Download C P A MODELS

COMPARATIVE PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
MPA503
C P A MODELS
SUMMARY/RECAP
C P A ISSUES
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EMERGENCE
LINKAGE WITH US AID
SMALL GOVERNMENT
EFFICIENCY
THEORIES/RESEARCH
VESTED INTERESTS
OSSSIFICATION
RIGGS MODEL
• ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
• STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL
APPROACH
• IDEAL MODELS ( MODEL
BUILDING)
RIGGS MODEL
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
• DYNAMICS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM ND ITS
ENVIRONMENT COMPRISING POLITICAL
SOCIAL, CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
DIMENSIONS
• ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IS ONE OF
THE MANY SUBSYSTEMS IN SOCIETY
WHICH INFLUENCE EACH OTHER
• (J.M.GAUS 1947,ROBERT A DAHL 1947
ROSCOE MARTIN 1952 & FRED W RIGGS
1961)
RIGGS MODEL
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
EVERY SOCIETY HAS STRUCTURES
WHICH PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
PRIMARILY
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
SYMBOLIC(MOSQUE)
COMMUNICATIONAL(MEDIA)
THE ABOVE SET OF FUNCTIONAL
REQUISITES APPLY TO THE
ADMINISTRATIVE SUB-SYSTEM
RIGGS MODEL
AGRARIA INDUSTRIA MODEL(1956)
• SOCIETIES DOMINATED BY
AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
• SOCIETIES DOMINATED BY
INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS
• ALL SOCIETIES MOVE FROM AGRARIA
STAGE TO INDUSTRIA STAGE
• IDENTIFIED STRUCTURED FEATURES
OF AGRAIAN AND INDUSTRIALISED
SOCIETIES
INTERMEDIATE TRANSITA MODEL
RIGGS MODELS
CRITICISM
• NOT SUFFICIENT FOCUS ON
TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES OR MIXED
TYPE SOCIETIES
• ASSUMES UNIDIRECTIONAL
MOVEMENT FROM AGRARIA TO
INDUSTRIA STAGE
• MORE EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENT
OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
RATHER THAN THE SYSTEM ITSELF
• IT IS TOO ABSTRACT AND REMOVED
FROM REALITY
FEATURES OF AGRARIA AND INDUSTRIA
Agraria
Industria
Ascriptive values
Achievement values
Particularistic norms Universalistic norms
Diffuse patterns
Specific patterns
Features of Agraria and Industria
Agraria
Industria
Stable local groups and
limited spatial mobility
High degree of social and
spatial mobility
Simple and stable
Well developed
occupational differentiation occupational system
Deferential stratification
Egalitarian class system
system
Prevalence of associations
which are functionally
specific and non-ascriptive
Features of Agraria and Industria
Agraria
Industria
Deferential stratification
system
Egalitarian class system
Prevalence of associations
which are functionally
specific and non-ascriptive
Attributes of Fused, Prismatic and
Diffracted Societies
Fused
Prismatic
Diffracted
Ascription
Attainment
Achievement
Particularism
Selectivism
Universalim
Functional
diffusion
Polyfunctionalism
Functional
specificity
RIGGS MODEL
FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL
• REPRESENTS UDERDEVELOPED,
DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED SOCIETIES
• TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
RELATE TO FUSED MODEL
(FUNCTIONALLY DIFFUSED) WHEREAS
MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES RELATE
TO THE REFRACTED MODEL
(FUNCTIONALLY SPECIFIC)
• BETWEEN THE TWO LIES THE PRISMATIC
MODEL
RIGGS MODELS
• IN A FUSED SOCIETY A GIVEN
STRUCTURE PERFORMS MANY
FUNCTIONS
• IN A DIFFRACTED SOCIETY EACH
STRUCTURE PERFORMS LIMITED
FUNCTIONS
• IN THE MIDDLE LIES THE
TRANSITIONAL PRISMATIC SOCIETY
BETWEEN THE UNDIFFERENTIATED
FUSED SOCIETY AND A HIGHLY
DIFFERENTIATED DIFFRACTED
SOCIETY
RIGGS MODELS
• PRISMATIC –SALA MODEL
• PRISMATIC REPRESENTSTHE
TRANSITIONAL/DEVELOPING
SOCIETY
• SALA REPRESENTS
THEADMINISTRATIVE SUBSYSTEM OF THE SOCIETY
RIGGS MODELS
FEATURES OF PRISMATIC-SALA MODEL
• HETEROGENEITY:SIMULTANEOUS PRESENCE
OF SYSTEMS, PRACTICES AND VIEWPOINTS
• FORMALISM: HUGE GAP BETWEEN THE
FORMALLY PRESCRIBED AND ACTUAL
PRACTICE
• OVERLAPPINGDIFFERENTIATED AND
UNDIFFERENTIATED STRUUCTURES
COEXIST,ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR
DOMINATED BY NON ADMINISTRATIVE
CRITERIA
• NEPOTISM IN RECRUITMENT
• POLYNORMATIVISM & POLYCOMMUNALISM
RIGGS MODELS
BAZAAR—CANTEEN MODEL
• THE ECONOMIC SUBSYSTEM OF A
PRISMATIC SOCIETY HAS BEEN TERMED
BY RIGGS AS THE BAZAAR—CANTTEEN
MODEL COMBINING THE MARKET
ECONOMY OF A DIFFRACTED SOCIETY
AND TRADITIONAL ECONOMY OF FUSED
SOCIETY PRODUCING PRICE
INDETERMINANCY OR FLUCTUATIONS
• AUTHORITY IS HIGHLY CENTRALISED
AND CONCENTRATED WHEREAS CONTOL
SYSTEM IS LOCALISED AND DISPERSED
RESULTING IN AN UNBALANCED POLITY
RIGGS MODEL
• REVISED PRISMATIC MODEL
• DIFFERENTIATION; ONE DIMENSIONAL APPROACH
• DIFFERENTIATION &
INTEGRATION : TWO –
DIMENSIONAL APPROACH
RIGGS MODELS
• CHANGE IN A PRISMATIC SOCIETY
• PACE OF DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO
CHANGE
(WESTERN SOCIETIES ADJUSTED TO
CHANGE DUE TO LONG TIME SPAN OF
DEVELOPMENT)
• LESS HETEROGENEITY,FORMALISM AND
OVERLAPPING THAN THE
DEVELOPING(TRANSITIONAL)
SOCIETIES
• EXTERNAL(EXO GENOUS) &
INTERNAL(ENDO GENOUS) PRESSURE
FOR CHANGE AND EQUI-GENETIC
CHANGE
RIGGS MODELS
• DIFFRACTED AND PRISMATIC
SOCIETAL MODELS SUBDIVIDED ON
BASIS OF DEGREE OF INTEGRATION
DIFFRACTED SUB- DIVIDED INTO
EO-DIFFRACTED, ORTHODIFFRACTED AND NEO- DIFFRACTED
• PRISMATIC SOCIETIES SUBDIVIDED
INTO EO-PRISMATIC,ORTHOPRISMATIC AND NEO-PRISMATIC
ROBERT DAHLS CONTRIBUTION
• ADMINISTRATIVE GENERALISATIONS
NOT APPLICABLE
• UNIVERSALITY ONLY POSSIBLE IF
EMPIRICALLY TESTED IN VARIOUS
SETTINGS
• SHOULD BE TRULY INERDISCIPLINARY
TO BE SCIENTIFIC AND RELEVANT TO
ALL SOCIETIES
• STUDY OF PEOPLE CAN ONLY
ENSURE VITAL TO ENSURE PUBLIC
COOPERATION