Download Chapter 10: Two-Dimensional Figures

Two-Dimensional
Figures
• Lesson 10-1 Identify the relationships of
parallel and intersecting lines.
• Lesson 10-2
triangles.
Identify properties of congruent
• Lesson 10-3
Identify and draw transformations.
• Lessons 10-4 and 10-6 Classify and find angle
measures of polygons.
• Lessons 10-5, 10-7, and 10-8 Find the area of
polygons and irregular figures, and find the
area and circumference of circles.
Two-dimensional shapes are usually found
in many real-world objects. The properties
of two-dimensional figures can be used to
solve real-world problems dealing with
snowflakes. For example, if you know the
exact shape of a snowflake, you can find
the measure of an interior angle in a
snowflake. You will solve a problem about
snowflakes in Lesson 10-6.
490 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Key Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
parallel lines (p. 492)
transformation (p. 506)
quadrilateral (p. 513)
polygon (p. 527)
circumference (p. 533)
Prerequisite Skills
To be successful in this chapter, you'll
you’ll need to master
these skills and be able to apply them in problem-solving situations. Review
these skills before beginning Chapter X.
10.
For Lessons 10-1 and 10-4
Solve Equations
Solve each equation. (For review, see Lessons 3-3 and 3-5.)
1. x 46 90
2. x 35 180
3. 2x 12 90
4. 3x 24 180
5. 2x 34 90
6. 4x 44 180
7. 5x 165 360
8. 4x 184 360
For Lessons 10-5, 10-7, and 10-8
Multiply Decimals
Find each product. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary. (For review, see page 715.)
9. (5.5)(8)
1
13. (4.3)(5.8)
2
10. (7.5)(3.4)
11. (6.3)(11.4)
1
12. (8)(2.5)
14. (3.14)(7)
15. (2)(3.14)(1.7)
16. 2(3.1)(3.14)
2
For Lesson 10-5
Add Mixed Numbers
Find each sum. (For review, see Lesson 5-7.)
1
2
2
3
5
3
21. 3 1
8
4
17. 5 4
1
3
3
4
7
3
22. 2 4
10
5
18. 2 3
3
1
8
2
2
5
23. 2 3
3
9
1
5
4
6
2
4
24. 5 3
3
5
19. 1 2
20. 6 1
Polygons Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin
with four plain sheets of 8 12" by 11" paper, eight index cards, and glue.
Fold
Fold a sheet of
paper in half
widthwise.
Repeat Steps 1 and 2
Repeat three
times. Then glue all
four pieces together
to form a booklet.
Open and Fold Again
Open and fold
the bottom to
form a pocket.
Glue edges.
Label
Label each pocket.
Place an index card
in each pocket
M
es Trapeoznkeylike
ngl
Tria
oids
Reading and Writing As you read and study the chapter, write the name of a
two-dimensional figure on each index card, draw a diagram, and write a definition or
describe the characteristics of each figure.
Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures 491
Line and Angle Relationships
• Identify the relationships of angles formed by two parallel lines and
a transversal.
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
parallel lines
transversal
interior angles
exterior angles
alternate interior angles
alternate exterior angles
corresponding angles
vertical angles
adjacent angles
complementary angles
supplementary angles
perpendicular lines
Study Tip
Parallel Lines
Arrowheads are often
used in figures to indicate
parallel lines.
• Identify the relationships of vertical, adjacent, complementary, and
supplementary angles.
are parallel lines and angles related?
Let’s investigate what happens when two horizontal lines are intersected
by a third line.
a. Trace two of the horizontal lines on
a sheet of notebook paper. Then draw
another line that intersects the
1 2
horizontal lines.
4 3
b. Label the angles as shown.
5 6
8 7
c. Find the measure of each angle.
d. What do you notice about the measures
of the angles?
e. Which angles have the same measure?
f. What do you notice about the measures of the angles that share a side?
PARALLEL LINES AND A TRANSVERSAL In geometry, two lines in a
plane that never intersect are parallel lines .
Lines m and n are
parallel. Using
symbols, m n.
m
Parallel lines
have no point
of intersection.
n
When two parallel lines are intersected by a third line called a transversal ,
eight angles are formed.
Names of Special Angles
The eight angles formed by parallel lines and a transversal have special names.
• Interior angles lie inside the parallel lines.
3, 4, 5, 6
• Exterior angles lie outside the parallel lines.
transversal
1, 2, 7, 8
• Alternate interior angles are on opposite sides
of the transversal and inside the parallel lines.
3 and 5, 4 and 6
• Alternate exterior angles are on opposite sides
of the transversal and outside the parallel lines.
1 and 7, 2 and 8
• Corresponding angles are in the same position
on the parallel lines in relation to the transversal.
1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8
492 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
1
2
4
3
5
6
8
7
In Lesson 9-4, you learned that line segments are congruent if they have the
same measure. Similarly, angles are congruent if they have the same measure.
Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the following pairs of angles
are congruent.
• Corresponding angles are congruent.
• Alternate interior angles are congruent.
• Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Concept Check
How many angles are formed when two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal?
Example 1 Find Measures of Angles
m
In the figure at the right, m n and t is
a transversal. If m1 68°, find m5
and m6.
1 3
7 4
Since 1 and 5 are corresponding angles,
they are congruent. So, m5 68°.
n
5 2
8 6
Since 1 and 6 are alternate exterior
angles, they are congruent. So m6 68°.
t
INTERSECTING LINES AND ANGLES
Reading Math
Congruent Angles
Angle 1 is congruent to angle 2.
This is written 1 2. The
measure of 1 is equal to the
measure of 2. This is written
m1 m2.
Other pairs of angles have
special relationships. When two lines intersect, they form two pairs of
opposite angles called vertical angles . Vertical angles are congruent.
The symbol for is congruent to is .
1 and 2 are
vertical angles.
1 2
3 and 4 are
vertical angles.
3 4
3
1
2
4
When two angles have the same vertex, share a common side, and do
not overlap, they are adjacent angles .
1 and 2 are
adjacent angles.
mAOB m1 m2
A
2
1
B
O
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, the angles are
complementary .
4
1
2
m1 50°, m2 40°
m1 m2 90°
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
3
m3 60°, m4 30°
m3 m4 90°
Lesson 10-1 Line and Angle Relationships 493
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, the angles are
supplementary .
1
2
3
m1 140°, m2 40°
m1 m2 180°
4
m3 45°, m4 135°
m3 m4 180°
Lines that intersect to form a right angle
are perpendicular lines .
right angle
Standardized Example 2 Find a Missing Angle Measure
Test Practice
Multiple-Choice Test Item
If mB 87° and A and B are
supplementary, what is mA?
A 3°
B 87°
C
Test-Taking Tip
It is a good idea to review
definitions of key terms,
such as supplementary,
before taking the test.
93°
D
87˚
95°
A B
Read the Test Item
Since A and B are supplementary, mA mB 180°.
Solve the Test Item
mA mB 180°
Supplementary angles
mA 87° 180°
Replace mB with 87°.
mA 87° 87° 180° 87° Subtract 87 from each side.
mA 93°
The answer is C.
Example 3 Find Measures of Angles
Study Tip
Checking
Reasonableness
of Results
To check your answer,
add to see if the sum of
the measures of the
angles is 90. Since
54 36 = 90, the answer
is correct.
ALGEBRA Angles ABC and FGH are complementary. If mABC x 8
and mFGH x 10, find the measure of each angle.
Step 1 Find the value of x.
mABC mFGH 90° Complementary angles
(x 8) (x 10) 90° Substitution
2x 2 90° Combine like terms.
2x 92° Add 2 to each side.
x 46° Divide each side by 2.
Step 2
Replace x with 46 to find the measure of each angle.
mABC x 8
46 8 or 54
mFGH x 10
46 10 or 36
So, mABC 54° and mFGH 36°.
494 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Example 4 Apply Angle Relationships
SAFETY A lifeguard chair is shown.
If m1 105°, find m4 and m6.
Since 1 and 4 are vertical angles,
they are congruent. So, m4 105°.
1 6
7 4
3 8
5 2
Since 6 and 1 are supplementary,
the sum of their measures is 180°.
180 105 75. So, m6 75°.
Line and Angle Relationships
Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines
Vertical Angles
n
mn
ab
a
1
m
2
4
1 ≅ 3
2 ≅ 4
3
b
Adjacent Angles
Supplementary Angles
C
D
1
1
2
A
B
mABC m1 m2
Concept Check
Complementary Angles
2
1
m1 m2 90°
2
m1 m2 180°
1. Explain the difference between complementary and supplementary angles.
2. OPEN ENDED Draw a pair of adjacent, supplementary angles.
Guided Practice
In the figure at the right, m and k is a
transversal. If m1 56°, find the measure
of each angle.
3. 2
4. 3
5. 4
Find the value of x in each figure.
6.
x˚
140˚
ᐉ
k
1
2
3
7.
152˚
m
4
x˚
8. ALGEBRA If mN 3x and mM 2x and M and N are
supplementary, what is the measure of each angle?
Standardized
Test Practice
9. If mB 26° and A and B are complementary, what is mA?
A 154°
B 90°
C 26°
D 64°
Lesson 10-1 Line and Angle Relationships 495
Practice and Apply
g
In the figure at the right, g h and t is a transversal.
If m4 53°, find the measure of each angle.
10. 1
11. 5
For
Exercises
See
Examples
10–15,
26–28
16–21
22–25,
29–32
1, 4
12. 7
13. 8
2
3
14. 2
15. 3
4
1
3
2
5
h
7
8
6
t
Extra Practice
See page 747.
Find the value of x in each figure.
16.
17.
45˚
x˚
18.
148˚
x˚
31˚
x˚
19.
x˚
20.
5˚
21.
8x ˚
4x ˚
5x ˚
5x ˚
22. Find mA if mB 17° and A and B are complementary.
23. Angles P and Q are supplementary. Find mP if mQ 139°.
24. ALGEBRA Angles J and K are complementary. If mJ x 9 and
mK x 5, what is the measure of each angle?
25. ALGEBRA Find mE if E and F are supplementary, mE 2x 15,
and mF 5x 38.
26. SAFETY Refer to Example 4 on page 495. Find the measure of angles
2, 3, 5, 7, and 8.
CONSTRUCTION For Exercises 27 and 28,
use the following information and the
diagram shown.
To measure the angle between a sloped ceiling
and a wall, a carpenter uses a plumb line
(a string with a weight attached).
27. If mYXB 68°, what is mXBC?
A
X
B
Y
C
28. What type of angles are YXB and XBC?
ALGEBRA In the figure at the right, m and t is a transversal. Find the value of x
for each of the following.
29. m2 2x 3 and m4 4x 7
30. m8 4x 32 and m5 5x 50
t
ᐉ
1
4
m
5
8
2
3
6
7
31. m7 10x 15 and m3 7x 42
32. ALGEBRA The measure of the supplement of an angle is 15° less than
four times the measure of the complement. Find the measure of the angle.
496 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
33. CRITICAL THINKING Suppose two parallel lines are cut by a transversal.
How are the interior angles on the same side of the transversal related?
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How are parallel lines and angles related?
Include the following in your answer:
• a drawing of parallel lines intersected by a transversal, and
• a list of the congruent and supplementary angles.
34. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
For Exercises 35 and 36, use the diagram.
35. The upper rail is parallel to the lower
rail. What is the measure of the angle
formed by the upper rail and the first
vertical post?
A 135°
B 100°
C
90°
D
upper
rail
first
x˚ vertical
post
lower
rail
45˚
45˚
45°
36. What is the measure of the angle formed by the second vertical post and
the lower rail?
A 100°
B 135°
C 45°
D 90°
Extending
the Lesson
For Exercises 37–39,
use the pairs of graphs
shown at the right.
37. How are each pair
of graphs related?
