revolt 1831 Virginia What was the reason behind the attempted revolts listed in the table? A. B. C. D. religious discrimination anti-immigrant attitudes opposition to tax policies resistance against slavery D. resistance against slavery USE THE EXCERPTS TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. "Our present position . . . illustrates the American idea that government rests upon the consent of the governed, and that it is the right of the people to alter or abolish them at will whenever they become destructive of the ends for which they were established." —Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, Inaugural Address, 1861 "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure." — Abraham Lincoln, President of the USA, Gettysburg Address, 1863 WHAT ISSUE WITH THE CONSTITUTION DO THESE TWO QUOTES ILLUSTRATE? A. The failure of the Framers to solve issues meant the Constitution supported both sides during the Civil War B. The failure of the Framers to solve issues meant the Constitution supported the North and not the South C. The failure of the Framers to solve issues meant the Constitution supported the South and not the South D. The failure of the Framers to solve issues meant the Constitution did not support either side during the Civil War A. The failure of the Framers to solve issues meant the Constitution supported both sides during the Civil War USE THE INFORMATION BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. In February 1861, a convention in Texas adopted an “Ordinance of Secession” that protested against the United States government. It argued that the federal government had acted “for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power . . . to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of Texas.” This “Ordinance of Secession” was adopted as a result of a conflict between Texas and the federal government over what issue? A. B. C. D. laissez-faire states’ rights education reform religious freedom B. states’ rights USE THE DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL ASSETS TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. Population Railroad Canals Factories National Assets, 1850 South North 42% 58% 26% 74% 14% 86% 18% 82% Which conclusion is BEST supported by the chart? A. The South was more prosperous than it had been in previous years. B. The South’s economy depended on recent advances in transportation. C. The South’s economy depended less on technology than the North’s did. D. The South’s share of manufacturing would increase to match its population. C. The South’s economy depended less on technology than the North’s did. USE THE QUOTE BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free . . . — Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 What aspect of the Emancipation Proclamation caused some to believe it was more focused on protecting the Union rather than freeing slaves? A. It did not go into effect until after the end of the Civil War. B. It allowed the border states to maintain ownership of their slaves. C. It was promoted without any support from Republican lawmakers. D. It forced freed slaves to remain in the southern states. B. It allowed the border states to maintain ownership of their slaves. USE THE EXCERPT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, the Union of these States is perpetual . . . . It follows . . . that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void; and that acts of violence, within any State or States, against the authority of the United States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. —Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, 1861 In this excerpt, Abraham Lincoln expressed his opposition to what argument made by many Southerners? A. States had the right to secede from the Union. B. The federal government had supported slave rebellions. C. A convention should be held to rewrite the Constitution. D. Supreme Court decisions supporting nullification should be upheld. A. States had the right to secede from the Union. USE THE CHART BELOW TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION • • • • • Broke tools Worked slowly Ran away Manual labor for the Union Army Fought in the Union Army These actions describe the contributions of what people during the Civil War for the Union? A. B. C. D. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Copperheads Slaves and Freedmen Confederates and Yankees C. Slaves and Freedmen Freedmen - a man who has been freed from slavery USE THE INFORMATION BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. _____??