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SENSORY PROCESSING & EFFECT ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT Huda Sadek Consultant Pediatric Neurodevelopment OBJECTIVES Definition Facts and Myths Brain development Sensory development Summary DEFINITIONS 1- Development is an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation. 2- The biological, physiological and emotional changes that occur in humans between birth and end of adolescence, as individual progress from dependency to increasing autonomy. • Child developmental processes begin in pregnancy. • Maximum rate during first 5 years of life • Brain continue to grow slowly but steadily until 18 years of age. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Identify environment Development of communication Logic thinking and interpretation, developing own idea and hypostasis Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it. NKJV A MYTH AND A FACT How the brain develops depends on the genes the child born with. How the brain develops hinges on a complex interplay between the genes and the experience the child has. The experience the child has before age three have a limited impact on later development Early experiences have a decisive impact on the architecture of the brain, and on the nature and extent of adult capacities. A secure relationship with primary caregiver creates a favorable context for early development and learning. Early interactions do not just create a context, they directly effect the way that the brain is “wired”. Brain development is linear; the brain capacity to learn and change grows steadily as an infant progresses towards adulthood Brain development is non-linear; there are prime times of acquiring different kind of knowledge and skills. A toddler's brain is much less active than the brain of a college student By the time children reach age three, their brains are twice as active as those of adults. Activity levels drop during adolescence. NEW BORN BRAIN The process of development occurs sequentially from the “ bottom up”, i.e. from more primitive sections of brain to the more sophisticated section (Perry 2000a) Migration, multiplication and differentiation (Perry 2000) Function Hierarchy Of The Brain Cortex Limbic Midbrain Brainstem Courtesy of Bruce Perry MD PhD Abstract thought Concrete thought Affiliation Attachment Sexual behaviour Emotional reactivity Motor regulation “Arousal” Appetite/Satiety Sleep Blood Pressure Heart Rate Body Temperature c o m p l e x i t y (Perry 2000a) NEW BORN BRAIN Parts of the brain that fully develop first are the brainstem and midbrain, they govern the bodily functions necessary for life (autonomic functions) At birth, lower portions of nervous system are very well developed, Whereas the higher regions (cerebral cortex, limbic system are primitive (zero to three 2009) Breath, eat, sleep, see, hear, smell, make noise, feel sensations, recognize the people close to them. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT Average brain weights (BW) AGE -------- BW - Male (grams) BW - Female (grams) ----------------- ----------------- Newborn 380 360 1 year 970 940 2 years 1,120 1,040 3 years 1,270 1,090 10-12 years 1,440 1,260 19-21 years 1,450 1,310 56-60 years 1,370 1,250 81-85 years 1,310 1,170 (Data from Dekaban, A.S. and Sadowsky, D., Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights, Ann. Neurology, 4:345-356, 1978) BRAIN DEVELOPMENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT Brain development is the process of Creating (synapses) Strengthening (plasticity) Discarding (Pruning) Mylinating the process of production of myelin that surrounds the axon of neuron cells to enhance the speed and efficacy of signal transmission. SYNAPSES Wiring process 50 trillion 1000 trillion NEURONAL PATHWAY Responding neuron Environmental stimulant Receptive Neuron PLASTICITY Ability of the brain to change in response to repeated stimulation 1- Allow catch up with delayed skills “sensitive period” 2- Better recovery from brain damage “Developmental Medicine Mac Keith 2000” 3- Ability to accommodate change in environment The human brain has the ability to reshape and redesign to certain degree through his life. 4- Living in a different environment or climate 5- Continuity of learning ability 6- Cope with changes in life Negative pathways in response to negative stimulating environment…. Toxic stress effect, lack of care SENSITIVE PERIOD SENSORY SENSES TOUCH (Most sensitive sense) Develops at 16 weeks gestation. The first experience with surrounding environment occurs through touch Sense of touch is essential to children’s development of physical ability, language, cognitive skills and social emotional competency. Through sense of touch, babies are able to learn about their world, bond with their mothers and communicate their needs. Field, Tiffany. (Touch for socioemotional and physical well- Being. A Review “Developmental Review:30, issue:Ellservier, Pages 367-383.2011 SENSORY SENSES Touch stimulates releasing Oxytocin hormone. Infants who receive above-average level of affection from their mothers are shown to be less likely to be hostile, anxious, emotionally distressed. Gardnar, Amanda. “Can a mother’s Affection Prevent Anexity in Adulthood?” July 2010. Children who are deprived from close tactile contacts with parents are more liable to struggle in their social relationship as adults. Also increase aggression and behavioural problems. Field, Tiffany. “Touch for socio-emotional and physical well-being: A Review “Developmental Review. Volume:30, Issue:4, Elsevier, pages:367-383. 