38. What seems to be
true about the slopes
of the graphs?
y
y
y 3x 2
y 2x 3
x
O
x
O
y 13 x 1
y 12 x 1
39. Make a conjecture about the slopes of the graphs of perpendicular lines.
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Use a calculator to find each value to the nearest ten thousandth.
(Lesson 9-8)
40. cos 21°
41. sin 63°
42. tan 38°
43. If ABC ∼ DEF, what is the value
of x? (Lesson 9-7)
B
E
10 in.
15 in.
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 3-2)
44. 6a (18)a
45. 5m (4)m
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
A
x in.
C
D
5 in.
F
PREREQUISITE SKILL Use a protractor to draw an angle having each
measurement. (To review angles, see Lesson 9-3.)
46. 20°
47. 45°
48. 65°
49. 145°
50. 170°
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Lesson 10-1 Line and Angle Relationships 497
A Follow-Up of Lesson 10-1
Constructions
Activity 1
Construct a line segment congruent to a given line segment.
Draw A
B
. Then use a
straightedge to draw GH
so it is longer than A
B
.
Place the tip of the compass at A
and the pencil tip at B.
Using this setting, place the tip
at G. Draw an arc to intersect
. Label the intersection J.
GH
J A
B.
G
B
A
B
A
H
G
J
H
G
Activity 2
Construct an angle congruent to a given angle.
Draw DEF. Then use a
.
straightedge to draw JK
D
Place the tip of the compass at
E. Draw an arc to intersect both
sides of DEF to locate points
X and Y.
Using this setting, place the
compass at point J. Draw an
. Label the
arc to intersect JK
intersection A.
D
X
F
E
K
J
Place the point of the compass
on X and adjust so that the pencil
tip is on Y.
D
F
F
Using this setting, place the
compass at A and draw an arc to
intersect the arc drawn in Step 3.
Label the intersection M.
. MJK ≅ DEF.
Draw JM
J
A
M
K
J
Model and Analyze
1. Draw a line segment. Construct a line segment congruent to the one drawn.
2. Draw an angle. Construct an angle congruent to the one drawn.
498 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
K
Step 6
M
Y
A
J
Step 5
X
E
Y
E
A
K
Activity 3
Construct the perpendicular bisector of a line segment.
Draw X
Y
. Then place the
compass at point X. Use a setting
Y. Draw
greater than one half of X
an arc above and below X
Y
.
Using this setting, place the
compass at point Y. Draw an arc
above and below XY
as shown.
Y
X
M
X
Y
Y
X
Activity 4
Construct the bisector of an angle.
Draw MNP. Then place the
compass at point N and draw an
arc that intersects both sides of
the angle. Label the intersections
X and Y.
With the compass at point X,
draw an arc in the interior of
N. Using this setting, place
the compass at point Y.
Draw another arc. Label the
intersection Q.
X
Y
. NQ
is the bisector of
Draw NQ
MNP.
M
M
N
Use a straightedge to align the
two intersections. Draw a
segment that intersects X
Y
.
Label the intersection M.
N
X
Q
X
P
M
Y
P
Y
N
Q
P
Model and Analyze
3. In Activity 3, use a ruler to measure X
M
and M
Y
. This construction bisects a
segment. What do you think bisects means?
4. Draw a line segment. Construct the perpendicular bisector of the segment.
5. In Activity 4, what is true about the measures of MNQ and QNP?
is the bisector of MNP?
6. Why do we say NQ
Algebra Activity Constructions 499
Congruent Triangles
• Identify congruent triangles and corresponding parts of congruent triangles.
Vocabulary
• congruent
• corresponding parts
Where
are congruent triangles present in nature?
Ivy is a type of climbing plant.
Most ivy leaves have five major
veins. In the photo shown, the
veins outlined form two triangles.
a. Trace the triangles shown at
the right onto a sheet of paper.
Then label the triangles.
b. Measure and then compare the
lengths of the sides of the triangles.
c. Measure the angles of each triangle. A
How do the angles compare?
d. Make a conjecture about the triangles.
Reading Math
Corresponding
Everyday Meaning: matching
Math Meaning: having the
same position
C
E
B
F
D
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Figures that have the same size and
shape are congruent. The parts of congruent triangles that “match” are
corresponding parts.
Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles
• Words
If two triangles are congruent, their corresponding sides are
congruent and their corresponding angles are congruent.
• Model
Y
Q
Slash marks are used
to indicate which
sides are congruent.
X
Z
Arcs are used to
indicate which angles
are congruent.
P
R
• Symbols Congruent Angles: X P, Y Q, Z R
Y
PQ
YZ
QR
PR
Congruent Sides: X
, , X
Z
Concept Check
500 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
What is true about the corresponding angles and sides of
congruent triangles?
When writing a congruence statement, the letters must be written so that
corresponding vertices appear in the same order. For example, for the diagram
below, write FGH JKM.
G
Study Tip
FGH JKM
K
Congruence
Statements
You can also write a
congruence statement
as GHF KMJ,
HFG MJK,
FHG JMK,
GFH KJM, and
HGF MKJ.
F
H
J
Vertex F corresponds to vertex J.
Vertex G corresponds to vertex K.
Vertex H corresponds to vertex M.
M
Example 1 Name Corresponding Parts
Name the corresponding parts in
the congruent triangles shown.
Then complete the congruence
statement.
A
Corresponding Angles
A Z, B Y, C X
Z
B
C
X
ABC Corresponding Sides
A
B
Z
Y
, B
C
Y
X
, C
A
X
Z
Y
?
One congruence statement is ABC ZYX.
Congruence statements can be used to identify corresponding parts of
congruent triangles.
Example 2 Use Congruence Statements
If SRT WVU, complete each congruence statement.
S ?
U ?
R ?
W
V
R
T
?
?
S
T
?
Explore
You know the congruence statement. You need to find the
corresponding parts.
Plan
Use the order of the vertices in SRT WVU to identify
the corresponding parts.
Solve
SRT WVU
S corresponds to W so S W.
R corresponds to V so R V.
T corresponds to U so T U.
S corresponds to W, and R corresponds to V so S
R
W
V
.
R corresponds to V, and T corresponds to U so R
T
V
U
.
S corresponds to W, and T corresponds to U so S
T
W
U
.
Examine
Draw the triangles,
using arcs and slash
marks to show the
congruent angles
and sides.
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
R
S
U
T
W
V
Lesson 10-2 Congruent Triangles 501
You can use corresponding parts to find the measures of angles and sides in
a figure that is congruent to a figure with known measures.
Example 3 Find Missing Measures
LANDSCAPING A brace is used to support a tree and
help it to grow straight. In the figure, TRS ERS.
a. At what angle is the brace placed against
the ground?
E and T are corresponding angles. So, they are
congruent. Since mT 65°, mE 65°.
R brace
8 ft
The brace is placed at a 65° angle with the ground.
65˚
b. What is the length of the brace?
R
RT
RE
E
corresponds to . So, and R
T
are congruent.
Since RT 8 feet, RE 8 feet.
T
E
S
The length of the brace is 8 feet.
Concept Check
1. Explain when two figures are congruent.
2. OPEN ENDED Draw and label a pair of congruent triangles. Be sure to
mark the corresponding parts.
Guided Practice
For each pair of congruent triangles, name the corresponding parts.
Then complete the congruence statement.
C
K
3.
4. A
G
C
B
J
KMJ M
B
E
D
?
CBE ?
Complete each congruence statement if DKJ NAM.
5. J ?
6. A ?
7. JD
?
Application
9. TOWERS A tower that supports
high voltage power lines is
shown at the right. In the tower,
ETC YRC. What is the
length of RC
if EC 10 feet and
TC 15 feet?
8. AN
E
Y
C
T
502 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
R
?
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
10–13
16, 17,
27–29
18–26
1
3
For each pair of congruent triangles, name the corresponding parts.
Then complete the congruence statement.
10.
11. K
D
P
M
N
2
Extra Practice
See page 748.
E
F
DFE Q
J
R
P
KJM ?
12. A
13.
D
?
Z
R
B
E
C
DBA T
W
S
Y
?
ZWY ?
Tell whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
14. If two triangles are congruent, then the perimeters are equal.
15. If the perimeters of two triangles are equal, then the triangles are
congruent.
ARCHITECTURE For Exercises
16 and 17, use the diagram of the
roof truss at the right and the fact
that TRU SRU.
16. Find the distance from the left
metal plate connector to the
center web.
R
top left chord
center
web
metal plate
connector
T
30˚
S
U
bottom chord
32 ft
17. What is the measure of the angle formed by the top left chord and the
bottom chord?
Architecture
Trusses were used in the
construction of the Eiffel
Tower in Paris, France.
The tower contains more
than 15,000 pieces of steel
and 2.5 million rivets.
Source: www.paris.org
Complete each congruence statement if FHG CBD and
KMA PRQ.
18. G ?
19. C ?
20. M ?
21. Q ?
22. HG
?
23. BC
C
24. D
?
25. GF
?
26. GFH ?
Find the value of x for each pair of congruent triangles.
27. A
28.
D
12
R
C
16
?
S
J
x
x
B
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
18
20
6
E
T
K
12
M
Lesson 10-2 Congruent Triangles 503
29. ALGEBRA If ABC XYZ, what is
the value of x?
A
3x 12
A
X
24
Y
18
X
30
B
Z
B
M
N
Q
Y
QUILTS For Exercises 30–33, use the
quilt pattern shown at the left. Name a
triangle that appears to be congruent to
each triangle listed.
30. XBQ
31. YQP
Z
O
P
W
C
C
32. DWO
D
33. ZQN
34. CRITICAL THINKING In the figure
at the right, there are two pairs of
congruent triangles. Write a congruence
statement for each pair.
D
C
E
J
B
K
35. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question
that was posed at the beginning of the
lesson.
Where are congruent triangles present
A
I
H
G
in nature?
Include the following in your answer:
• a definition of congruent triangles, and
• two examples of objects in nature that contain congruent triangles.
Standardized
Test Practice
F
36. Which of the following must be true if ACD EHF?
A
C E
B
CA
H
F
37. Find the measure of UY
if
XYZ UYW.
A 10
B 20
C
24
D
D
CE
F
C
D
CAD HEF
W
10
X
Y
26
26
U
24
Z
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
38. Angles P and Q are supplementary. Find mP if mQ 129°. (Lesson 10-1)
Use a calculator to find each value to the nearest ten-thousandth.
(Lesson 9-8)
39. cos 83°
40. sin 39.7°
41. tan 49.2°
1
2
42. Name the multiplicative inverse of 2.
43. ALGEBRA
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
(Lesson 5-4)
Solve 5a 6 24. (Lesson 3-5)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each point on a coordinate system.
(To review the coordinate system, see Lesson 2-6.)
44. A(2, 4)
45. J(1, 3)
46. H(0, 5)
47. D(2, 0)
48. W(2, 4)
49. T(1, 3)
504 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
A Preview of Lesson 10-3
Symmetry
Activity 1
Trace the outline of the butterfly shown. Then draw a line
down the center of the butterfly. Notice how the two halves match.
When this happens, a figure is said to have line symmetry and
the line is called a line of symmetry. A figure that has line symmetry
has bilateral symmetry .
Analyze
Determine whether each figure has line symmetry. If it does, trace the
figure, and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
1.
2.
J
3.
Activity 2
Copy the figure at the right. Then cut out the figure. Next,
rotate the figure 90°, 180°, and 270°, about point C. What
do you notice about the appearance of the figure in
each rotation?
C
Any figure that can be turned or rotated less than 360°
about a fixed point so that the figure looks exactly as it
does in its original position has rotational or turn symmetry .
Analyze
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. Write yes or no.
4.
5.
6.
7. Name three objects that have both line symmetry and rotational symmetry.
Algebra Activity Symmetry
505
Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane
• Draw translations, rotations, and reflections on a coordinate plane.
are transformations involved in recreational activities?