______ • Sewing • Working on the farm • Working in shops Which title BEST summarizes the information? A. Roles of Nurses During the Civil War B. Roles of Women During the Civil War C. Roles of Soldiers During the Civil War D. Roles of Merchants During the Civil War B. Roles of Women During the Civil War Reconstruction Plans President Lincoln’s Plan President Johnson’s Plan Congressional Plan An amnesty is offered to anyone who takes an Oath of Loyalty to the USA Each person who takes a loyalty oath will receive a pardon Divide the South into 5 Military Districts with the Military as the government of each Confederate Leaders are temporarily banned from holding public office No pardons for Confederate Leaders or people having more than $20,000 in property To be readmitted each State must rewrite their constitution Once 1/10 of eligible voters have taken a loyalty oath, a state government can be formed Each state must abolish slavery before they can be readmitted Each State must ratify the 14th Amendment Each state must repeal their secession ordinances before they can be readmitted Former Confederates may not hold public office or be able to vote Based on the table above, what would be the best way to describe the different plans for bringing the former Confederate states back into the Union? A. Lincoln: Punish the South Johnson: General forgiveness for the South Congressional: Southern States must fix a few issues before readmission B. Lincoln: General Forgiveness for the South Johnson: General Forgiveness for the South Congressional: Punish the South C. Lincoln: Punish the South Johnson: Punish the South Congressional: General forgiveness for the South D. Lincoln: General forgiveness for the South Johnson: Southern States must fix a few issues before readmission Congressional: Punish the South D. Lincoln: General forgiveness for the South Johnson: Southern States must fix a few issues before readmission Congressional: Punish the South USE THE INFORMATION TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Created in 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau aided African Americans by providing food and medical care, helping with resettlement, ensuring justice with contracts and in courts, managing abandoned and confiscated property, regulating labor, and establishing schools. The Freedmen’s Bureau stopped its work in 1872 What BEST explains the reason why the Freedmen’s Bureau was established? A. to organize African Americans into a national political party B. to encourage African Americans from the South to get jobs in the North C. to segregate African Americans through separate but equal opportunities D. to help African Americans in the South in making the change from slavery D. to help African Americans in the South in making the change from slavery USE THE INFORMATION IN THE TABLE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. Practices What They Did Grandfather clauses Exempted pre-1867 voters from stricter restrictions that regulated voting Literacy test Administered at the discretion of an official as a qualification for voter registration Poll tax Required the payment of a fee as a qualification to register as a voter THE PRACTICES LISTED ABOVE WERE METHODS COMMONLY USED IN THE UNITED STATES FROM THE 1860S UNTIL THE 1960S FOR WHAT PURPOSE? A. to help immigrants make the transition to citizenship B. to keep former Confederate leaders out of public office C. to encourage citizens to participate in the political process D. to prevent African American citizens from exercising rights D. to prevent African American citizens from exercising rights USE THE EXCERPTS BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. 13th Amendment Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 14th Amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. 15th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged . . . on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude—. —U.S. Constitution Which goal were these amendments meant to reinforce? A. B. C. D. equality of social classes expansion of states’ rights promotion of public education expansion of democracy D. expansion of democracy READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION BELOW: "All in all, 1877, confirmed the growing conservatism of the Republican party and portended a new role for the national state in the post-Reconstruction years. . . . To be sure, neither the humanitarian impulse that had helped create the Republican party nor the commitment to equal citizenship that evolved during the war and Reconstruction, entirely disappeared. Southern issues, however, played a steadily diminishing part in Northern Republican politics and support for the idea of federal intervention to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments continued to wane." – Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, c1988), pp. 586-87. QUESTION: The quote above explains the reasoning of which action by the Republican Party? A. The stationing of troops in the South and the end of Reconstruction B. The removal of troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction C. The increased efforts by Congress to fight for African American rights D. Increasing federal intervention in the South B. The removal of troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction USE THE LIST BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. • Irish Catholic schools • Little Germany • Little Italy • Mutual Aid Societies The information above is representative of what aspect of 19th century life in the United States? A. B. C. D. the migration of Americans westward attempts by the U.S. government to restrict immigration large-scale immigration from Western Europe the outbreak of the Second Great Awakening C. large-scale immigration from Western Europe USE THE INFORMATION BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged pioneers to move to the prairie to develop new farms. Some of the land was difficult to farm because the region was dry and the soil was too hard for wooden plows. Also, wind and snow made the winters harsh. However, settlers