Download Where does almost all energy come from for Earth?

Where does almost
all energy come
from for Earth?
Do you have energy within your
body?
Potential Energy – stored energy (ATP
molecules, Carbohydrate, Proteins and
Lipids)
Kinetic Energy – energy in motion (breaking
down ATP to ADP, or any other molecule)
JQ: Why do you think plants are green
for most of the year, instead of red,
orange or yellow?
You need your textbook today.
What’s in Sunlight?
A prism, like the one shown below, is an object designed to
alter light as it passes through it.
*BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL WITH ALL THE EQUIPMENT*
1. Obtain a prism and a spectroscope,
2. Try to get the prism and spectroscope to separate
white light into colors (might have to go near window)
3. Make a list of all the colors your prism produces, and
take a picture if you can.
Use your textbook to read about
photosynthesis, the process that
supplies all ecosystems with energy.
Complete the note sheet as you go.
What is photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H12O6
The process of
converting carbon
dioxide, water,
into oxygen and
glucose. Sunlight
supplies the energy
for this process.
The most important biological process on the planet : )
Who does photosynthesis?
Plants, some bacteria,
some protists, and
even some (one known)
animal can perform
photosynthesis.
Where does it occur?
For plants, protists (and that one
animal) it occurs inside the cells, there
are special structures called
chloroplasts. They are what make
photosynthetic organisms green.
Bacteria don’t have organelles, they perform it on their
plasma membrane
One chloroplast
Where does it occur (con’t)?
Each chloroplast is covered in 2
bilayers, and contain the following:
1. Granum (stacks of thylakoids)
2. Thylakoids (contain chlorophyll, light reactions
occur on the membrane of these)
3. Stroma: liquid outside of the granum
Silly way to remember how
the chloroplast is
organized:
One chloroplast
If the Chloroplast is the
Company,
Then the Grana (plural of
granum) are the garages,
And the Thylakoids are the
Trucks
How does it occur (overview)?
The green pigment
inside chloroplasts,
called chlorophyll,
absorb light energy
from the sun, and the
cell can use the
energy to covert CO2
and H2O into sugar.
Plants also have other
pigments.
How does CO2, O2, and Water
get in and out of a plant?
1. Plants have pores on
the bottom of their
leaves called stomata
They open and close to
let Oxygen (O2) and
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
in and out. Water
can leave through
them as well.
Water is taken into
plants through roots.
How does it occur (detailed)?
Stage 1: Light reactions
1. What happens here: H2O + Light energy  ATP + NADPH + O2
2. Light energy from the sun provides power for proteins to pump
Hydrogen atoms (protons) from the outside of the thylakoid (called
the stroma) to the inside of the thylakoid. Electrons are lost.
Hydrogens (H+) MOVE AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT.
WHAT KIND OF DIFFUSION IS THIS?
Stroma
H
H
H
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid
H
H
H
H
H
H
How does it occur (con’t)?
Stage 1: Light reactions
1. Light also gives energy to proteins that convert NADP+ into
NADPH, which is a high energy molecule that the cell can use is
phase 2. Electrons are lost.
Stroma
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid
NADPH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
How does it occur (con’t)?
Stage 1: Light reactions
1.
The reason that plants need water is so that water can be split:
electrons from water molecules are used to replenish those lost in
process (Water is split into 2H+, O, and electrons)
2. There is a high concentration of protons (H+) accumulating inside the
thylakoid. The H+ build up inside as they are pumped in during
ETC, and from the H’s in H2O.
3. H+ moves down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase, a
protein in the thylakoid membrane that makes ATP from ADP. This is
called Chemiosmosis ATP, like NADPH, with be used in phase 2.
Stroma
Thylakoid
Membrane
Inside
thylakoid
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP
Photosynthesis Recap for Phase 1
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H12O6
We don’t
know yet
(Phase II)
1.
H’s go into
Thylakoid to establish
Steep gradient
2. O combines with
another O
and diffuses out
(this is why plants
make oxygen)
3. Electrons from water
replenish those lost
phase I
1.
Is used to
Provide energy to
proteins that
Are pumping H’s
Into thylakoid thru
Active transport,
And for proteins
Making NADPH
We don’t
know yet
(Phase II)
1.
Comes from
Splitting of water
How does it occur (con’t)?
Stage 2: Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
1. What happens here: CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 (Glucose)
2. CO2 moves through stomata (pores in bottom of leaves) from
atmosphere, diffuses through cell membrane and through
thylakoid membrane into the Stroma. (what type of diffusion
occurs here?)