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
transformation
translation
reflection
line of symmetry
rotation
The physical motions used in recreational activities such as skateboarding,
swinging, or riding a scooter, are related to mathematics.
a. Describe the motion involved in making a 180° turn on a skateboard.
b. Describe the motion that is used when swinging on a swing.
c. What type of motion does a scooter display when moving?
TRANSFORMATIONS A movement of a geometric figure is a
transformation . Three types of transformations are shown below.
• In a translation , you slide a figure from
one position to another without turning it.
Translations are also called slides.
Translation
y
x
O
• In a reflection , you flip a figure over a
line. The figures are mirror images of
each other. Reflections are also called flips.
The line is called a line of symmetry .
Reflection
y
line of symmetry
x
O
• In a rotation , you turn the figure around
a fixed point. Rotations are also called
turns.
Rotation
y
O
fixed point
506 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
x
Study Tip
Common
Misconception
In a translation, the order
in which a figure is moved
does not matter. For
example, moving 3 units
down and then 2 units
across is the same as
moving 2 units across and
then 3 units down.
When translating a figure, every point of the original figure is moved the
same distance and in the same direction.
Translation
5 units down
Translation
4 units left
y
Translation
6 units right, 3 units up
y
x
O
y
x
O
x
O
The following steps can be used to translate a point in the coordinate plane.
Translation
Step 1 Describe the translation using an ordered pair.
Step 2 Add the coordinates of the ordered pair to the coordinates of the
original point.
Example 1 Translation in a Coordinate Plane
Study Tip
The vertices of MNP are M(4, 2), N(0, 2), and P(5, 2). Graph the triangle
and the image of MNP after a translation 5 units left and 3 units up.
This translation can be written as the ordered pair (5, 3). To find the
coordinates of the translated image, add 5 to each x-coordinate and add
3 to each y-coordinate.
y
vertex
5 left, 3 up
translation
P'
N'
M(4, 2) (5, 3)
→ M(1, 1)
N
P
Notation
N(0, 2)
(5, 3)
→
N(5, 5)
The notation M is read
M prime. It corresponds to
point M.
P(5, 2)
(5, 3)
→
P(0, 5)
M'
O
The coordinates of the vertices of MNP
are M(1, 1), N(5, 5), and P(0, 5).
x
M
When reflecting a figure, every point of the original figure has a
corresponding point on the other side of the line of symmetry.
Reflection
over the x-axis
Reflection
over the y-axis
y
O
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
y
x
O
x
Lesson 10-3 Transformations on the Coordinate Plane 507
The following rules can be used to reflect a point over the x- or y-axis.
Reflection
• To reflect a point over the x-axis, use the same x-coordinate and multiply the
y-coordinate by –1.
• To reflect a point over the y-axis, use the same y-coordinate and multiply the
x-coordinate by –1.
Example 2 Reflection in a Coordinate Plane
The vertices of the figure below are A(2, 3), B(0, 5), C(3, 1), and D(3, 3).
Graph the figure and the image of the figure after a reflection over the
x-axis.
To find the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a reflection over the
x-axis, use the same x-coordinate and multiply the y-coordinate by –1.
vertex
reflection
A(2, 3)
→
(2, 1 3)
→
A(2, 3)
B(0, 5)
→
(0, 1 5)
→
B(0, 5)
C(3, 1)
→
(3, 1 1)
→
C(3, 1)
D(3, 3)
→
(3, 1 3)
→
D(3, 3)
y
C' x
O
A'
D'
B'
The coordinates of the vertices of the reflected
figure are A(2, 3), B(0, 5), C(3, 1), and
D(3, 3).
The diagrams below show three of the ways a figure can be rotated.
Reading Math
Rotation of 90˚
clockwise
Rotation of 90˚
counterclockwise
y
Rotation of 180˚
y
y
clockwise
The word clockwise refers to the
direction in which the hands of a
clock rotate.
O
counterclockwise
x
O
x
x
O
The word counterclockwise refers
to the direction opposite to that
in which the hands of a clock
rotate.
You can use these rules to rotate a figure 90° clockwise, 90° counterclockwise,
or 180° about the origin.
Rotation
• To rotate a figure 90° clockwise about the origin, switch the coordinates of
each point and then multiply the new second coordinate by 1.
• To rotate a figure 90° counterclockwise about the origin, switch the coordinates
of each point and then multiply the new first coordinate by 1.
• To rotate a figure 180° about the origin, multiply both coordinates of each
point by 1.
508 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Example 3 Rotations in a Coordinate Plane
A figure has vertices J(1, 1), K(4, 1), M(1, 2), N(4, 2), and P(3, 4). Graph the
figure and the image of the figure after a rotation of 90° counterclockwise.
To rotate the figure, switch the coordinates
N' K' y
P
of each vertex and multiply the first by 1.
P'
J(1, 1)
→ J(1, 1)
N(4, 2) → N(2, 4)
K(4, 1)
→ K(1, 4)
P(3, 4) → P(4, 3)
M
N
J
M' J'
K
x
O
M(1, 2) → M(2, 1)
The coordinates of the vertices of the rotated
figure are J(1, 1), K(1, 4), M(2, 1),
N(2, 4), and P(4, 3).
Concept Check
1. Write a sentence to describe a figure that is translated by (5, 2).
2. OPEN ENDED Draw a triangle on grid paper. Then draw the image of the
triangle after it is moved 5 units right and then rotated counterclockwise 90°.
Guided Practice
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY
3. Rectangle RSTU is shown at the right.
Graph the image of the rectangle after a
translation 4 units right and 2 units down.
4. Suppose the figure graphed is reflected
over the y-axis. Find the coordinates of
the vertices after the reflection.
y
R
S
U
T O
X
x
y
W
x
O
Y
Z
5. Triangle ABC is shown. Graph the
image of ABC after a rotation of 90°
counterclockwise.
y
B
A
O
x
C
Application
6. ART
Identify the type of transformation that is shown below.
Lesson 10-3 Transformations on the Coordinate Plane 509
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
7–10
11–14
15–17
18–20
1
2
3
1–3
Find the coordinates of the vertices of each figure after the given
translation. Then graph the translation image.
1
7. (2, 3)
8. (4, 3)
9. 5, 2
2
y
y
y
E
A
Extra Practice
D
B
See page 748.
H
x
O
x
O
x
O
J
I
K
C
F
G
10. The vertices of a figure are D(1, 2), E(1, 4), F(1, 2), G(4, 4). Graph the
image of the figure after a translation 4 units down.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of each figure after a reflection over the
given axis. Then graph the reflection image.
11. x-axis
12. y-axis
13. x-axis
y
y
R
S
y
B
N
A
M
O
C
x
O
x
O
P x
OQ
D
T
14. The vertices of a figure are W(3, 3), X(0, 4), Y(4, 2), and Z(2, 1).
Graph the image of its reflection over the y-axis.
For Exercises 15–17, use the graph shown.
15. Graph the image of the figure after a rotation
of 90° counterclockwise.
y
N
B
16. Find the coordinates of the vertices of the
figure after a 180° rotation.
x
O A
C
17. Graph the image of the figure after a rotation
of 90° clockwise.
E
D
Identify each transformation as a translation, a reflection, or a rotation.
y
y
y
18.
19.
20.
O
x
O
x
O
x
21. Give a counterexample for the following statement. The image of a figure’s
reflection is never the same as the image of its translation.
510 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
22. GAMES What type of transformation is
used when moving a knight in a game
of chess?
23. MIRRORS Which transformation exists
when you look into a mirror?
Games
In chess, each player has
16 game pieces, or
chessmen. There are
two rooks, two knights,
two bishops, a queen,
a king, and eight pawns.
Source: www.infoplease.com
Standardized
Test Practice
24. CRITICAL THINKING After a rotation of
90° counterclockwise, the coordinates of the
vertices of the image of ABC are A(3, 2),
B(0, 4), and C(5, 5). What were the coordinates
of the vertices before the rotation?
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How are the transformations involved in recreational activities?
Include the following in your answer:
• an explanation describing each type of transformation, and
• an explanation telling the type of transformation each recreational
activity represents.
25. WRITING IN MATH
For Exercises 26 and 27, suppose the figure shown
is translated 4 units to the left and 3 units down.
26. Which point is not a vertex of the
translated image?
A (2, 3)
B (4, 3)
C
(3, 1)
D
y
O
x
(2, 1)
27. Which statement best describes this translation?
A (x, y) → (x 4, y 3)
B (x, y) → (x 4, y 3)
C
(x, y) → (x 4, y 3)
D
(x, y) → (x 4, y 3)
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Complete each congruence statement if ABC DEF. (Lesson 10-2)
28. D ?
29. AC
30. DE
?
?
Find the value of x in each figure.
31.
(Lesson 10-1)
32.
110˚
26˚
x
x
33. ALGEBRA
Solve x 3.4 6.2. Graph the solution on a number line.
(Lesson 7-4)
34. Evaluate 4 3. (Lesson 2-1)
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation.
(To review solving two-step equations, see Lesson 3-5.)
35. 2x 134 360
36. 3x 54 360
37. 5x 125 360
38. 4x 92 360
39. 2x 148 360
40. 6x 102 360
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
Lesson 10-3 Transformations on the Coordinate Plane 511
A Follow-Up of Lesson 10-3
Dilations
In this activity, you will investigate dilations , which alter the size of a figure.
Collect the Data
Step 1 Draw and label a polygon on a coordinate plane.
Trapezoid ABCD is shown.
Step 2 Suppose the scale factor is 2. Multiply the
coordinates of each vertex by 2.
A(1, 2) → A’(2, 4) B(0, 3) → B’(0, 6)
C(4, 1) → C’(8, 2)
D(2, 1) → D’(4, 2)
y
B'
A'
B
C'
A
C
x
O
Step 3 Draw the new trapezoid.
D
D'
Analyze the Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
Use a protractor to measure the angles in each trapezoid. How do they compare?
Use a ruler to measure the sides of each trapezoid. How do they compare?
What ratio compares the measures of the corresponding sides?
1
Repeat the activity by multiplying the coordinates of trapezoid ABCD by .
2
Are the results the same? Explain.
Make a Conjecture
5. Explain how you know whether a dilation is a reduction or an enlargement.
6. Explain the difference between dilations and the other types of transformations.
Extend the Activity
Find the coordinates of the dilation image for the given scale factor, and
graph the dilation image.
1
8. 7. 3
4
C
y
y
1
2
9. 1
y
x
G O
A
D
M
F
B
O
x
O
x
N
E
Identify each transformation as a translation, rotation, reflection, or dilation.
10.
y
A
y
11.
A'
Y
C C'
X
J
O
Y'
x
O
12. G
X'
x
G'
H
y
K
H'
O
x
Z
B
E'
Z'
J'
K'
512 Investigating
512 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Quadrilaterals
• Find the missing angle measures of a quadrilateral.
• Classify quadrilaterals.
Vocabulary
• quadrilateral
are quadrilaterals used in design?
Geometric figures are often
used to create various designs.
The design of a brick walkway
is shown at the right. Notice
how the walkway is formed
using different-shaped bricks
to create circles.
a. Describe the bricks that are
used to create the smallest
circles.
b. Describe how the shape of
the bricks change as the
circles get larger.
QUADRILATERALS Squares, rectangles, and trapezoids are examples of
quadrilaterals. A quadrilateral is a closed figure with four sides and four
vertices. The segments that make up a quadrilateral intersect only at their
endpoints.
Quadrilaterals
Not Quadrilaterals
As with triangles, a quadrilateral can be named by its vertices. The
quadrilateral below can be named quadrilateral ABCD.
Study Tip
Naming
Quadrilaterals
When you name a
quadrilateral, you can
begin at any vertex.
However, it is important to
name vertices in order.
The vertices are A,
B, C, and D.
A
B
The sides are AB,
BC, CD, and DA.
