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Name: Last First ID#___________________________ Lab. Date and Time____________________ Lab. TA____________________ Biological Sciences 1B – Dr. Herrlinger Summer Sessions I 1998 Midterm 1 July 10, 1998 Please Read the Instructions First Check your pages. There are 11 pages in this exam. You are responsible for making sure that you have all the pages. This examination is worth 85 points. Write your name, ID#, and Lab. Section on your scantron. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Indicate your answers on the scantron sheet using a number 2 or test scoring pencil. Press heavily, don’t stray out of the margins, and completely erase any changed answers. 2. If you think that a multiple choice question is ambiguous or confusing, use the “gripe sheet” at the end of the examination to explain the problem. 3. There are 30 multiple choice questions worth 2 points each. Fill-in Questions 1. Use pen only (no grade corrections for pencil or white–out). 2. Write only one answer per question. You can elaborate on an answer, but you will not be given any credit if you write two different answers to the question. 3. Spelling rules: ½ credit for 2–3 letters wrong or transposed. No points will be given if the misspelling alters the meaning of the word. 4. There are 10 fill–in questions worth 25 points in total. 1 Choose the one best answer: 1. Organisms that are capable of self–fertilization will produce a. b. c. d. e. all identical offspring homozygote abundance more heterozygotes smaller individuals sterile offspring 2. An example of a phenotypic trait controlled by more than two alleles on one gene is a. b. c. d. e. ABO blood type in humans feather color in budgies morph color in peppered moths size of platyfish skin color in humans 3. Which of the following is NOT a related consequence of volcanic activity and its effect on organisms? a. after eruptions, continents can subside, causing rises in sea level b. eruptions can eject massive amounts of iridium into the atmosphere, eventually smothering plants and animals c. eruptions can produce dust clouds that block sunlight and reduce temperatures d. lava flows as large as 1 million square miles can inundate a landscape e. magma can build beneath continents, lifting them up as much as 1000 feet, causing rapid drops in temperature 4. Suppose there is a gene in a population of woodrats that determines susceptibility to fleas (S). Assume there are two alleles for this gene. f(S) = 0.35. What would be the frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype? a. b. c. d. e. (0.35)(0.35) (0.65)(0.65) 2(0.35)(0.65) (0.35)(0.65) based on the information provided, the frequency cannot be determined 5. When a single gene affects several different characters in the same individual (as in Siamese cats) it is called a. b. c. d. e. parapatic pathetic pleiotropic polygenic polygynous 2 6. Recall the salamander named the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). It differs from the ancestral condition by having its somatic development retarded while the timing of sexual maturity has remain unchanged. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e. a change in the ploidy level hypermorphosis neoteny progenesis throxification 7. Weismann’s Doctrine of Segregation of the Germ Line explains why a. b. c. d. e. humans have become resistant to antibiotics over time mutations are deleterious mutations are important in the germ line mutations in somatic cells are passed along to offspring weightlifting results can be inherited 8. Which of the following is NOT a condition of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium theory? a. b. c. d. e. assortative mating large population size mutation rates at equilibrium no advantage to particular alleles no migration 9. Natural selection operates on __________ and evolution is recorded by changes in __________. a. b. c. d. e. individuals; individuals individuals; populations populations; populations species; natural selection species; populations 10. While it is rare for marine invertebrates to face extinction, white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) populations may not recover. If a portion of the remaining individuals were captively bred and released into the wild, what would you expect from a genetic analysis of the individuals before they are returned to the ocean? a. b. c. d. e. the captives have undergone speciation the captives should have a higher relative fitness than wild abalone the captives will have a different number of chromosomes than wild abalone the captives would have formed hybrids among themselves the degree of genetic similarity is higher within the captives than within the wild abalone 11. The range of phenotypes possible from a single genotype describes a. b. c. d. e. anagenesis genetic drift homoplasy hybrid vigor norm of reaction 3 12. Genetic variation can be produced by all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. e. a founder effect gene flow negative assortative mating recombination sexual reproduction 13. The agent of selection in peppered moths (Biston betularia) is a. b. c. d. e. air pollution birds entomologists lichen diseases tree color 14. The predatory Anomalocaris that was seen in the Burgess Shale video a. b. c. d. e. existed before the extinction of the dinosaurs died during the Cambrian explosion is an organism that exhibited stasis gave rise to onychophorans all of the above 15. Brown trout and rainbow trout often live in the same streams, but brown trout breed in the fall whereas rainbow trout breed in the spring. This is an example of what type of reproductive isolating mechanism? a. b. c. d. e. behavioral ecological mechanical spatial temporal 16. The offspring of a mating between a horse and a donkey is an example of a. b. c. d. e. a fertile hybrid gametic isolation hybrid inviability hybrid sterility all of the above 17. Compared to a normal mating system, the effective population size in elephant seals practicing harem polygyny is a. b. c. d. e. the same reduced increased inconsequential none of the above 4 18. On the graph to the right, individuals beneath the