turned the region into productive farmland through perseverance and the use of devices like the steel plow and the windmill, which was used to pump water up from deep underground. As railroads expanded, farmers could more easily transport large amounts of grain and other crops to national and international markets. This paragraph describes the development of what region in the United States? A. the Gulf Coast C. the Oregon Territory B. the Great Plains D. the Rocky Mountains B. the Great Plains NATIVE AMERICAN LANDHOLDINGS FELL FROM 138 MILLION ACRES IN 1887 TO 48 MILLION ACRES IN 1934. What explains the reduction in the amount of land owned by Native Americans during this time? A. The Dawes Act allowed the federal government to sell surplus land to non–Native Americans. B. The federal government purchased most land owned by Native Americans through the Homestead Act. C. Many Native Americans gave up farming because the Morrill Act provided free training in skilled trades. D. The Interstate Commerce Act encouraged entrepreneurs to build factories on land bought from Native Americans. A. THE DAWES ACT ALLOWED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO SELL SURPLUS LAND TO NON– NATIVE AMERICANS. Dawes Act of 1887 definition A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acr es of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing. In the eyes of supporters, this law would “civilize” the Indians by weaning them from their nomadic life, by treating them as individuals rather than as members of the ir tribes, and by readying them for citizenship. Although generally well intentioned, the law undermined Indian culture, in part by restricting their hunting rights on former reservation lands. Much of the best reservation land eventually passed into the hands of whites. WHICH STATEMENT BEST EXPLAINS THE SUPREME COURT’S OPINION IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON? A. Groups seeking civil rights protections must cooperate with the government. B. Segregation is legal as long as equal public facilities are provided. C. Laws against segregation are justifiable regulations of interstate commerce. D. The poll tax is a legal issue to be determined by state governments. B. Segregation is legal as long as equal public facilities are provided. Plessy v Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme court case that established the “separate but equal” doctrine for public facilities. USE THE EXCERPT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION THAT FOLLOWS. A long time ago this land belonged to our fathers; but when I go up to the river I see camps of soldiers here on its bank. These soldiers cut down my timber; they kill my buffalo; and when I see that, my heart feels like bursting; I feel sorry This statement was made in 1867. Which one of the following people made this statement? A. B. C. D. a plantation owner at the end of the Civil War a sharecropper after Reconstruction had ended a Native American affected by westward expansion a California rancher during the Mexican-American War C. a Native American affected by westward expansion USE THE QUOTE BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. My friends . . . circumstances that cannot be controlled, and which are beyond the reach of human laws, render it impossible that you can flourish in the midst of a civilized community. You have but one remedy within your reach. And that is, to remove to the West and join your countrymen, who are already established there. And the sooner you do this, the sooner you will commence your career of improvement and prosperity. —Andrew Jackson The above statement is MOST closely associated with what action during the 19th century? A. the outbreak of the Mexican War B. the Cherokee Trail of Tears C. the secession of Southern states D. the spread of slavery across the South B. the Cherokee Trail of Tears THE KU KLUX KLAN WAS ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED FOR WHICH PURPOSE? A. to undermine African-American voting during Reconstruction B. to support immigration reform by proposing the Chinese Exclusion Act C. to aid the American Railway Union by inciting the Pullman Strike D. to subvert federal laws against speakeasies during Prohibition A. to undermine African-American voting during Reconstruction • Ireland suffers a large-scale famine during the 1840s • Many Irish immigrants, as well as German and Scandinavian immigrants, arrive in the United States between 1845 and 1860 • Many of the poorer immigrants settle in large eastern cities Which of the following was a result of the events listed above? A. Newly-arrived immigrants formed their own political parties. B. Many immigrants began working side-by-side with slaves in the South. C. The United States began deporting immigrants who arrived in the country illegally. D. American nativists feared the loss of jobs to immigrants willing to work for lower wages. D. American nativists feared the loss of jobs to immigrants willing to work for lower wages. WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF ADDING THE BILL OF RIGHTS TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION? A. to increase federal authority B. to advance universal suffrage C. to protect the rights of citizens D. to define the rights of states C. to protect the rights of citizens