C
The angles are A,
B, C, and D.
D
The quadrilateral shown above has many names. For example, it can also be
named quadrilateral BCDA, quadrilateral DABC, or quadrilateral CBAD.
Concept Check
How many vertices does a quadrilateral have?
Lesson 10-4 Quadrilaterals 513
A quadrilateral can be separated into two
triangles. Since the sum of the measures of the
angles of a triangle is 180°, the sum of the
measures of the angles of a quadrilateral is
2(180°) or 360°.
F
G
E
H
Angles of a Quadrilateral
The sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Example 1 Find Angle Measures
ALGEBRA Find the value of x. Then find each
missing angle measure.
Words
Variable
Study Tip
Check Your Work
To check the answer, find
the sum of the measures
of the angles. Since
88° 62° 140° 70°
360˚, the answer is
correct.
B
62˚
2x ˚
The sum of the measures of the angles
is 360°.
A
88˚
C
D
Let mA, mB, mC, and mD
represent the measures of the angles.
Equation
mA mB mC mD 360
88 62 2x x 360
3x 150 360
3x 150 150 360 150
3x 210
x 70
Angles of a quadrilateral
Substitution
Combine like terms.
Subtract 150 from each side.
Simplify.
The value of x is 70. So, mD 70° and mC 2(70) or 140°.
CLASSIFY QUADRILATERALS The diagram below shows how
quadrilaterals are related. Notice that it goes from the most general
quadrilateral to the most specific.
Quadrilateral
Parallelogram
Trapezoid
quadrilateral with one
pair of opposite sides
parallel
quadrilateral with both pairs of
opposite sides parallel and
congruent
Rhombus
parallelogram with
4 congruent sides
Rectangle
parallelogram with
4 right angles
Square
parallelogram with
4 congruent sides and
4 right angles
The best description of a quadrilateral is the one that is the most specific.
514 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
x˚
Example 2 Classify Quadrilaterals
Classify each quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
a.
b.
The quadrilateral has
four congruent sides
and four right angles.
It is a square.
Artist
Visual artists create
paintings, sculptures,
or illustrations to
communicate ideas.
The quadrilateral has
opposite sides parallel and
opposite sides congruent.
It is a parallelogram.
c. ART Classify the quadrilaterals
that are outlined in the painting
at the right.
Each of the quadrilaterals has four
right angles, but the four sides are
not congruent. The quadrilaterals
are rectangles.
Online Research
For information
about a career as a
visual artist, visit:
www.pre-alg.com/
careers
Irene Rice Periera. Untitled. 1951
Concept Check
1. OPEN ENDED Give a real-world example of a quadrilateral, a
parallelogram, a rhombus, and a square.
2. Describe the characteristics of a rectangle and draw an example of one.
Guided Practice
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY
ALGEBRA
3.
x˚
68˚
Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measures.
4.
125˚
64˚
100˚
118˚
2x ˚
x˚
7
⫺10
⫺10
8
8
7. SPORTS Classify the quadrilaterals
that are found on the scoring region of
a shuffleboard court.
10
Application
7
Classify each quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
5.
6.
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
Lesson 10-4 Quadrilaterals 515
Practice and Apply
ALGEBRA
For
Exercises
See
Examples
8–13
14–22
1
2
8.
65˚
Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measures.
9.
109˚
11.
3x ˚
x˚
110˚
x˚
See page 748.
128˚
96˚
115˚
Extra Practice
10.
x˚
x˚
12.
x˚
2x ˚
120˚
52˚
13.
2x ˚
x˚
90˚
(2x 20)˚
120˚
135˚
(x 5)˚
x˚
(x 10)˚
14. COOKING Name an item found in a kitchen that is rectangular in shape.
Explain why the item is a rectangle.
15. GAMES Identify a board game that is played on a board that is shaped
like a square. Explain why the board is a square.
Classify each quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. ART The abstract painting is an
example of how shape and color
are used in art. Write a few
sentences describing the geometric
shapes used by the artist.
Tell whether each statement is
sometimes, always, or never true.
23. A square is a rhombus.
24. A parallelogram is a rectangle.
25. A rectangle is a square.
26. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
Elizabeth Murray. Painter’s Progress, 1981
Make a drawing of each quadrilateral. Then classify each quadrilateral
using the name that best describes it.
27. In quadrilateral JKLM, mJ 90°, mK 50°, mL 90°, and
mM 130°.
28. In quadrilateral CDEF, CD
and E
F
are parallel, and C
F
and D
E
are
parallel. Angle C is not congruent to D.
516 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
29. CRITICAL THINKING An equilateral figure is one in which all sides have
the same measure. An equiangular figure is one in which all angles have
the same measure.
a. Is it possible for a quadrilateral to be equilateral without being
equiangular? If so, explain with a drawing.
b. Is it possible for a quadrilateral to be equiangular without being
equilateral? If so, explain with a drawing.
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How are quadrilaterals used in design?
Include the following in your answer:
• an example of a real-world design that contains quadrilaterals, and
• an explanation of the figures used in the design.
30. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
31. Which figure is a rhombus?
A
B
C
32. GRID IN Find the value of x in
the figure at the right.
D
82˚
41˚
x˚
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
33. A figure has vertices D(1, 2), E(1, 4), F(4, 4), and G(2, 2). Graph the
figure and its image after a translation 4 units down. (Lesson 10-3)
Complete each congruence statement if AKM NDQ. (Lesson 10-2)
34. K ?
35. Q
N
?
36. Find the discount for a $45 shirt that is on sale for 20% off. (Lesson 6-7)
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find each product.
(To review multiplying decimals, see page 715.)
37. (3)(4.8)
38. (5.4)(6)
39. (9.2)(3.1)
P ractice Quiz 1
40. (10.5)(5.7)
Lessons 10-1 through 10-4
1. Angle A and B are complementary. Find mA if mB 55°.
(Lesson 10-1)
2. Suppose ABC DEF. Which angle is congruent to D? (Lesson 10-2)
3. QRS has vertices Q(3, 3), R(5, 6), and S(7, 3). Find the coordinates for the
vertices of the triangle after the figure is reflected over the x-axis. (Lesson 10-3)
ALGEBRA
4.
25˚
Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measures.
5.
2x ˚
x˚
175˚
95˚
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
(Lesson 10-4)
x˚
Lesson 10-4 Quadrilaterals 517
A Preview of Lesson 10-5
Area and Geoboards
Activity 1
One square on a geoboard has an area of one square unit.
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
5
1
The area is about
5 square units.
2
3
4
1
5
The area is about
6 square units.
1
2
3
4
5
The area is
3.5 square units.
Model and Analyze
Find the area of each figure. Estimate, if necessary.
1.
2.
5
3.
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
1
5
1
2
3
4
5
4. Explain how you found the area of each figure in Exercises 1–3.
5. Make a figure on the geoboard. Ask a classmate to find the area of the figure.
Activity 2
The following example shows how to find the area of a right triangle on a geoboard.
Step 1 First, make another triangle so
that the two triangles form a
rectangle.
Step 2 Then find the area of the
rectangle.
Step 3 Next, divide by 2 to find the
area of each triangle.
The area of the rectangle is
6 square units. So, the area of
each triangle is 3 square units.
518 Investigating Slope-Intercept Form
518 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
Model and Analyze
Find the area of each triangle.
6.
7.
5
8.
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
5
1
2
3
4
1
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
9. Make a right triangle on your geoboard. Find its area using this method.
10. Write a few sentences explaining how you found the area of the triangle.
Activity 3
Another way to find the area of a figure on a geoboard is to build
a rectangle around the figure. Consider the following example.
5
Step 1 Make the triangle shown on a geoboard.
4
Step 2 Build a rectangle around the triangle.
3
Step 3 Subtract to find the area of the original triangle.
2
1
The area of the rectangle is 16 square units.
5
a
4
The area of triangle
b is half of 12 or
6 square units.
b
1
4
5
The area of triangle
a is half of 4 or
2 square units.
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
The area of the original triangle is 16 2 6 or 8 square units.
Model and Analyze
Find the area of each figure by building a rectangle around the figure.
11.
12.
5
13.
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
14. Make a figure on your geoboard. Find the area using this method.
2
3
4
5
Investigating
Algebra Activity Area and Geoboards 519
Area: Parallelograms,
Triangles, and Trapezoids
• Find area of parallelograms.
• Find the areas of triangles and trapezoids.
Vocabulary
• base
• altitude
is the area of a parallelogram related
to the area of a rectangle?
The area of a rectangle can be found by multiplying the length and width.
The rectangle shown below has an area of 3 6 or 18 square units.
Suppose a triangle is cut from one side of the rectangle and moved to the
other side.
3 units
6 units
a. What figure is formed?
b. Compare the area of the rectangle to the area of the parallelogram.
c. What parts of a rectangle and parallelogram determine their area?
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS The area of a parallelogram can be
found by multiplying the measures of the base and the height.
The base can be
any side of the
parallelogram.
The height is the length of an
altitude,, a line segment
altitude
perpendicular to the bases with
endpoints on the base and
the side opposite the base.
altitude
base
Area of a Parallelogram
• Words
If a parallelogram has a base of
b units and a height of h units,
then the area A is bh square units.
• Model
b
h
• Symbols A bh
Example 1 Find Areas of Parallelograms
Find the area of each parallelogram.
a.
The base is 4 feet. The height is 2 feet.
2 ft
4 ft
A bh
A42
A8
Area of a parallelogram
Replace b with 4 and h with 2.
Multiply.
The area is 8 square feet.
520 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
7.5 cm
The base is 5.9 centimeters. The height is
7.5 centimeters.
Area of a parallelogram
A bh
A (5.9)(7.5) Replace b with 5.9 and h with 7.5.
A 44.25
Multiply.
5.9 cm
The area is 44.25 square centimeters.
b.
AREA OF TRIANGLES AND TRAPEZOIDS
A diagonal of a
parallelogram separates the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
The area of each triangle is one-half the area of the parallelogram.
diagonal
The area of
parallelogram
ABCD is 7 ⭈ 4 or
28 square units.
B
C
4
A
The area of triangle
ABD is 21 ⭈ 28 or 14
square units.
D
7
Using the formula for the area of a parallelogram, we can find the formula
for the area of a triangle.
Area of a Triangle
• Words
If a triangle has a base of b units and a height of h units, then the
1
area A is bh square units.
1
A bh
2
• Symbols
2
• Model
h
b
Concept Check
The area of a triangle is one half of the area of what figure
with the same height and base?
As with parallelograms, any side of a triangle can be used as a base.
The height is the length of a corresponding altitude.
E
A
N
B
NR is extended to S.
P
Study Tip
Altitudes
QR is extended to T.
F
D
T
An altitude can be outside
the triangle.
C
Q
R
S
base
A
C
A
B
B
C
base
N
Q
N
R
Q
R
altitude
B
D
C
E
A
F
altitude
R
P
Q
S
N
T
Concept Check
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
Which side of a triangle can be used as the base?
Lesson 10-5 Area: Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids 521
Example 2 Find Areas of Triangles
Find the area of each triangle.
a.
The base is 5 inches. The height is 6 inches.
6 in.
5 in.
1
2
1
A (5)(6)
2
1
A (30)
2
A bh
Study Tip
Alternative Method
Multiplication is
commutative and
associative. So you can
1
2
also find of 6 first and
Area of a triangle
Replace b with 5 and h with 6.
Multiply. 5 6 30
A 15
The area of the triangle is 15 square inches.
4.2 m
The base is 7 meters. The height is 4.2 meters.
b.
then multiply by 5.
7m
1
2
1
A (7)(4.2)
2
1
A (29.4)
2
A bh
Area of a triangle
Replace b with 7 and h with 4.2.
Multiply. 7 4.2 29.4
A 14.7
The area of the triangle is 14.7 square meters.