3. CO2 undergoes a series of chemical reactions with other molecules
to form C6H12O6 (Glucose) . Energy from the ATP and NADPH are
used to power the chemical reactions. NADP+ and ADP are sent
back to light reactions
4. When CO2 is used in
chemical reactions in
order to form molecules
inside our body, like
glucose, it is called
Carbon Fixation.
Summary of Photosynthesis (con’t)?
Both the light reactions and “dark” reactions are occurring at the
same time within the chloroplast, but there are differences.
Complete the chart to quiz yourself on some of the basics of
photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Where does it occur?
What are the reactants
(chemicals that go into
the process)
What are the products
(chemicals that are made
from the process)
Key players involved?
Does this stage produce
energy or use it?
“Dark Reactions” / Calvin
Cycle
Can we capitalize on
photosynthesis?
For a very long
time, nature has
influenced
mankind’s
technology.
So then, why are plants green?
Absorption Spectrum for
Photosynthetic pigments
A. Which colors do
chlorophyll absorb
best?
Plants are green
because it helps them
absorb blue and red
light, which are the
most energy-efficient
colors to absorb from
our sun.
Alien Plants?
Based on the colors of the plants on Pandora, how
similar is the sunlight they receive, and their
absorption spectrum is to the plants on earth?
Wrap-Up Photosynthesis
1. What is it?
2. Who Does it?
3. Where does it happen?
4. Why is photosynthesis so important to
life on earth?
How do plants manage all this?
After all, they are
barely living,
right?
Journal Question
What would happen if all of the plants on
earth suddenly died today? Explain.
JQ
The man in the video has been exploring
Antarctica alone for 86 days. He left himself
food at checkpoints that he could find on his
way back from the expedition. Watch the
video. Why is he so excited for the goodies he
has left? Would you react the same way? Try
to imagine yourself in his position. Explain.
Essential Question: If
producers/autotrophs are
responsible for supplying the
rest of the world’s organisms
with sugar molecules(glucose),
then how do organisms use the
sugar molecules? (glucose)?
How do organisms get the energy
from the food (Glucose)? Two ways.
Aerobic Respiration –
use oxygen to extract
energy from glucose
Fermentation– oxygen is
NOT used to extract
energy from glucose.
Anaerobic process
Look at the equation for Aerobic
Cellular respiration. How does it
compare to photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
(ATP)
Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
In photosynthetic
organisms, the
processes of
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
work together. The
products of one can be
used for the other
Who does Respiration?
Which of the following organisms
need to extract energy from
glucose to live?
Plants?
Bacteria?
Fungi?
Protists?
Algae?
Animals?
YES!
YES!
YES!
YES!
YES!
YES!
Many organisms can do both aerobic
and anaerobic, including humans
Who are some of the main players
(molecules) in the process?
1. Glucose
2. NAD+ and NADH (electron
carriers for the electron transport
chain in aerobic respiration)
3. FAD and FADH2 (electron carriers
for the electron transport chain in
aerobic respiration)
a.
b.
c.
d.
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
oxygen and lactic acid
carbon dioxide and water
glucose and oxygen
water and glucose
Where does aerobic (cellular)
occur?
Inside the cells, there are special beanshaped structures called Mitochondria.
Inside they are full of folds.
How does it occur?
Molecules of glucose are chemically “chopped up”
in a series of chemical reactions, which
produces CO2 and water molecules. Breaking
the bonds in glucose is used to make ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate), the cell’s energy
molecule. ATP is a type of nucleotide.
How does cellular respiration occur?
Click 1. Glycolysis,, 2. Aerobic Respiration, 3. Fermentation to learn more
1.
2. Aerobic
Respiration
3.
Step 1: Glycolysis
-Glycolysis is a chemical reaction that means “splitting glucose”
-produces 2 ATP (net) during the process
-occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
-all organisms can perform glycolysis
-it is an anaerobic process, meaning no oxygen is required
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
During glycolysis, 6-C glucose is
converted to 2, three-C pyruvate
molecules. In the process:
-2 ATP are used, but 4 ATP are
made
-2 NAD+ become 2NADH (used
later)
Summary: An overall gain of 2 ATP
and 2 NADH are made during
glycolysis
Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a.
b.
c.
d.
2 ATP molecules.
4 ATP molecules.
18 ATP molecules.
36 ATP molecules.
The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a.
b.
c.
d.
ADP.
pyruvic acid.
citric acid.
glucose.
