Download Minerals and Their Physical Properties

Igneous Rocks and
Processes
Other minerals are important for the full description of igneous rocks:
Olivine, Pyroxene, Hornblende, Biotite and Muscovite
General Classification of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Rocks
(Volcanic)
Intrusive Rocks
(Plutonic)
General Classification of Igneous Rocks
Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Increasing Fe & Mg
Increasing Si & Al
Common Igneous Rocks
Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Granite
Diorite
Fine
Grained
(Extrusive)
Coarse
Grained
(Intrusive)
Gabbro
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Streckheisen classification is based on only three minerals:
Quartz, Plagioclase, Potassium Feldspar
Norman Bowen (1887-1956)
Father of Experimental Petrology
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Predictable Mineral Associations
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Discontinuous Series
Bowen’s Reaction Series
What is the trend in silicate structures? Why?
Discontinuous Series
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Continuous Series
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Why would aspects of this igneous concept apply to
sedimentary rocks as well?
Least Common Minerals in Sediments
Most Common Minerals in Sediments
Metamorphic Rocks
and Metamorphic Processes
General Rules of Metamorphism

Metamorphism is due to solid-state reactions between
minerals due to change in temperature and pressure

Most metamorphic reactions liberate volatiles
(H2O and CO2)

The minerals in low-grade metamorphic rocks have more
volatiles than high-grade metamorphic rocks


e.g., micas  amphiboles  pyroxenes
Increasing metamorphic grade generally corresponds to
increasing grain size

e.g., clays  micas
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated (Banded)
Non-Foliated (Massive)
Classification of
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
Increasing Temperature
Metamorphic Texture Changes
Granite
Gneiss
Microscope
Hand Sample
Formation of
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Shale
Schist
Gneiss
Classification of
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Sandstone
Quartzite
Limestone
Peridotite
Marble
Serpentinite
Metamorphic Texture Changes
Quartz Arenite
Quartzite
Metamorphic Texture Changes
Quartz Arenite
Quartzite
Limestone
Marble
Metamorphic Facies
The Rock Cycle
Identifying Rocks
Foliated/Layered
Sedimentary
Non-Foliated/Non-Layered
Metamorphic
Igneous
Identifying Rocks
Grains
Sedimentary
Crystals
Metamorphic
Igneous
Composition of the Crust
Granite
Si, Al,
Na, K
Basalt,
Gabbro
Si, Al,
Ca, Fe, Mg
Composition of the Earth
Plate Tectonics
Pangea
Distribution of Late Paleozoic
Fossils
Bathymetry of the Ocean Floor
Volcanoes of the World
Volcanoes Correlate Globally with
Deep Earthquakes
Benioff Zone of Seismicity
Plate Tectonic Model
Mantle Convection
Tectonic Plates