A trapezoid has two bases. The height of a trapezoid is the distance between
the bases. A trapezoid can be separated into two triangles.
F
G
a
h
E
J
b
K
The triangles are FGH and EFH.
h
The measure of a base of EFH is b units.
H
The altitudes of the triangles, FJ and H
K
, are
congruent. Both are h units long.
The measure of a base of FGH is a units.
area of trapezoid EFGH area of FGH area of EFH
1
ah
2
1
bh
2
1
2
h(a b) Distributive Property
Area of a Trapezoid
• Words
If a trapezoid has bases of a units and b units and a height of
1
h units, then the area A of the trapezoid is h(a b)
2
square units.
• Symbols A 12h(a b)
a
• Model
h
b
522 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Example 3 Find Area of a Trapezoid
6 1 in.
Find the area of the trapezoid.
2
The height is 4 inches.
1
2
1
4
4 in.
The bases are 6 inches and 3 inches.
1
2
1
1
1
A 4 6 3
2
2
4
1
3
A 4 · 9
2
4
1 4 39
A 2 1 4
39
1
A or 19
2
2
A h(a b)
Study Tip
Look Back
To review multiplying
fractions, see Lesson 5-3.
Area of a trapezoid
3 1 in.
4
1
1
Replace h with 4, a with 6 and b with 3.
2
4
1
2
1
4
3
4
6 3 9
Divide out the common factors.
1
2
The area of the trapezoid is 19 square inches.
Example 4 Use Area to Solve a Problem
FLAGS The signal flag shown represents the
number five. Find the area of the blue region.
To find the area of the blue region, subtract the
areas of the triangles from the area of the square.
10 in.
Area of the square
Area of each triangle
A bh
A 14 14
1
2
1
A 10 7
2
A 196
A 35
7 in.
14 in.
14 in.
A bh
1
· 10 5, 5 7 35
2
The total area of the triangles is 4(35) or 140 square inches. So, the area of
the blue region is 196 140 or 56 square inches.
Concept Check
1. OPEN ENDED Draw and label a parallelogram that has an area of
24 square inches.
2. Define an altitude of a triangle and draw an example.
Guided Practice
Find the area of each figure.
3.
4.
4 ft
5.
6m
5.4 cm
2 ft
8m
3 cm
Application
6. FLAGS The flag shown at the right
is the international signal for the
number three. Find the area of the
red region.
15 m
7.6 m
5m
18 in.
9 in.
3 in.
7 in.
12 in.
Lesson 10-5 Area: Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids 523
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
7–20
21–25, 29
1–3
4
Find the area of each figure.
7.
8.
9.
7.4 in.
15 cm
3.5 in.
12 cm
2m
5.5 m
Extra Practice
See page 749.
10.
11.
12.
20 ft
6.7 cm
5.3 cm
10 in.
12 ft
1
9 5 ft
7.2 in.
11 ft
14 ft
9.9 cm
6 in.
Find the area of each figure described.
13. triangle: base, 8 in.; height, 7 in.
14. trapezoid: height, 2 cm; bases, 3 cm, 6 cm
15. parallelogram: base, 3.8 yd; height, 6 yd
16. triangle: base, 9 ft; height, 3.2 ft
17. trapezoid: height, 3.5 m; bases, 10 m and 11 m
18. parallelogram: base, 5.6 km; height, 4.5 km
GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 19 and 20, use the approximate measurements
to estimate the area of each state.
332 mi
270 mi
19.
20.
287 mi
A R K A NS A S
OR E GON
235 mi
Geography
The largest U.S. state is
Alaska. It has an area of
615,230 square miles.
Rhode Island is the
smallest state. It has an
area of 1231 square miles.
Source: The World Almanac
165 mi
Find the area of each figure.
12 km
21.
22.
2 km
8 ft
3m
9m
8m
6 ft
4m
8 km
15 km
8 ft
11 ft
6m
LAWNCARE For Exercises 24 and 25, use the
diagram shown and the following information.
Mrs. Malone plans to fertilize her lawn. The
fertilizer she will be using indicates that one
bag fertilizes 2000 square feet.
24. Find the area of the lawn.
25. How many bags of fertilizer should she buy?
524 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
23.
15 ft
125 ft
Lawn
Flower
bed
15 ft
Patio 12 ft
100 ft
84 ft
26. Find the base of a parallelogram with a height of 9.2 meters and an area of
36.8 square meters.
27. Suppose a triangle has an area of 20 square inches and a base of
2.5 inches. What is the measure of the height?
28. A trapezoid has an area of 54 square feet. What is the measure of the
height if the bases measure 16 feet and 8 feet?
144.34 ft
29. REAL ESTATE The McLaughlins plan to
build a house on the lot shown. If an acre is
43,560 square feet, what percent of an acre
is the land?
57.62 ft
90.54 ft
147.08 ft
30. CRITICAL THINKING Explain how the formula for the area of a trapezoid
can be used to find the formulas for the areas of parallelograms and
triangles.
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How is the area of a parallelogram related to the area of a rectangle?
Include the following in your answer:
• an explanation telling the similarities and differences between a
rectangle and a parallelogram, and
• a diagram that shows how the area of a parallelogram is related to the
area of a rectangle.
31. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
32. Which figure does not have an area of 48 square meters?
A
8m
B
C
8m
3m
D
5m
1.6 m
6m
12.8 m
12 m
6.4 m
33. Square X has an area of 9 square feet. The sides of square Y are twice as
long as the sides of square X. Find the area of square Y.
A 18 ft2
B 36 ft2
C 9 ft2
D 6 ft2
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measures.
34.
35.
x˚
60˚
130˚
110˚
60˚
120˚
4x ˚
x˚
(Lesson 10-4)
36. Triangle MNP has vertices M(1, 1), N(5, 4), and P(4, 1). Graph the image
of MNP after a translation 3 units left and 4 units down. (Lesson 10-3)
Find the percent of each number mentally. (Lesson 6-6)
37. 25% of 120
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
38. 75% of 160
39. 40% of 65
PREREQUISITE SKILL Simplify each expression.
(To review order of operations, see Lesson 1-2).
40. (5 2)180
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
41. (7 2)180
42. (10 2)180
43. (9 2)180
Lesson 10-5 Area: Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids 525
Learning Mathematics Prefixes
The table shows some of the prefixes that are used in mathematics. These
prefixes are also used in everyday language. In order to use each prefix correctly,
you need to understand its meaning.
Prefix
quad-
pent-
hex-
hept-
oct-
dec-
Meaning
Everyday Words
Meaning
four
quadrennial
quadruple
quadruplet
quadriceps
happening every four years
a sum four times as great as another
one of four offspring born at one birth
a muscle with four points of origin
five
Pentagon
pentagram
pentathlon
pentad
headquarters of the Department of Defense
a five-pointed star
a five-event athletic contest
a group of five
six
hexapod
hexagonal
hexastich
hexangular
having six
having six
a poem of
having six
seven
heptad
heptagonal
heptarchy
heptastich
a group of seven
having seven sides
a government by seven rulers
a poem of seven lines
eight
octopus
octet
octan
octennial
ten
decade
decameter
decathlon
decare
feet
sides
six lines
angles
a type of mollusk having eight arms
a musical composition for eight instruments
occurring every eight days
lasting eight years
a period of ten years
ten meters
a ten-event athletic contest
a metric unit of area equal to 10 acres
Reading to Learn
1. Refer to the table above. For each prefix listed, choose one of the everyday words
listed and write a sentence that contains the word.
2. RESEARCH Use the Internet, a dictionary, or another reference source to find a
mathematical term that contains each of the prefixes listed. Write the definition
of each term.
3. RESEARCH Use the Internet, a dictionary, or another reference source to find a
different word that contains each prefix. Then define the term.
526 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
526 Investigating
Polygons
• Classify polygons.
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
polygon
diagonal
interior angles
regular polygon
• Determine the sum of the measures of the interior and exterior angles of
a polygon.
are polygons used in tessellations?
The tiled patterns below are called regular tessellations. Notice how the
figures repeat to form patterns that contain no gaps or overlaps.
a. Which figure is used to create each tessellation?
b. Refer to the diagram at the right. What is
vertex
the sum of the measures of the angles that
surround the vertex?
c. Does the sum in part b hold true for the square
tessellation? Explain.
d. Make a conjecture about the sum of the measures of the angles that
surround a vertex in the hexagon tessellation.
CLASSIFY POLYGONS
A polygon is a simple, closed figure formed by
three or more line segments. The figures below are examples of polygons.
The line segments
meet only at their
endpoints.
The points of
intersection are
called vertices.
The line segments
are called sides.
The following figures are not polygons.
This is not a
polygon because it
has a curved side.
Concept Check
This is not a
polygon because it
is an open figure.
This is not a
polygon because
the sides overlap.
Sketch a different figure that is not a polygon.
Lesson 10-6 Polygons 527
Study Tip
n-gon
Polygons can be classified by
the number of sides they have.
Number
of Sides
Name of
Polygon
Number
of Sides
Name of
Polygon
3
4
5
6
triangle
quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
7
8
9
10
heptagon
octagon
nonagon
decagon
A polygon with n sides is
called an n-gon. For
example, an octagon can
also be called an 8-gon.
Example 1 Classify Polygons
Classify each polygon.
a.
b.
The polygon has 8 sides.
It is an octagon.
The polygon has 6 sides.
It is a hexagon.
MEASURES OF THE ANGLES OF A POLYGON
A diagonal is a line
segment in a polygon that joins two nonconsecutive vertices. In the diagram
below, all possible diagonals from one vertex are shown.
quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
octagon
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Sides
4
5
6
7
8
Diagonals
1
2
3
4
5
Triangles
2
3
4
5
6
Notice that the number of triangles is 2 less than the number of sides.
You can use the property of the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle
to find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of any polygon. An
interior angle is an angle inside a polygon.
Interior Angles of a Polygon
If a polygon has n sides, then n 2 triangles are formed. The sum of the degree
measures of the interior angles of the polygon is (n 2)180.
Example 2 Measures of Interior Angles
Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a heptagon.
A heptagon has 7 sides. Therefore, n 7.
(n 2)180 (7 2)180
5(180) or 900
Replace n with 7.
Simplify.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a heptagon is 900°.
528 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
A regular polygon is a polygon that is equilateral (all sides are congruent)
and equiangular (all angles are congruent). Since the angles of a regular
polygon are congruent, their measures are equal.
Example 3 Find Angle Measure of a Regular Polygon
SNOW Snowflakes are some of the most beautiful
objects in nature. Notice how they are regular and
hexagonal in shape. What is the measure of one
interior angle in a snowflake?
Step 1 Find the sum of the measures of the angles.
Snow
Snowflakes are also called
snow crystals. It is said
that no two snowflakes
are alike. They differ from
each other in size, lacy
structure, and surface
markings.
Source: www.infoplease.com
A hexagon has 6 sides. Therefore, n 6.
(n 2)180 (6 2)180
Replace n with 6.
4(180) or 720 Simplify.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles is 720°.
Step 2
Divide the sum by 6 to find the measure of one angle.
720 6 120
So, the measure of one interior angle in a snowflake is 120°.
Concept Check
1. OPEN ENDED Draw a polygon that is both equiangular and equilateral.
2. Tell why a square is a regular polygon.
3. Explain the relationship between the number of sides in a polygon and the
number of triangles formed by each of the diagonals.
Guided Practice
Classify each polygon. Then determine whether it appears to be regular or
not regular.
4.
5.
6. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a nonagon.
7. What is the measure of each interior angle of a regular heptagon? Round to
the nearest tenth.
Application
8. TESSELLATIONS Identify the polygons
that are used to create the tessellation shown
at the right.
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
Lesson 10-6 Polygons 529
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
9–14, 21
29, 30
15–20
23–28
1
Classify each polygon. Then determine whether it appears to be regular or
not regular.
9.
10.
11.
2
3
Extra Practice
See page 749.