Step 2: Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle
-aerobic process: occurs with the use of oxygen (organisms that
breathe oxygen prefer to do this process, and con only do anaerobic
for a short time)
-occurs in the mitochondrial matrix (inner mito) in several steps
1. One pyruvate, from glycolysis, is converted into CO2 and H2O. IN
the process, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 are made (per
pyruvate)
Where does the Carbon Dioxide and Water that we breathe out come
from?
-The Kreb’s (Citric Acid) cycle can
occur 2 times per glucose molecule
-for each glucose: The 10 NADH’s
(from glycolysis and CAC) along with
the 2 FADH2 used in next step 
Electron transport chain.
Step 2 (Con’t): Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle
c
c
c
Step 2 (con’t): Electron Transport Chain
1. the electron transport chain is a series of proteins that pass
electrons to one another. They are embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane
2. Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 donate high energy electrons
and hydrogen ions (H+) to ETC
3. Energy from the electrons are lost as they are passed through ETC,
and energy is used to pump H+ against its concentration gradient
using Active Transport
4. As H+ passively diffuses from inter membrane space to matrix, ATP
synthase is powered to make ATP.
5. The electrons and H+ combined with oxygen in the matrix to
produce water.
for each glucose: 22 ATPs are made from the NADH and FADH2 in ETC
Where does the oxygen come
from?
What would happen if you did not have
oxygen at the end of the ETC?
Step 2 (con’t): ETC
Step 2, if no O2 is present: Fermentation
-Anaerobic process: occurs without the use of oxygen
-begins with glycolysis,producing 2 ATP (net) during the process
-occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
-pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid or alcohol (ethanol),
depending on the organism that is doing it
-Without oxygen, glycolysis would continue to make NADH from NAD+. Once
all the NAD+ is used up, glycolysis would stop, ATP would not be made, and
organism would die. THE POINT OF LACTIC ACID and ALCOHOLIC
FERMENTATION IS TO REGENERATE NAD+ for GLYCOLYSIS
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Turns pyruvic acid into lactic
Acid – regenerating NAD+ from
NADH (so glycolysis can continue)
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Turns pyruvic acid into ethanol
- regenerating NAD+ from
NADH (so glycolysis can continue)
When there is no/not enough oxygen present, your cells will
begin to make lactic acid instead of pyruvate:
A. Explain why oxygen is so important for aerobic cellular
respiration?
B. Explain why Kreb’s cycle is called an “aerobic” process
even though it involves no oxygen directly in the cycle
C. Explain what exactly happens when there is no oxygen
to accept the electrons at the end of the ETC.
DID YOU KNOW? The vitamins, like B6, and B12, found in
green shakes that we talked about are needed to make
the Kreb’s cycle run efficiently.
A. Energy
B. Light RXN
C. Dark RXN
X. Oxygen
Y. glucose
Splitting H2O
Summary of Cellular Respiration
Complete the chart to quiz yourself on some of the basics of cellular
respiration
Glycolysis
Where does
it occur?
What are the
reactants (chemicals
that go into the
process)
What are the
products (chemicals
that are made from
the process)
Does it require
oxygen?
What type of
organisms use this
process, and when
would they use it?
cytoplasm
Glucose, NAD+
ATP
2 ATP, 2 NADH,
2 Pyruvate
NO
ALL ORGANISMS
Aerobic Respiration
Mitochondria
Pyruvate, NAD+,
ADP, FAD
Fermentation
Cytoplasm
Pyruvate, NADH
Pyruvate in Krebs: ETC:
2 NAD+, and either
1 ATP, 3CO2,
ATP, H2O lactic acid or
4 NADH, 1 FADH2
ethanol (alcohol)
YES
Most: plants, animals,
bacteria, fungi, and
protists if O2 is
present
NO
Certain bacteria and
fungi (yeast), as well
as animals for brief
time w/o O2
Molecule
# of these
molecules made
from glycolysis
# of these
molecules made
from Kreb’s Cycle
# of ATP these
molecules are
equivalent to
1. ATP
2. NADH
2
2
2 (1 per pyruvate)
8 (4 per pyruvate)
4
30
3. FADH2
0
2 (1 per pyruvate)
4
Journal Question: Respond to the following
1. Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in this organelle
2. Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in this process
3. Products of glycolysis include:
4. Products of the Krebs cycle include:
5. This is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC.
6. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of
glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present,
via the process of:
7. The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and
fermentation is the production of this many ATPs
8.This stage of cellular respiration requires ATP to proceed
9. Which stage of aerobic respiration produces ATP and NADH and
releases CO2?
10. As H+’s flow through this protein ______ , energy is released and
used to combine ADP and a phosphate to form ATP.
Khan Academy: Link on Picture