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Quiz: Chapter 29
• You know the drill!
Tuesday
February 7, 2017
Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Friday, February 10th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 3rd
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Wednesday, March 15th
• Unit Essay: Progressive Era
Chapter 29
Wilsonian Progressivism in
Peace and War, 1913–1920
“American enterprise is not free; the man with only a little capital is finding it harder
and harder to get into the field, more and more impossible to compete with the big
fellow. Why? Because the laws of this country do not prevent the strong from crushing
the weak.”
-Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom, 1913
I. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
• Woodrow Wilson was only the second Democratic
president since 1861 – and he was a southerner!
• WHO WAS WILSON?
• His ideal of self-determination was inspired by his
sympathy for southern independence.
• His ideal of faith in the masses—if they were properly
informed—came from Jeffersonian democracy.
• Believed the chief executive should play a dynamic
leadership role (among the masses & Congress).
• Standoffish in public, academic elitist, very stubborn,
tactless.
• Wilson’s idealism was very black and white, all or
nothing.
Wilson w/Andrew Carnegie
II. Wilson Tackles the Tariff
III. Wilson Battles the Bankers
IV. Wilson Tames the Trusts
V. Wilson at the Peak
• Wilson: reform tariffs, banking, and the trusts while considering elasticity &
centralization – WHAT CHANGES OCCURRED AS A RESULT OF THIS?
• Underwood Tariff (1913): lower tariff pass over lobbyist objections.
• Sixteenth Amendment (1913) helped lower tariffs with income tax.
• Federal Reserve Act (1913) – independently controls printing of paper money.
• Amount of money in circulation could be swiftly increased as needed.
• Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
• Presidential commission could look into industry involvement in interstate commerce.
• Crush monopolies before they can become too powerful by attacking: unlawful competition,
false advertising, mislabeling, and bribery.
• The Clayton Anti-Trust (1914) increased the list of objectionable practices (price
discrimination & interlocking directorates) & protected union rights.
• Many other acts were passed to protect the worker, farmers, infrastructure.
Reading the Death Warrant
This cartoon appeared in a New York newspaper soon after
Woodrow Wilson called for dramatic reform of the banking
system before both houses of Congress. With the “money
trust” of bankers and businessmen cowed, Wilson was able to
win popular and congressional support for the Federal Reserve
Act of 1913.
Compare the trusts from Wilson’s era
to the earlier cartoon above.
VI. New Directions in Foreign Policy
VII. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
• Wilson on Foreign Policy: TR was a bully & Wall Street is
corrupt.
• Philippines became a territory (1916) and were promised
independence (very long-term).
• Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan convinced CA to allow
some land ownership by Japanese (1913).
• Wilson the Bully: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Mexico
• Mexico continued to struggle with stability which endangered
American interests.
• Hearst led the cry for intervention.
• Tampico Incident (1914):
• Wilson sent arms to (dictator) Victoriano Huerta’s rivals: Venustiano
Carranza and Francisco (“Pancho”) Villa.
• Small party of American sailors were arrested and released.
• Open conflict was narrowly avoided.
• Chaos would continue in Mexico for some time.
• General John J. Pershing was ordered to bring chaos under control.
Wednesday
February 8, 2017
Mexico’s major
players:
Huerta, Carranza,
Villa
The United
States in the
Caribbean,
1898–1941
VIII. Thunder Across the Sea
• Europe’s situation: chain reaction
followed murder of Austro-Hungarian
heir by a Serb in 1914
• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
later Turkey and Bulgaria.
• Allies: France, Britain, and Russia, later
Japan and Italy.
• President Wilson: maintain neutrality!
• Most Americans hoped to stay out of WWI.
• Could the U.S. truly remain neutral?
• Britain: cultural/economic ties, naval
supremacy.
• Germany: many German immigrants in the
U.S.
• Most Americans were anti-German (antiKaiser) from the start.
IX. America Earns Blood Money
X. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
• CP complained, but Allied demand for arms helped
American economy.
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany needed to break stranglehold of British
blockade.
• Wilson warned Germany against attacks on American
ships, but the U-boats sank 90 ships, including the
Lusitania (1915), Arabic, and Sussex.
• The German Sussex pledge brought temporary relief.
• Wilson won re-election with the slogan: “He kept us
out of war.”
British Military Area (declared
November 3,
1914) and German Submarine War
Zone (declared February 4, 1915)
“Here’s Money for Your Americans. I May
Drown Some More.”
A German U-boat
XI. War by Act of Germany
• WHAT EVENTS HELPED PUSH THE U.S. TO
WAR?
• Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm
American merchant ships – NO!
• Zimmermann Note was intercepted and
published on March 1, 1917.
• Secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance by
German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman
• Russian Revolution (1917) removed czars
which allowed Allies to claim they were
fighting for Democracy.
• Germany resumed unrestricted submarine
warfare in 1917.
• Wilson, on April 2, 1917, asked for a
declaration of war.
President Wilson asks Congress for war, 1917
XII. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
XIII. Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
• American isolationism was in danger.
• Wilson needed to turn the war into a crusade to foster
support.