12.
13.
14.
Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of each polygon.
15. pentagon
16. octagon
17. decagon
18. hexagon
19. 18-gon
20. 23-gon
ART For Exercises 21 and 22, use the painting shown.
21. List five polygons used
in the painting.
22. RESEARCH The title of
the painting mentions
the music symbol, clef.
Use the Internet or
another source to find
a drawing of a clef. Is a
clef a polygon? Explain.
Roy Lichtenstein. Modern Painting with Clef. 1967
Find the measure of an interior angle of each polygon.
23. regular nonagon
24. regular pentagon
25. regular octagon
26. regular decagon
27. regular 12-gon
28. regular 25-gon
TESSELLATIONS For Exercises 29 and 30, identify the polygons used to
create each tessellation.
29.
30.
31. ART Refer to Exercise 8 on page 529. The tessellation design contains
regular polygons. Find the perimeter of the design if the measure of the
sides of the 12-gon is 5 centimeters.
32. What is the perimeter of a regular pentagon with sides 4.2 feet long?
1
2
33. Find the perimeter of a regular nonagon having sides 6 inches long.
530 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
34. CRITICAL THINKING Copy the dot pattern shown
at the right. Then without lifting your pencil from
the paper, draw four line segments that connect all
of the points.
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How are polygons used in tessellations?
Include the following in your answer:
• an example of a tessellation in which the pattern is formed using only
one type of polygon, and
• an example of a tessellation in which the pattern is formed using more
than one polygon.
35. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
36. GRID IN The measure of one angle of a regular polygon with n sides is
180(n 2)
. What is the measure of an interior angle in a regular triangle?
n
37. Which figure best represents a regular polygon?
A
Extending
the Lesson
B
C
D
EXTERIOR ANGLES When a side of a polygon
is extended, an exterior angle is formed.
72˚
exterior
angle
72˚
In any polygon, the sum of the measures of
the exterior angles, one at each vertex, is 360.
72˚
72˚
72˚
Find the measure of each exterior angle of each regular polygon.
38. regular octagon
39. regular triangle
40. regular nonagon
41. regular hexagon
42. regular decagon
43. regular 12-gon
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Find the area of each figure described.
44. triangle: base, 9 in.; height, 6 in.
(Lesson 10-5)
45. trapezoid: height, 3 cm; bases, 4 cm, 8 cm
Classify each quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
(Lesson 10-4)
46.
49. ALGEBRA
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
47.
48.
Simplify 4.6x 2.5x 9.3x. (Lesson 3-2)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Use a calculator to find each product. Round to the
nearest tenth. (To review rounding decimals, see page 711.)
50. 4.3
51. 2 5.4
52. 42
53. (2.4)2
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
Lesson 10-6 Polygons 531
A Follow-Up of Lesson 10-6
Tessellations
A tessellation is a pattern of repeating figures that fit together with no overlapping
or empty spaces. Tessellations can be formed using transformations.
Activity 1
Create a tessellation using a translation.
Draw a square. Then draw a triangle
inside the top of the square as shown.
Repeat this pattern unit to create a
tessellation.
Translate or slide the triangle from the
top to the bottom of the square.
Step 1
Activity 2
It is sometimes
helpful to complete
one pattern, cut it
out, and trace it for
the other pattern
units.
Step 2
Create a tessellation using a rotation.
Draw an equilateral triangle. Then
draw another triangle inside the left
side of the triangle as shown below.
Repeat this pattern unit to create a
tessellation.
Rotate the triangle so you can trace the
change on the side as indicated.
Step 1
Step 2
Model
Use a translation to create a tessellation for each pattern unit shown.
1.
2.
3.
Use a rotation to create a tessellation for each pattern unit shown.
4.
5.
6.
7. Make a tessellation that involves a translation, a rotation, or a combination of the two.
532 Investigating Slope-Intercept Form
532 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Circumference and
Area: Circles
• Find circumference of circles.
• Find area of circles.
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
circle
diameter
center
circumference
radius
(pi)
are circumference and diameter related?
Coins, paper plates, cookies, and CDs
are all examples of objects that are
circular in shape.
Object
a. Collect three different-sized circular
objects. Then copy the table shown.
1
2
b. Using a tape measure, measure each
3
distance below to the nearest
millimeter. Record your results.
• the distance across the circular
object through its center (d)
• the distance around each circular object (C)
d
C
C
d
C
d
c. For each object, find the ratio . Record the results in the table.
CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES A circle is the set of all points in a
plane that are the same distance from a given point.
Study Tip
Pi
two generally accepted
approximations for .
The given point is
called the center.
The distance around
the circle is called the
circumference.
The distance from the
center to any point on
the circle is its radius.
The relationship you discovered in the activity above is true for all circles.
The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is always equal to
3.1415926… The Greek letter (pi) stands for this number. Using this ratio,
you can derive a formula for the circumference of a circle.
C
d
Although is an irrational
22
number, 3.14 and are
7
The distance across the
circle through its center is
its diameter.
C
d d
d
C d
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter equals pi.
Multiply each side by d.
Simplify.
Circumference of a Circle
• Words
The circumference of a
circle is equal to its
diameter times , or
2 times its radius times .
• Model
C
d
r
• Symbols C d or C 2r
Lesson 10-7 Circumference and Area: Circles 533
Concept Check
Which term describes the distance from the center of a circle to
any point on the circle?
Example 1 Find the Circumference of a Circle
Find the circumference of each circle to the nearest tenth.
a.
Circumference of a circle
C d
5 cm
C 5 Replace d with 5.
C 5
Simplify. This is the exact circumference.
Study Tip
To estimate the circumference, use a calculator.
Calculating with 5 Unless otherwise
specified, use a calculator
to evaluate expressions
involving and then
follow any instructions
regarding rounding.
The circumference is about 15.7 centimeters.
b.
2nd
3.2 ft
[] ENTER 15.70796327
C 2r
C 2 3.2
C 20.1
Circumference of a circle
Replace r with 3.2.
Simplify. Use a calculator.
The circumference is about 20.1 feet.
Many situations involve circumference and diameter of circles.
Example 2 Use Circumference to Solve a Problem
TREES A tree in Madison’s yard was damaged in a storm. She wants to
replace the tree with another whose trunk is the same size as the original
tree. Suppose the circumference of the original tree was 14 inches. What
should be the diameter of the replacement tree?
Explore
You know the circumference of the original tree. You need to
know the diameter of the new tree.
Plan
Use the formula for the circumference of a circle to find the
diameter.
Solve
C d
Circumference of a circle
14 d Replace C with 14.
14
d
Divide each side by .
4.5 d
Simplify. Use a calculator.
The diameter of the tree should be about 4.5 inches.
Examine
Check the reasonableness of the solution by replacing d with 4.5
in C d.
C d
C 4.5
C 14.1
Circumference of a circle
Replace d with 4.5.
Simplify. Use a calculator.
The solution is reasonable.
534 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
AREAS OF CIRCLES
A circle can be separated into parts as shown
below. The parts can then be arranged to form a figure that resembles a
parallelogram.
Circumference
Radius
Circumference
Since the circle has an area that is relatively close to the area of the figure, you
can use the formula for the area of a parallelogram to find the area of a circle.
Study Tip
A bh
Area of a parallelogram
A C r
1
2
1
A 2r r
2
The base of the parallelogram is one-half the circumference,
and the radius is the height.
Arr
A r2
Simplify.
Look Back
To review exponents, see
Lesson 4-2.
Replace C with 2r.
Replace r r with r2.
Area of a Circle
• Words
The area of a circle is equal to
times the square of its radius.
• Model
r
• Symbols A r2
Study Tip
Estimation
To estimate the area of a
circle, square the radius
and then multiply by 3.
Example 3 Find Areas of Circles
Find the area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
a.
A r2
Area of a circle
2
A6
Replace r with 6.
6 in.
A 36 Evaluate 62.
A 113.1 Use a calculator.
The area is about 113.1 square inches.
b.
31 m
A r2
A (15.5)2
A 240.25
A 754.8
Area of a circle
Replace r with 15.5.
Evaluate (15.5)2.
Use a calculator.
The area is about 754.8 square meters.
Concept Check
1. Tell how to find the circumference of a circle if you know the measure of
the radius.
2. OPEN ENDED Draw and label a circle that has an area between 5 and
8 square units.
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
Lesson 10-7 Circumference and Area: Circles 535
3. FIND THE ERROR Dario and Mark are finding the area of a circle with
diameter 7.
Dario
A 153.9 units2
Mark
A 38.5 units 2
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.
Guided Practice
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
4.
5.
6.
5 mi
4 in.
8m
7. The radius is 1.3 kilometers.
Application
8. The diameter is 6.1 centimeters.
9. MUSIC During a football game, a marching band can be heard within a
radius of 1.7 miles. What is the area of the neighborhood that can hear
the band?
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
10–19, 24,
26–35
20–23, 25
1, 3
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
10.
11.
12.
13 in.
6 cm
10 m
2
Extra Practice
See page 749.
13.
14.
21 km
15.
1
9 2 ft
12.7 m
16. The radius is 4.5 meters.
17. The diameter is 7.3 centimeters.
4
18. The diameter is 7 feet.
5
19. The radius is 15 inches.
3
8
20. What is the diameter of a circle if its circumference is 25.8 inches? Round
to the nearest tenth.
21. Find the radius of a circle if its circumference is 9.2 meters. Round to the
nearest tenth.
22. Find the radius of a circle if its area is 254.5 square inches.
23. What is the diameter of a circle if its area is 132.7 square meters?
24. BICYCLES If a bicycle tire has a diameter of 27 inches, what is the
distance the bicycle will travel in 10 rotations of the tire?
25. SCIENCE The circumference of Earth is about
25,000 miles. What is the distance to the center
of Earth?
536 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
25,000 mi
Match each circle described in the column on the left with its corresponding
measurement in the column on the right.
26. radius: 4 units
a. circumference: 37.7 units
History
The Houston Astrodome
opened on April 12, 1965.
It is the first enclosed
stadium built for baseball.
The Houston Astrodome
has a diameter of
216.4 meters.
Source: Compton’s Encyclopedia
27. diameter: 7 units
b. area: 7.1 units2
28. diameter: 3 units
c. area: 50.3 units2
29. radius: 6 units
d. circumference: 22.0 units
30. MONUMENTS The Stonehenge monument in England is enclosed
within a circular ditch that has a diameter of 300 feet. Find the area within
the ditch to the nearest tenth.
31. HISTORY The dome of the Roman Pantheon has a diameter of
42.7 meters. Use the information at the left to find about how many
times more area the Astrodome covers than the Pantheon.
FOOD For Exercises 32
and 33, use the following
information and the graphic
shown at the right.
Suppose the circle graph is
redrawn onto a poster board so
that the diameter of the graph
is 9 inches.
32. How much space on the
poster board will the circle
graph cover?
USA TODAY Snapshots®
Engineered food
Adults who say they
believe genetically
modified foods
are safe as part
of our food
supply
and to the
environment:
Are safe
40%
Don’t
know
22%
Are unsafe
38%
33. How much of the total
space will each section
of the graph cover?
Source: Les Dames
d’Escoffier New York
By Cindy Hall and Quin Tian, USA TODAY
34. FUNCTIONS Graph the circumference of a circle as a function of the
diameter. Use values of d like 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. What is the slope of
this graph? (Hint: To review slope, see Lesson 8-4.)
35. CRITICAL THINKING The numerical value of the area of a circle is twice
the numerical value of the circumference. What is the radius of the circle?
(Hint: Use a chart of values for radius, circumference, and area.)
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How are circumference and diameter related?
Include the following in your answer:
• the ratio of the circumference to the diameter, and
• an explanation describing what happens to the circumference as the
diameter increases or decreases.
36. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
37. The diameter of a circle is 8 units. What is the area of the circle if the
diameter is doubled?
