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August 2013 - October 2013, Vol. 3, No. 4; 2623-2627. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929 Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section B: Biological Science CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research article Estimation of the Type and Quantity of Sugar in Milk Ajit V Pandya, Dhigesh Joshi, Sheban Vora and Ajay Vishwakarma Department of Biochemistry, C.U.Shah Science College, Ahmadabad Gujarat, India Received: 18 July 2013; Revised: 14 August 2013; Accepted: 20 August 2013 Abstract: Sugar/Carbohydrate is widely present in all the living substances hence it is called the “staff of life”. It is present as a storage form in all the fruits, vegetables in its various forms and quantities. It was determined through a series of experiments performed on a selected sample of cow milk as the research material and the results revealed that it contained mainly one sugar: Lactose. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. The quantity of sugar was estimated to the value of 4.7 gm in 100gm of milk. The values obtained are within the range. Milk contains Lactose, Casein protein, fat and fat soluble vitamins. Under certain conditions, the sugar content of the milk may vary such as degree of freshness and contamination of milk, type of animal from which the milk is obtained, time of milching the cow or any other animal and the methods used during milching It is recommended to consume milk regularly and in large quantities in order to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the body. Keywords: Carbohydrates, Milk, Lactose, Folin-Wu method, Homogenate. 2623 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B; Aug. 2013-Oct.2013; Vol.3, No.4; 2623-2627. Estimation.... Ajit Pandya et.al. INTRODUCTION Sugar is the generalized name for a class of sweet-flavored substances used as food. They are carbohydrates and are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose and galactose. The table sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms of sugar each year equivalent to over 260 food calories per person, per day1. Sugar has been linked to obesity and suspected of being implicated in diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, muscular degeneration and tooth decay. Through photosynthesis plants produce glucose, which has the formula C6H12O6, and convert it for storage in the form of fruits and vegetables as an energy reserve in the form of other carbohydrates such as starch, or sucrose. Types of Sugar: Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose and galactose are all simple sugars, monosaccharide’s, with the general formula C6H12O6. Disaccharides: Sucrose, maltose and lactose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula C12H22O11. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water. Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides have a general formula of Cx (H2O) y. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. The body uses carbohydrates directly from the monosaccharide glucose. Glucose is in the blood and extracellular fluids (lymph) and can be made from glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles of the body. Energy is derived from glucose by the splitting of the glucose molecules into smaller compounds and oxidizing these to form water, which frees quite a large amount of energy. Nerve cells are very dependent upon glucose for their function. The glycogen in nervous tissues remains constant and is not mobilized for conversion to glucose. When insufficient carbohydrates are consumed to meet the energy needs of the central nervous system, besides the occurrence of gluconeogenesis, another phenomenon occurs during a fast of three weeks or more. Carbohydrates provide the major fuel for muscular exercise. Fats and proteins can be used only indirectly by first being converted into carbohydrates. For this reason, a proper diet should consist primarily of carbohydrates not primarily of proteins and fats as are commonly consumed in conventional nonvegetarian diets. Cellulose is known to be indigestible by humans, though it is digested and used for energy by herbivores. The claims made about "the beneficial role of dietary fiber in preventing diseases" are so popular and so widely made that they are practically accepted as fact. However, cellulose, though in fact a carbohydrate because it is utilized as such by herbivores, does not serve the role of a carbohydrate in human physiology. Because it cannot be digested and utilized by humans, it cannot provide us with energy but forms roughage which is vital for the body. Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrums, which carries the mother's antibodies to the baby and can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. 2624 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. A; Aug. 2013-Oct.2013; Vol.3, No.4; 2623-2627. Estimation.... Ajit Pandya et.al. It also contains many other nutrients2.As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from mammals and used as food for humans, worldwide dairy farms produced3 about 730 million tones of milk in 2011. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of milk, yet neither exports nor imports milk. New Zealand, the European Union's 27 member states, Australia, and the United States are the world's largest exporters of milk and milk products. China and Russia are the world's largest importers of milk and milk products1. Cow's milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yogurt, ice cream, and especially the more durable and easily transportable product, cheese. Modern industrial processes produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy, despite the fact that most adult humans show some degree of lactose intolerance4. Milk can be consumed in various forms such as skimmed milk, whole milk, fat free milk, organic milk, lactose free milk etc. The recommended daily intake for children and teenagers is given below: Age Milk 1 2–3 4–8 9–13 14–18 Year Years Years Years Years 2 cups 2 cups 2 cups 3 cups 3 cups Milk should also be consumed by adults mainly women as it would cut the risk of many bone related diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection: The Milk used for the research work was whole milk of collected from a cow at a local stable in Gandhinagar and was stored at low temperature. The experiment was performed on 6th of December 2012. All reagents and standards used in this work for various determinations were of analytical grade. The methods used in this work are the standard methods. Preparation of Homogenate: The milk needed for the estimation of type and quantity of sugar should be protein and fat free. In order to use a pure carbohydrate containing sample 23ml of HCl was added to 70 ml of sample of milk. HCl deproteinizes the milk and all the protein coagulated and settled in the bottom of the flask. The supernatant was separated. Its quantity was found out to be 23ml. It was further diluted with 77 ml milk to make the volume up to 100 ml. Two types of tests were performed on the homogenate in order to determine the type and the quantity of the sugar present in milk differently. Estimation of type of Carbohydrate: To find out the types of carbohydrate present in any sample a series of tests are performed on it. These include: Estimation of Sugar by Folin-Wu method: Principle: The sample is heated with alkaline copper solution by using a special type of Folin-Wu tubes. Glucose (and other reducing substances) reduces copper from the cupric ions to the cuprous ions. When phosphomolybdic acid is added it is reduced from cuprous form to blue coloured molybdenum blue. Intensity of molybdenum blue is directly proportional to sugar. Its concentration is measured colourimetrically with a known standard at 420 nm. 2625 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. A; Aug. 2013-Oct.2013; Vol.3, No.4; 2623-2627. Estimation.... Ajit Pandya et.al. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The type and quantity of sugar was estimated from Milk. The results revealed that Lactose is present in the milk (Table 1) and the sugar content in it is 4.7 gm per 100gm. Variations may occur in the quantity of Sugar because of the time interval between the experiments performed. Oxidation caused during the preparation of homogenate also destroys some sugar. Dilution of the sample also leads to the deterioration of the quantity of sugar. Milk should be consumed regularly as it is a wholesome food. Besides carbohydrates it is full of essential vitamins, proteins and fats. It is essential for the proper growth and maintenance of the body Table-1: Methods of testing Sugar. TEST Test for carbohydrate: Molisch’s Test Test for polysaccharide: Iodine Test Test for Reducing Sugar: Benedict’s Test Fehling’s Test Picric acid Test Test for Ketose Sugar: Seliwanoff’s Test Phosphoric acid Test Cobaltous chloride Test Test for Monosaccharide: Barfoed’s Test Test for Osazone: Phenyl Hydrazine Test OBSERVATION Purple ring obtained INFERENCE Therefore, Carbohydrate is present No purple colour obtained Therefore, Polysaccharide is absent Red-green ppt obtained Red ppt obtained Reddish brown colour obtained Therefore, Reducing sugars such as Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Maltose or Lactose may be present. Cherry red colour not obtained Brown coloured ring not obtained Purple coloured ring not obtained Therefore, ketose sugar such as Fructose or Sucrose is absent. Red button not obtained in the bottom of the test tube Woolen Ball shaped osazone obtained. Monosaccharide such as Glucose, Fructose or Galactose are absent Lactose is confirmed. Result: From the above tests it was confirmed that Lactose is present in Milk. CONCLUSION It is thus concluded from the above experiments that Lactose is present in the milk and the sugar content in it is 4.7gm per 100gm. The destruction of sugar occurs on long exposure of the milk at room temperature. RECOMMENDATION It is suggested that milk used should be fresh and it should be boiled before usage in order to kill all the pathogenic microorganisms and it should be consumed regularly in order to maintain proper health. Further research should be performed in order to check whether time is a main factor for the proper quantity for sugar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful to research students and all the staff members, the head of department and Principal Mam of C.U Shah Science College for allowing us to perform this research work in the laboratory. 2626 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. A; Aug. 2013-Oct.2013; Vol.3, No.4; 2623-2627. Estimation.... Ajit Pandya et.al. REFERENCES 1. "Food Outlook – Milk and Milk Products". FAO, United Nations. 2010 2. Pehrsson et al . "USDA’s National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program: Food Sampling". Journal of food composition and analysis, 2000, 13: 379–389. doi:10.1006/jfca.1999.0867, 3. "Food Outlook – Global Market Analysis". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. May 2012. pp. 8, 51–54. 4. Champe, Pamela (2008). "Introduction to Carbohydrates". Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7817-69600. Corresponding author: Dr. Ajit V Pandya; Department of Biochemistry, C.U.Shah Science College, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India 2627 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. A; Aug. 2013-Oct.2013; Vol.3, No.4; 2623-2627.