• GOAL: “to make the world safe for democracy”
• On January 8, 1918, he delivered to the Congress
his famed Fourteen Points:
•
•
•
•
•
1: abolish secret treaties
2: freedom of the seas
3: a removal of economic barriers among nations
4: arms reduction
5: give native people a voice with regards to
colonization
• 6-13: self-determination for minority groups
throughout the world
• 14: League of Nations to provide collective security
Thursday
February 9, 2017
Just years after TR, Wilson was able to
garner the same level of support and
patriotism among Americans.
The 14 Points
as presented
by Woodrow
Wilson
XIV. Manipulating Minds and Stifling Dissent
• Bottom line: the U.S. was not ready for war.
• George Creel’s Committee on Public Information
mobilized public for war.
• GOAL: sell America on the war and sell the world on
Wilsonian ideals
• Methods included speeches, posters, pamphlets, leaflets,
movies, songs (Over There)
Uncle Sam
NOT a real person
• Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918
• Criticism of the government could be censored and
punished.
• 19,000 prosecutions of antiwar Socialists (Eugene V. Debs)
and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the
World.
• Schenk v. United States (1919): the Supreme Court
affirmed their legality.
• Freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech
posed a “clear and present danger” to the nation.
Eugene V. Debs
A real person who
was convicted
under the
Espionage Act
Rich Military
Sign up today!
The United States was not
the only propaganda
machine of WWI.
XV. Forging a War Economy
XVI. Workers in Wartime
• Big government, previously feared, was essential to the war
effort. HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT CARRY OUT THIS TASK?
• War Industries Board (1918) took control of economic planning.
• Great pressure was used to sell the bonds.
• Food Administration pushed for voluntary war effort (victory
gardens).
• Day-light saving time created to extend the workday/save on fuel.
• Overall, labor and government cooperated.
• National War Labor Board worked for compromise in the name of the
war effort.
• AF of L supported the war; the IWW did not.
• Black Americans began moving north looking for wartime industrial
jobs.
XVII. Suffering Until Suffrage
• Thousands of women entered the factories and fields in
the place of male soldiers.
• War split the women’s movement deeply.
• Many progressive-era feminists were pacifists – National
Woman’s Party
• Larger part of the suffrage movement supported the war –
National American Woman Suffrage Association
• Supporters argued that they had to support democracy
abroad if they expected it at home.
• Wilson endorsed woman suffrage as “a vitally necessary war
measure”.
• The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) gave all American women
the right to vote.
• Women’s wartime economic gains were only temporary.
XVIII. Making Plowboys into Doughboys
IXX. America Helps Hammer the “Hun”
• America’s early role in the war was to help uphold freedom
of the seas and loan money/resources to Allies.
• American Expeditionary Force was eventually necessary to
help finish off the CP.
• Even though Wilson did not like it, conscription was the answer.
• Required all man between 18 and 45 to register.
• Women and black Americans also served.
• Germany’s last gasp: drove to within 40 miles of Paris, May
1918.
• 30,000 American troops landed at Chateau-Thierry, right in the
path of the German advance.
• American men participated in a counter-offensive in the Second
Battle of the Marne.
• Germany was ready to quit, and it looked to Wilson for the
best terms – 14 Points.
• Armistice: 11:00 on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918.
An American Doughboy
What was the war like?
Even though
Americans lost a
fraction of the men of
Russia or Germany,
American soldiers still
experienced the
devastation of modern
war. Let’s look at some
examples.
Wilson in Dover,
England, 1919
Hailed by many
Europeans in early 1919
as the savior of the
Western world, Wilson
was a fallen idol only a
few months later, when
Americans repudiated
the peace treaty he had
helped to craft.
XXI. An Idealist Amid the Imperialists
• Paris Conference (January 18, 1919) –
Treaty of Versailles
• Big Four:
• Woodrow Wilson—United States
• Premier Vittorio Orlando—Italy
• Prime Minister David Lloyd George—
Britain
• Premier Georges Clemenceau—France
• Wilson’s GOAL: League Of Nations
• Wanted to prevent the vengeful actions
by Allies.
XX. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
XXII. Wilson’s Battle for Ratification
XXIII. The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920
• Wilson’s mistakes: lost control of Congress to
Republicans, then took no Republicans to Paris.
• Henry Cabot Lodge’s irreconcilables resisted – especially
Article X of the Treaty of Versailles.
• Europeans wanted revenge – crush Germany, take territory.
• Wilson had to compromise at every turn to save the League of
Nations.
• Wilson could not convince Senate to ratify the treaty.
• Wilson collapsed and suffered a stroke while fighting for the
treaty.
• “Solemn Referendum”— Let the election of 1920 decide
the treaty’s fate.
• Warren G. Harding (R ) and his “return to normalcy” won the
day.
Europe – Before and After WWI
XXIV. The Betrayal of Great Expectations
• Was America’s spurning of the League
was tragically short-sighted, as
Kennedy/Cohen claim?
• Without U.S. membership in the
League of Nations:
• France undertook to build a powerful
military force.
• Thus Germany began to rearm illegally.
• The United States was not quite ready
to take center stage in global affairs.
• WWII would forever change this fact.
Exam: Chapters 28-29
• 27 multiple choice
• 2 short answer