A 50.3 units2
B 100.5 units2
C 201.1 units2
D 804.2 units2
38. GRID IN The circumference of a circle is 18.8 meters. What is its area to
the nearest tenth?
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
Lesson 10-7 Circumference and Area: Circles 537
Extending
the Lesson
B
CENTRAL ANGLES A central
angle is an angle whose vertex is
major arc DA
A
the center of the circle. It separates
E
a circle into a major arc and a
inscribed angle ACB
minor arc. An inscribed angle
C
minor arc AD
has its vertex on the circle and
sides that are chords. A chord is
central angle DEC
D
a segment of a circle whose
endpoints are on the circle.
• The degree measure of a minor arc is the degree measure of the central angle.
• The measure of an inscribed angle equals one-half the measure of its
intercepted arc.
• The degree measure of a major arc is 360 minus the degree measure of
the central angle.
Refer to the diagram shown. Find the measures
of the following angles and arcs.
39. minor arc PQ
40. 1
41. major arc QP
42. 2
43. minor TR
44. minor RQ
45. PSQ
46. minor SR
T
S
P
2
1
125˚
15˚
R
Q
47. List three chords of the circle.
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Find the measure of an interior angle of each polygon. (Lesson 10-6)
48. regular hexagon
49. regular decagon
50. regular octagon
Find the area of each figure described. (Lesson 10-5)
51. trapezoid: height, 2 m; bases, 20 m and 18 m
52. parallelogram: base, 6 km; height, 8 km
53. ALGEBRA
Getting Ready for
the Next Lesson
Solve 2x 7 5x 14. (Lesson 7-6)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find each sum. (To review adding decimals, see page 713.)
54. 200 43.9
55. 23.6 126.9
56. 345.14 23.8
P ractice Quiz 2
Find the area of each figure.
1.
Lessons 10-5 through 10-7
(Lesson 10-5)
2.
3.
6m
13.2 cm
7 in.
4m
11 in.
17.1 cm
4. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a 15-gon. (Lesson 10-6)
5. A circle has a radius of 4.7 inches. Find the circumference and area to the
nearest tenth. (Lesson 10-7)
538 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
10 m
Area: Irregular Figures
• Find area of irregular figures.
can polygons help to find the
area of an irregular figure?
California is the most populous
state in the United States. It ranks
third among the U.S. states in area.
210 mi
213.3
mi
Source: www.infoplease.com
546.7 mi
In the diagram, the area of California
is separated into polygons.
a. Identify the polygons.
b. Explain how polygons can be
used to estimate the total
land area.
c. What is the area of each region?
d. What is the total area?
280 mi
133.3 mi
160 mi
40 mi
160 mi
AREA OF IRREGULAR FIGURES So far in this chapter, we have
discussed the following area formulas.
Triangle
Trapezoid
Parallelogram
Circle
1
A bh
2
1
A h(a b)
2
A bh
A r2
These formulas can be used to help you find the area of irregular figures.
Some examples of irregular figures are shown.
I DA HO
Study Tip
Irregular Figures
There can be more than
one way to separate an
irregular figure. For
example, another way to
separate the first figure at
the right is shown below.
To find the area of an irregular figure, separate the irregular figure into figures
whose areas you know how to find.
parallelogram
half of a circle
or semicircle
triangle
I DA HO
trapezoid
rectangle
rectangle
Lesson 10-8 Area: Irregular Figures 539
Concept Check
Name three area formulas that can be used to find the area of
an irregular figure.
Example 1 Find Area of Irregular Figures
Find the area of the figure to the nearest tenth.
10 cm
12 cm
25 cm
Explore
You know the dimensions of the figure. You need to find its area.
Plan
Solve a simpler problem. First, separate the figure into a
parallelogram and a semicircle. Then find the sum of the areas of
the figures.
Estimate: The area of the entire figure should be a little greater
than the area of the rectangle. One estimate is 10 25 or 250.
Solve
Area of Parallelogram
A bh
Area of a parallelogram
A 25 12 Replace b with 25 and h with 12.
A 300
Simplify.
Study Tip
Area of Semicircle
Look Back
A r2
1
2
1
A 52
2
To review diameter and
radius, see Lesson 10-7.
A 39.3
Area of a semicircle
Replace r with 5.
Simplify.
The area of the figure is 300 39.3 or about
339.3 square centimeters.
Examine
Check the reasonableness of the solution by solving the problem
another way. Separate the figure into two rectangles and a
semicircle.
15 cm
10 cm
12 cm
25 cm
The area of one rectangle is 10 12 or 120 square centimeters, the
area of the other rectangle is 12 15 or 180 square centimeters,
and the area of the semicircle remains 39.3 square centimeters.
120 180 39.3 339.3
So, the answer is correct.
540 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Many real-world situations involve finding the area of an irregular figure.
Example 2 Use Area of Irregular Figures
LANDSCAPE DESIGN Suppose one
bag of mulch covers an area of about
9 square feet. How many bags of mulch
will be needed to cover the flower garden?
28 ft
Step 1 Find the area of the flower garden.
Area of rectangle
A bh
Area of a rectangle
A 24 38 Replace b with 24 and h with 38.
A 912
Simplify.
38 ft
8 ft
Area of parallelogram
A bh
Area of a parallelogram
A 28 8
Replace b with 28 and h with 8.
A 224
Simplify.
24 ft
The area of the garden is 912 224 or 1136 square feet.
Step 2 Find the number of bags of mulch needed.
1136 9 126.2
So, 127 bags of mulch will be needed.
Concept Check
1. OPEN ENDED Draw two examples of irregular figures.
2. Write the steps you would use to find
the area of the irregular figure shown
at the right.
Guided Practice
Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth.
3.
4.
5 in.
3 yd
4 yd
5 in.
9 yd
Application
HOME IMPROVEMENT For Exercises 5 and 6,
9 ft
use the diagram shown and the following
7 ft
12 ft
information.
20 ft
10 ft
The Slavens are planning to stain their wood
deck. One gallon of stain costs $19.95 and covers
18 ft
approximately 200 square feet.
5. Suppose the Slavens need to apply only one coat of stain. How many
gallons of stain will they need to buy?
6. Find the total cost of the stain, not including tax.
www.pre-alg.com/extra_examples
Lesson 10-8 Area: Irregular Figures 541
Practice and Apply
For
Exercises
See
Examples
7–15
19–22
1
2
Find the area of each figure to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
3m
5m
7. 4 ft
8.
9.
4 cm
3m
6 ft
9.5 cm
4 ft
Extra Practice
4.2 m
See page 750.
12 ft
10.
3.8 cm
11.
5 km
3.2 in.
3.2 in.
4.3 km
10 km
12.
13.
17 m
6 ft
1.5 ft
3m
8 ft
8m
12 m
3 ft
4m
14. What is the area of a figure that is formed using a square with sides
8 meters and a semicircle with a diameter of 5.6 meters?
15. Find the area of a figure formed using a rectangle with base 3.5 yards
and height 2.8 yards and a semicircle with radius 7 yards.
Find the area of each shaded region. Round to the nearest tenth, if
necessary. (Hint: Find the total area and subtract the non-shaded area.)
10
15
16.
17.
18.
7
5
7
7
15
12
8
11
3
4
8
3
14
19. SPORTS In the diagram shown, a track
surrounds a football field. To the nearest
tenth, what is the area of the grass region
inside the track?
20. WALKWAYS A sidewalk forms a 3-foot wide
border with the grass as shown. Find the area of
the sidewalk.
542 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
100 yd
50
50 yd
25 yd
50
12 ft
12 ft
The formulas for area
and circumference of
circles are used in the
design of various
buildings. Visit
www.pre-alg.com/
webquest to continue
work on your
WebQuest project.
GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 21–23,
use the diagram shown at the right.
21. Tell how you would separate
the irregular figure into
polygons to find its area.
170 mi
35 mi
130 mi
290 mi
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
22. Use your method to find the total
land area of Oklahoma.
225 mi
305 mi
23. RESEARCH Use the Internet
or another source to find the
actual total land area of Oklahoma.
Online Research Data Update How can you use irregular
figures to estimate the total land area of your state? Visit
www.pre-alg.com/data_update to learn more.
24. CRITICAL THINKING In the diagram,
a patio that is 4 feet wide surrounds
a swimming pool. What is the area
of the patio?
30 ft
24 ft
Answer the question that was posed at the beginning
of the lesson.
How can polygons help to find the area of an irregular figure?
Include the following in your answer:
• an example of an irregular figure, and
• an explanation as to how the figure can be separated to find its area.
25. WRITING IN MATH
Standardized
Test Practice
For Exercises 26 and 27, refer to the diagram
shown. Suppose 1 square unit equals 5 square feet.
26. What is the area of the figure?
A 26.5 ft2
B 34.5 ft2
C
132.5
ft2
D
185
O
ft2
27. What is the area of the nonshaded region?
A 73.5 ft2
B 140.5 ft2
C
367.5 ft2
D
473.5 ft2
Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
(Lesson 10-7)
28. The wheel on a game show has a diameter of 8.5 feet.
29. The radius is 7 centimeters.
30. The diameter is 19 inches.
Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of each polygon.
(Lesson 10-6)
31. pentagon
32. quadrilateral
33. octagon
34. Draw an angle that measures 35°. (Lesson 9-3)
35. Simplify (4x)(6y). (Lesson 3-2)
www.pre-alg.com/self_check_quiz
Lesson 10-8 Area: Irregular Figures 543
Vocabulary and Concept Check
adjacent angles (p. 493)
alternate exterior angles (p. 492)
alternate interior angles (p. 492)
altitude (p. 520)
base (p. 520)
bilateral symmetry (p. 505)
center (p. 533)
circle (p. 533)
circumference (p. 533)
complementary (p. 493)
congruent (p. 500)
corresponding angles (p. 492)
corresponding parts (p. 500)
diagonal (p. 528)
diameter (p. 533)
dilation (p. 512)
exterior angles (p. 492, 531)
interior angles (pp. 492, 528)
line symmetry (p. 505)
line of symmetry (pp. 505, 506)
parallel lines (p. 492)
parallelogram (p. 514)
perpendicular lines (p. 494)
pi (p. 533)
polygon (p. 527)
quadrilateral (p. 513)
radius (p. 533)
reflection (p. 506)
regular polygon (p. 529)
rhombus (p. 514)
rotation (p. 506)
rotational symmetry (p. 505)
supplementary (p. 494)
tessellation (p. 532)
transformation (p. 506)
translation (p. 506)
transversal (p. 492)
trapezoid (p. 514)
turn symmetry (p. 505)
vertical angles (p. 493)
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
1. Two angles are (complementary, supplementary ) if the sum of their measures is 180°.
2. A ( rhombus , trapezoid) has four congruent sides.
3. In congruent triangles, the ( corresponding angles , adjacent angles) are congruent.
4. In a ( rotation , translation), a figure is turned around a fixed point.
5. A polygon in which all sides are congruent is called (equiangular, equilateral ).
10-1 Angle Relationships
See pages
492–497.
Concept Summary
• When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the corresponding
angles, the alternate interior angles, and the alternate exterior angles
are congruent.
Example
• Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90°.
• Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180°.
t
In the figure at the right, m and t is
a transversal. If m1 109°, find m7.
Since 1 and 7 are alternate exterior angles,
they are congruent. So, m7 109°.
1
4
5
8
Exercises Use the figure shown to find the
measure of each angle. See Example 1 on page 493.
6. 5
7. 3
8. 2
544 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
2
3
6
7
9. 6
m
Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review
10-2 Congruent Triangles
See pages
500–504.
Concept Summary
A
X
• Figures that have the same size and shape
are congruent.
• The corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent.
Example
B
C
Y
Z
ABC XYZ
Use ABC and XYZ above to complete each congruence statement.
B ?
YZ
?
B corresponds to Y, so B Y.