arrow have the lowest relative fitness. What type of selection would result in this case? Selection a. b. c. d. e. directional disruptive (diversifying) dissociative negative stabilizing Frequency Body Weight 19. The placement of reptiles in the class Reptilia and birds in the class Aves a. demonstrates that scales on the legs of birds are completely different from scales on reptiles b. ignores the fact that birds branched off from reptiles c. is acceptable to cladists d. violates the Linnaean classification system e. none of the above 20. Which of the following is an example of stasis? a. b. c. d. e. budgies horseshoe crab Mexican axolotl platyfish zebras 21. True or False. The theory of plate tectonics provided a mechanism for how the continents have drifted over geologic time. A. True B. False 22. Which of the following statements about allele frequencies is NOT true? a. If an allele is absent from a population, its frequency is 0. b. If there is only one allele at a locus, its frequency is 1. c. If there are two alleles at a locus and we know the frequency of one of them, we can calculate the frequency of the other by subtraction. d. If two populations have the same alleles, they will have the same allelic frequencies. e. The sum of all allele frequencies at a locus is 1. 23. A farmer applies pesticide to his broccoli crop. Almost all the targeted pest insects were killed (say 99.9%). The pest population then increases rapidly again and the farmer reapplies the pesticide. This time less than 1% of the pests are killed. What do you think happened? a. The behavior of the insects changed and they flew away. b. The first application selected for insecticide–resistant genotypes. c. The insecticide caused mutations for resistance and a new species of pesticide–resistant insect was created. d. The population of insects drifted to a new, pesticide–resistant genotype. e. The population of insects became acclimated to the pesticide. 5 24. What is the maximum number of gamete genotypes that could be produced by an individual with the diploid genotype RrSs? a. b. c. d. e. 1 2 3 4 8 25. Which of the following is a true statement about Tasmanian wolves and North American wolves? a. b. c. d. e. they are an example of adaptive radiation they are an example of convergent evolution they are both members of the same taxonomic family they have a recent common ancestor with all other carnivores, they exhibit a monophyletic history 26. Which of the following structures are NOT homologous? a. b. c. d. e. bat wing horse foreleg human arm flamingo leg whale flipper 27. Which of the following statements about Charles Darwin is NOT true? a. He was seasick much of the time on the voyage of the HMS Beagle. b. He overcame early ideas of creation, teleology, typology, and Lamarckian thought to become an evolutionist, a mechanist, a populationist, and supported Darwinian concepts. c. He was primarily a botanist. d. He abstained from drinking and was an excellent student. e. He bred pigeons. 6 F D C H G J E I 4 B 3 2 A 1 Use the cladogram above to answer the following questions: 28. What is the most likely number of times that antlers (that stuff on the head) evolved? a. b. c. d. once twice three times four times 29. If species G, H, I, and J were grouped together, the new grouping would be considered a. b. c. d. e. monophyletic parapatric paraphyletic parsimonious polyphyletic 30. If genetic evidence was found to move species B to the right hand branch of the cladogram, what position would be the most logical placement? a. b. c. d. 1 2 3 4 7 Fill–in questions: 31. The frequencies of three genotypes in a population are: Genotype AA Aa aa Frequency 0.6 0.4 0.0 What will be the genotype frequencies in the next generation, assuming that H–W assumptions apply? Show your calculations (to two decimal places) to provide a mathematical rationale for your answer. (4 pts.) 32. Label one population A and another population B. Draw circles below to represent their distributions so they exhibit sympatry. (2 pts.) 33. Give one reason why male infanticide in primates increases the relative fitness of the killer. (2 pts.) 34. List (in order!) the seven major taxonomic categories of the Linnean system. (2 pts.) Feel free to share your mnemonic that helps you remember them. 8 35. If a prey population can attain a minimum size where it can escape predation from a gape– limited predator, what category of selection would you expect to see and what would be the strength of selection? (2 pts.) 36. In a population of turtles from Putah Creek, shell color is controlled by two alleles at one locus. The black shell color allele (B) is dominant over the brown shell color allele (b). f(B) = 0.6 and f(b) = 0.4. What are the expected genotype and phenotype frequencies of the F1 generation based on the allele frequencies observed in the parent population above? Assume that all the conditions for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium are valid. Show your calculations. (3 pts.) If there are 100 turtles in our Putah Creek population, how many individuals will have at least one B allele in the same F1 generation? (1 pt.) 37. Without using an example discussed in lecture, make up an example of negative assortative mating within a species that demonstrates your knowledge of this concept. (2 pts.) 38. What specific process does phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium refer to? (1 pt.) Describe the difference between phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. (2 pts.) 39. A large population of plants consists of 51% yellow–blossomed plants (the dominant phenotype) and 49% white–blossomed plants (the recessive phenotype). At H–W equilibrium, the frequency of the yellow–flowered allele in the population is what? (2 pts.) 9 40. Differentiate between genetic drift and gene flow. (2 pts.) 10 Name: ___________________________ Last First ID#________________________ Gripe Sheet Instructions: 1. Put your name at the top of the page. 2. If you think that a question is ambiguous or confusing, indicate the question number, the answer you gave, and the reason that you gave this answer. Question # Answer you gave Gripe 11