2011 SENSORY SENSES HEARING (Most Critical sense) Sense develops at 25 weeks gestation At birth babies are familiar with their mother voice, can hear high pitched sound. Hearing is essential in developing language. Essential in developing social interaction and strengthen child-parents bond. 1. Graven SN, Browne JV. Auditory development in the fetus and infant. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2008; 8:187-193. 2. 2.Weisleder, Adriana, and Anne Fernald. "Talking to children matters early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary." Psychological science 24.11 (2013): 2143-2152. SENSORY SENSES TASTE: the weakest sense at birth a baby can discriminate sweat from sour Help to chose type of food Affected by type of food mother has during pregnancy and during breast feeding time SMELL: (strong link with memory) babies are able to smell at 28 weeks gestation At birth the sense is strong enough that the baby can smell the difference between his mother and another mum’s breast milk. Familiar senses can be comforting to the baby. Enjoyable scents has been shown to improve mood, calmness and alertness. SENSORY SENSES Mean Responses to Memories Using Different Sensory Cues SMELL: Scent of mother can make bedtime easier and calm a crying baby sense of smell has strong link with memory and emotions Responses were made using a 1–9 Likert scale. *P < .05 vs verbal, visual, and auditory. Adapted from Herz 2004 1. Schaal, Benoist, Pierre Orgeur, and Christian Rognon. "Odor Sensing in the Human Fetus: Anatomical, Functional, and Chemoecological Bases." In Prenatal Development, A Psychobiological Perspective (eds. J.P. Lecanuet, N.A. Krasnegor, W.A. Fifer and W. Smotherman). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995. 205-237. Print. 2.Pyatkina, G. A. "Development of the Olfactory Epithelium in Man." Zeitschrift fur mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung 96.2 (1981): 361-372. 3.Schaal, Benoist, Luc Marlier, and Robert Soussignan. "Olfactory Function in the Human Fetus: Evidence from Selective Neonatal Responsiveness to the Odor of 4. Amniotic Fluid." Behavioral neuroscience 112.6 (1998): 1438-1449. 4.Varendi, H., and R. H. Porter. “Breast Odour as the Only Maternal Stimulus Elicits Crawling Towards the Odour Source.” Acta Paediatricia 90.4 (2001): 372-375. 5.Porter, Richard H., Jennifer M. Cernoch, and Shannon Perry. "The Importance of Odors in Mother–Infant Interactions." Maternal-Child Nursing Journal (1983). 6.Rovee‐Collier, Carolyn Kent, and Joanne Bitetti Capatides. "Positive Behavioral Contrast In 3‐Month‐Old Infants On Multiple Conjugate Reinforcement Schedules." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32.1 (1979): 15-27. SENSORY SENSES VISION: Preferable sense At birth has blurred black and white vision, limited distance. Important tool in early communication provides along with touch sense foundation for social development. 1.Farroni T, Csibra G, Simion F, et al. Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(14):9602-9605. CARE OF A BABY Daily routine includes bathing, massaging, gentle touch improves quality of sleep. Field, Tiffany, and Maria Hernandez-Reif. Sleep Problems in Infants Decrease following Massage therapy. Early child development and care 168.1 (2001):95-104 Routine massage in preterms increases physical activity. Lee.H.K, the effect of infant Massage on Weight Gain, Psychological and Behavioural Responses in Premature Infants. “Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 35.8(2005):1451-1460 Kangaroo Care: Positive effect on brain development, thermal regulation, physical growth, reduces stress hormone levels and increase immunity. Anderzen-Carlesson A, Lamy ZC, Tingvall M, Eriksson M. “parenta expereinces of providing skin to skin care to their newborn infant- Part 2:A qualilative meta-synthesis. Int J Qual Stud Healthy Well-being. 2014; 9:24907 MULTISENSORIAL STIMULATION SUMMARY Every thing the baby experiences through the first five senses supplies him with constant stream of information that stores in his brain. As he grows and develops, he will use this information to build a picture of the world around him. A daily routine in which a parent and infant spend a considerable time together provides extra-ordinary developmental advantages. Parents can promote optimal growth and well-being through constant love and affection to the children especially during first years of their life. THANK YOU