Download Skeletal Study Tips

ANATOMY
Isengard
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Study Plan of ACTION
Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2-6 In your
notebook.
( It would help to cover tables and labels and have someone
quiz you).
Look at the Chapter 5 Summary p. 157 and focus on your
weakpoints. Ask Mrs. Isengard when in doubt!
Hematopoiesis-Red Blood Cell formation (Where does it
occur?)
Classify between axial and appendicular skeleton bones.
Distinguish between shapes of bones-flat, irregular, long
and short.
Draw the parts of an Osteon-Bone Structure (Haversian
Canal)
Distinguish between Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts
Provide an example of each kind of skeletal joint (starts on
p. 145)
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Joint Mobility: Synarthrotic (immovable),
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely
movable)
Differences between Spongy & Compact Bone p.118
Stages of Bone Cell Formation & Repair p. 122 & 124
Bone Projections (Example, Foramen, Trochanter,
Tuberosities (Table p. 119)
Bone Growth (Epiphyseal Plates/ Fontanelles) Why are
these important and where are they located?
Distinguish between true, floating and false # of ribs
Distinguish and vertebrae (general location)-CTLSC
(p.132)
Every bump, groove, and hole has a
name on your bones
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Two types of bone markings:
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Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the
bone
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Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone
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1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle
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2) Head: bony
expansion on a
narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth,
nearly flat articular
surface
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4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
1) Crest: Narrow ridge
of bone (Line:
smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised
area on or above a
condyle
ULNA
3) Tubercle: Small
rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large
rounded or
roughened
projection
5) Trochanter: very
large, blunt
projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia
6) Spine: Sharp,
pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube
2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening
4) Sinus: Cavity within
a bone; filled with
air and lined with
mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or
oval opening
Foramen Magnum
6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow
depression
Projections
1)
Condyle
2)
Head
3)
Facet
4)
Ramus
5)
Crest
6)
Epicondyle
7)
Tubercle
8)
Tuberosity
9)
Trochanter
10) Spine
Depressions
1) Meatus
2) Fossa
3) Fissure
4) Sinus
5) Sulcus or Groove or
Furrow
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Bone and cartilage = 2 strongest and most
supportive tissues
Embryos = all hyaline cartilage
entirely replaced in young child by bone
 the only cartilage remaining in adult is in nose,
ears, parts of ribs, joints
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Bone formation = ossification
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except for flat bones, hyaline cartilage serves
as a template
2 step process
 hyaline cartilage template is completely covered
with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming
cells)
 enclosed cartilage is digested away leaving the
medullary cavity
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By birth, only 2 hyaline cartilage areas
remain
articular cartilage – stays for life
 Epiphyseal plates – provide longitudinal growth
for childhood
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As new cartilage is continually formed on
external face of articular cartilage the
old underneath is broken down and
replaced by bony matrix.
controlled by growth hormones and sex
hormones
 ends during adolescence as epiphyseal plates
are converted to bone
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Bone is dynamic (not static)
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remodeling in response to
o Calcium levels in blood
o Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
calcium levels drop → parathyroid releases
PTH → activates osteoclasts (bone destroying
cells) → break down matrix → release calcium
→ calcium levels are homeostatic
 calcium levels are too high → calcium is
deposited in bone matrix as calcium salts
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Remodeling – occurs at sites where bones bear
the most weight and where bulky muscles are
attached, projections are formed
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Osteoblasts lay down new matrix and
become trapped in it; once trapped =
osteocytes
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control of this process
o PTH determine IF bone is to be
broken down in response to need
for more calcium in blood
o stresses of muscles and gravity
determine WHERE bone matrix is to
be broken down or formed
Lack of calcium or vitamin D needed to absorb calcium
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Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas
spongy bone is characterized by ________.
A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses
B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones
C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small
needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space;
dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous
E)having red marrow; having osteons
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Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas
spongy bone is characterized by ________.
A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses
B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones
C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous;
small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open
space
D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space;
dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous
E)having red marrow; having osteons
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A structure found on the femur is the:
A) intertrochanteric crest
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B) lateral malleolus
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C) intercondylar fossa
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D) anterior crest
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E) medial malleolus
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A structure found on the femur is the:
A) intertrochanteric crest
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B) lateral malleolus
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C) intercondylar fossa
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D) anterior crest
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E) medial malleolus
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The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,
wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.
A) vitamins; minerals
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B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex
hormones
C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D) minerals; vitamins
E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
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The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,
wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.
A) vitamins; minerals
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B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex
hormones
C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D) minerals; vitamins
E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
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The foramen magnum passes through the:
A) axis
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B) occipital bone
C) temporal bone
D) coxal bone
E) atlas
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The foramen magnum passes through the:
A) axis
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B) occipital bone
C) temporal bone
D) coxal bone
E) atlas