Y
BC
BC
Z
corresponds to , so Y
Z
.
Exercises
Complete each congruence statement if FGH QRS.
See Example 2 on page 501.
10. F 13. G
H
11. S 14. HF
?
?
12. R 15. RQ
?
?
?
?
10-3 Transformations on the Coordinate Plane
See pages
506–511.
Concept Summary
• Three types of transformations are translations, reflections, and
rotations.
Examples 1
The vertices of JKL are J(1, 2), K(3, 2), and L(1, 1). Graph the triangle and its
image after a translation 3 units left and 2 units up.
y K'
This translation can be written as (3, 2).
J'
vertex
J(1, 2)
K(3, 2)
L(1, 1) 3 left, 2 up
(3, 2)
(3, 2)
(3, 2)
translation
→ J(2, 4)
→ K(0, 4)
→ L(2, 1)
J
K
L'
x
O
L
2 The vertices of figure ABCD are A(1, 3), B(4, 3), C(1, 1), and D(2, 1).
Graph the figure and its image after a reflection over the x-axis.
Use the same x-coordinate and multiply the
y-coordinate by 1.
vertex
A(1, 3)
B(4, 3)
C(1, 1)
D(2, 1)
→
→
→
→
(1, 3 1)
(4, 3 1)
(1, 1 1)
(2, 1 1)
→
→
→
→
reflection
A(1, 3)
B(4, 3)
C(1, 1)
D(2, 1)
D'
D
y
A'
B'
C'
C
O
A
x
B
Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review 545
Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review
Example 3
A triangle has vertices T(2, 0), W(4, 2), and Z(3, 4). Graph the
triangle and its image after a rotation of 180° about the origin.
y
Multiply both coordinates of each point by 1.
Z'
vertex
T(2, 0)
→
W(4, 2) →
Z(3, 4) →
W'
rotation
T(2, 0)
W(4, 2)
Z(3, 4)
T
O
x
T'
W
Z
Exercises
Graph each figure and its image.
See Examples 1–3 on pages 507–509.
16. The vertices of a rectangle are C(0, 2), D(2, 0), F(1, 3), and G(3, 1).
The rectangle is translated 4 units right and two units down.
17. The vertices of a triangle are H(1, 4), I(4, 2), and J(2, 1).
The triangle is reflected over the y-axis.
18. A triangle has vertices N(1, 3), P(3, 0), and Q(1, 1). The triangle is rotated
90° clockwise.
10-4 Quadrilaterals
See pages
513–517.
Concept Summary
• The sum of the angle measures of a quadrilateral is 360°.
• A trapezoid, parallelogram, rhombus, square, and rectangle are
examples of quadrilaterals.
Example
Find the value of x. Then find the
missing angle measures.
x 2x 96 87 360 Angles of a quadrilateral
3x 183 360 Combine like terms.
3x 177 Simplify.
x 59
Divide each side by 3.
x˚
2x ˚
96˚
87˚
The value of x is 59. So, the missing angle measures are 59° and 2(59) or 118°
Exercises
Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measures.
See Example 1 on page 514.
19.
x˚
67˚
66˚
115˚
546 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
20.
21.
110˚
2x ˚
78˚
x˚
x˚
110˚
x˚
Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review
10-5 Area: Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids
See pages
520–525.
Concept Summary
• Area of a parallelogram: A bh
1
• Area of a triangle: A 2bh
1
• Area of a trapezoid: A 2h(a b)
Example
Find the area of the trapezoid.
1
A h(a b)
2
1
A (1.8)(2 5)
2
1
A 1.8 7
2
A 6.3
2 cm
Area of a trapezoid
1.8 cm
Substitution
5 cm
Add 2 and 5.
The area of the trapezoid is 6.3 square centimeters.
Exercises
22.
Find the area of each figure.
23.
13 in.
See Examples 1–3 on pages 520–523.
24.
8.7 m
1
5 2 yd
9 in.
6.2 m
4 yd
5.0 m
10-6 Polygons
See pages
527–531.
Concept Summary
• Polygons can be classified by the number of sides they have.
• If a polygon has n sides, then the sum of the degree measures of the
interior angles of the polygon is (n 2)180.
Example
Classify the polygon. Then find the sum of the
measures of the interior angles.
The polygon has 5 sides. It is a pentagon.
(n 2)180 (5 2)180
Replace n with 5.
3(180) or 540 Simplify.
The sum of the measures of the angles is 540.
Exercises Classify each polygon. Then find the sum of the measures of the
interior angles. See Examples 1 and 2 on page 528.
25.
26.
27.
Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review 547
• Extra Practice, see pages 747–750.
• Mixed Problem Solving, see page 767.
10-7 Circumference and Area: Circles
See pages
533–538.
Example
Concept Summary
• The circumference C of a circle with radius r is given by C 2r.
• The area A of a circle with radius r is given by A r2.
Find the circumference and area of the circle.
Round to the nearest tenth.
C 2r
Circumference of a circle
C 2 7.5 Replace r with 7.5.
C 47.1
The circumference is about 47.1 inches.
A r2
A 7.52
A 56.25
A 176.7
15 m
Area of a circle
Replace r with 7.5.
Evaluate 7.52.
The area is about 176.7 square meters.
Exercises Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the
nearest tenth. See Examples 1 and 3 on pages 534 and 535.
28.
29.
30.
18 ft
2.1 m
5 cm
10-8 Area: Irregular Figures
See pages
539–543.
Concept Summary
• To find the area of an irregular figure, separate the irregular figure into
figures whose areas you know how to find.
Example
Find the area of the figure.
Area of Parallelogram
A bh
A 3(5) or 15
5 cm
Area of Square
A s2
A 32 or 9
The area of the figure is 15 9 or 24 square centimeters.
3 cm
3 cm
Exercises Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth, if
necessary. See Example 1 on page 540.
11 m
31.
32.
33.
7 in.
34 cm
7 in.
6 in.
16 in.
9.4 m
15 cm
5.2 m
548 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Vocabulary and Concepts
1. Draw and label a diagram that represents each of the following.
a. congruent triangles
b. quadrilateral
c. circumference
2. Compare and contrast complementary and supplementary angles.
Skills and Applications
In the figure at the right, a b, and c is a transversal. If m5 58°,
find the measure of each angle.
3. 6
4. 7
5. 4
6. 3
Complete each congruence statement if MNO PRS.
7. P ?
8. R
S
?
9. MNO a
2 5
6 8
b
3 1
4 7
c
?
Find the coordinates of the vertices of each figure after the given
transformation. Then graph the transformation image.
10. reflection over the y-axis
11. rotation of 90° clockwise
y
E
y
x
O
D
x
O
E
F
G
F
G
H
ALGEBRA Find the value of x. Then find the missing angle measure.
12.
13.
x˚
( 2x 1)˚ x ˚
63˚
121˚
70˚
Find the area of each figure described.
14. triangle: base, 21 ft.; height, 16 ft
(x 11)˚
40˚
15. parallelogram: base, 7 ft; height, 2.5 ft
Classify each polygon. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles.
16.
17.
Find the area and circumference of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
18. The radius is 3 miles.
19. The diameter is 10 inches.
20. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE What is the diameter of a circle
if its circumference is 54.8 meters? Round to the nearest tenth.
A 8.7 m
B 15.6 m
C 17.4 m
D 34.9 m
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Chapter 10 Practice Test 549
Part 1 Multiple Choice
Record your answers on the answer sheet
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of
paper.
55
5
1. Which expression is equivalent to 3 ?
(Lessons 4-2 and 4-7)
A
52
B
52
C
58
D
515
2. The rectangles shown below are similar.
Which proportion can be used to find x?
(Lesson 6-2)
6. Triangle ABC is a right
triangle. What is the
length of the hypotenuse?
12 units
B
32 units
C
60 units
D
84 units
36
B
48
(Lesson 9-5)
A
A
C
7. A graphic artist has designed the logo shown
below. If rectangles A and B are parallel, then
which statement is true? (Lesson 10-1)
A
16 ft
1
x ft
4 ft
2
B
3 ft
A
C
4
x
16
3
16
x
3
4
B
D
3
4
16
x
16
x
4
3
3. Suppose 2% of the containers made by a
manufacturer are defective. If 750 of the
containers are inspected, how many can be
expected not to be defective? (Lesson 6-9)
A
150
B
730
C
735
D
748
4. Lawanda plans to paint each side of a cube
either white or blue so that when the cube is
tossed, the probability that the cube will land
1
3
on a blue side is . How many sides of the
A
m1 m2 0°
B
m1 m2 45°
C
m1 m2 90°
D
m1 m2 180°
8. In quadrilateral ABCD, mA 100°,
mB 100°, and mC 90°. Find mD.
(Lesson 10-4)
A
70°
B
85°
C
90°
D
170°
9. Refer to the figure shown. What is the best
estimate of the area of the circle inscribed in
the square? (Lesson 10-7)
A
7 in2
B
9 in2
C
19 in2
D
28 in2
cube should she paint blue? (Lesson 6-9)
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
5. In the spreadsheet below, a formula applied to
the values in columns A and B results in the
values in column C. What is the formula?
3 in.
(Lesson 8-1)
A
CA–B
B
C A – 2B
C
D
A
B
C
1
4
0
4
CAB
2
5
1
3
C A 2B
3
6
2
2
4
7
3
1
550 Chapter 10 Two-Dimensional Figures
Test-Taking Tip
Question 9
Most standardized tests include any necessary formulas
in the test booklet. It helps to be familiar with formulas
such as the area of a rectangle and the circumference of
a circle, but use any formulas that are given to you.
Preparing for Standardized Tests
For test-taking strategies and more
practice, see pages 771–788.
Part 2 Short Response/Grid In
Record your answers on the answer sheet
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of
paper.
14x 6
10. If x 3, what is the value of ?
5x 3
(Lesson 1-2)
11. Refer to the data set shown.
20
20
21
22
24
24
24
26
Which is greater, the median or the mode?
(Lesson 5-8)
12. A magazine asked 512 students who use
computers if they use e-mail. About 83%
of the students said that they use e-mail.
About how many of these students use
e-mail? (Lesson 6-9)
13. Gracia is finding three consecutive whole
numbers whose sum is 78. She uses the
equation n (n 1) (n 2) 78. What
expression represents the greatest of the
three numbers? (Lesson 7-2)
14. Solve 4x 7 39. (Lesson 7-6)
15. What is the slope of the line represented by
the equation 3x y 5? (Lesson 8-4)
16. Find the coordinates of the vertices for
quadrilateral WXYZ after a translation
of (2, 1). (Lesson 10-3)
y W
X
Z
Y
x
O
17. These two triangles are congruent. What is
the value of x? (Lesson 9-4)
105˚
35˚
x˚
www.pre-alg.com/standardized_test
18. What name best classifies
this quadrilateral?
(Lesson 10-4)
19. The diagram
shows a
kitchen
counter with
an area cut out
for a sink.
What is the
area of the
counter top?
2 ft
6 ft
3 ft
3 ft
2 ft
12 ft
(Lesson 10-8)
Part 3 Extended Response
Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Show your work.
20. Triangle JKM
is shown.
(Lesson 10-3)
y
J
M
a. What are the
K
x
O
coordinates
of the vertices
of JKM?
b. Copy JKM
onto a sheet
of grid paper. Label the vertices.
c. Graph the image of JKM after a
translation 2 units left and 3 units down.
Label the translated image JKM.
d. Graph the image of JKM after a
reflection over the y-axis. Label the
reflection of JKM as JKM.
e. On another sheet of grid paper, graph
JKM. Then graph JKM after a
reflection over the y-axis. Label the
reflection JKM.
f. Graph the image of the reflection in
part e after a translation 2 units right
and 3 units down. Label the translated
image JKM.
g. Tell whether the image of JKM in
part d is the same as the image of
JKM in part e. Explain why or why
not.
Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice 551