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Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Chapter 17 Essential Question? • How can expansion lead to conflict and change? President William Harrison • Veteran of War of 1812 • 1st Whig elected president • Gives longest inaugural speech in history – in freezing rain – Dies of pneumonia 4 weeks later!!! • Cabinet – Daniel Webster (Sec. of State) W. Harrison Administration Timeline • March 1841 – Inagurated • April 1841 – Dies “and Tyler, Too!” • VP John Tyler becomes 1st VP to take over presidency • Not a true Whig, but a Democrat placed on ticket to win southern votes. • Against entire Whig platform: anti-BUS, antitariff, anti-internal improvement. A President Without a Party • Tyler vetoes bill to create new BUS • Henry Clay and other Whigs expelled him from Whig party. • Cabinet resigns (except Webster) • Tries to mend ties with Whigs by agreeing to a tariff, but this only upsets Democrats. US v. UK, Part 3? • British continued to look down upon Americans. – “tobacco spitting, slave auctioning, lynching, idiots” • Americans had borrowed millions from UK, after Panic of 1837 they had no way to pay it back. • Unsuccessful attempt by Canadians at independence aided by some Americans. • Steamship Caroline, attacked and destroyed while bringing weapons to Canada – hawks call for war. • Lumberjack or Aroostook War – minor flair ups between UK and US over border of Maine • Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Settled border of Maine and Minnesota – Minn. full of iron ore!! Webster-Ashburton Treaty Texas Sized Troubles • Mexico refused to recognize sovereignty of TX. – Threatened war if TX joined US. • Texans outnumbered, began to look for help. – Began to negotiate with UK and France. – UK very interested because of TX’s fertile cotton lands! Lone Star Becomes 28th Star • 1844 election won by Polk on a “annex TX” platform. • North feared that TX would add to power of slave states, not likely to be approved by Congress. • President Tyler beats Polk, annexes TX through a joint resolution 3 days before leaving office. • 1845: Texas annexed • Mexico not very happy! Annexation of Texas Tyler Administration Timeline • 1841 – Tyler assumes presidency • 1842 – Lumberjack War – Webster-Ashburton Treaty • 1845 – Annexation of Texas Oregon Fever • Oregon Country was claimed by US, UK, Spain, and Russia. • Thousands of American pioneers travelled the 2,000 mile Oregon Trail in the 1840s. – Trip took 5 months. – Many perished along the trail!! Oregon Trail 1844 Election • Whigs – Henry Clay (Former Speaker of the House, Sec. of State, Senator) • Democrats – James K. Polk (Speaker of House, former Gov. of TN) • Polk wins, 170 to 105 1844 Election President James K. Polk • Born in NC!! • Supported by Andrew Jackson (called him “Young Hickory”) • Believer in Manifest Destiny • 4 Goals all accomplished in 4 years – 1. Lower tariff – 2. Independent treasury – 3. Acquire California – 4. Settle Oregon dispute Manifest Destiny Belief that God had divinely blessed the American people into controlling North America. 54 ° 40’ or Fight! • Oregon Territory went as far north as Alaska. • US offers to “settle” with UK at 49°, they refuse. • By 1846, UK agrees to 49° • No 54° 40’, no fight Oregon Territory Misunderstandings con Mexico • Mexico believed the border of TX was on the Nueces River, US said Rio Grande (farther south) • Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to attempt to buy CA for $25 million. – Rejected! – Polk wanted CA because of the fertile land and San Francisco Bay. • In 1840s CA occupied by Mexicans, Indians, and a few American immigrants. Mexican Border? Pretext for War • Since buying CA failed, Polk decided to take it, but he needed a reason for Congress to declare war. • Polk sent the Army, led by General Zachary Taylor, down to the Rio Grande in 1846. • Soon the Mexican Army attacked Taylor, 16 Americans died. • Polk got his wish, Congress declared war! Opposition to War • Young Whig Congressman Abraham Lincoln opposed war (“spot resolution”) – Lost reelection, never heard from again. • Many northerners and abolitionists opposed the war on the basis that it would add more slave states south of the Missouri Compromise line. • Henry David Thoreau went to jail for refusal to pay taxes that paid for war. • Most Americans supported war effort. Mastering of Mexico • Santa Anna was in exile, • John C. Fremont, and but US aided his return other Americans in CA to Mex. thinking he easily overthrew would bring a peaceful Mexican officials. resolution – we were • Gen. Taylor led the wrong! fighting in N. Mexico • General Stephen – Outnumbered 4 to 1 by the Mex. Army, he Kearny captured Santa manages to win the Fe with little trouble. Battle of Buena Vista. Old Fuss and Feathers • Gen. Winfield Scott invaded Veracruz and fought his way into Mexico City. – He had too few troops, harsh terrain, diseases – Managed to overcome odds, take Mexican capital. Major Campaigns of Mexican War Peace Leads to War • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war in 1848. – US gets Mexican Cession (CA, NV, AZ, NM, CO, UT) – More land than the Louisiana Purchase – Mexico gets $15 million • Some want to take all of Mexico – What problems exist with this idea? • US image in Latin America forever tarnished • Arguments reignited over slavery in new territory. Civil War Begins • Mexican War a proving ground for future Civil War leaders – – – – – Jefferson Davis Robert Lee Ulysses Grant Winfield Scott Abraham Lincoln • Future Presidents – Taylor – Lincoln – Grant • Wilmot Proviso – Proposed law that would prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession. – Never approved. • Quarreling over slavery will continue to divide nation through the 1850s. Mexican Cession Polk Administration Timeline • 1844 – Election • 1846 – – – – – Oregon dispute settled Mexican War begins Kearny takes Santa Fe Fremont takes California Wilmot Proviso introduced • 1847 – Battle of Buena Vista – Mexico City falls • 1848 – Mexican War ends – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Essential Question? • How can expansion lead to conflict and change? Texas Annexation Oregon Territory Mexican War Manifest Destiny