Download Cont. - sls

Chapter 16 Sec. 3&4
by: Kainoa Souza
Section 3
Rise of Mussolini
● 1919, Italian nationalist were outraged by Paris
peace treaties
● As one of the victorious Allies, they expected land
on the Adriatic
● The lands instead became part of the new
Yugoslavia
Cont.
● Disorder began
● inspired by Russian revolution, workers went on
strike and peasants seized land
● amid the chaos, returning veterans faced
unemployment
● trade declined and taxes rose
● the government, split into feuding factions, seemed
powerless to end the crisis
Cont.
● Into this turmoil stepped Benito Mussolini
● In his youth he was a socialist, but during the war
he rejected it for intense nationalism
● In 1919, he organized veterans and other
discontented Italians into the Fascist Party
● The name is from the latin fasces, a symbol of
authority in ancient Rome
● fasces- a bundle of sticks wrapped around an ax
Cont.
● He was a fiery speaker
● Promised to end corruption and replace turmoil with
order
● He also pledged to turn the Mediterranean into a
“Roman lake” once again
Cont.
● Mussolini organized his supporters into blackshirted “combat squads”
● They rejected democratic process in favor of violent
action, broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist
presses, and attacked farmers’ cooperatives
● Fascist ousted elected officials in Northern Italy
through intimidation and terror
Cont.
● Many Italians accepted these moves
● In 1922, Fascists made a bid for power
● At a rally in Naples, they announced a “march on
Rome” to demand that the gov. makes changes
● Tens of thousands of Fascists swarmed the capital
● Fearing civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III asked
Mussolini to form a government as prime minister
Cont.
● By 1925, Mussolini had assumed more power as Il
Duce, “the Leader”
● He replaced elected officials with Fascist
supporters
Cont.
● Mussolini brought the economy under state control
to encourage economic growth and conflicts
between owners and workers
● Under Mussolini’s “corporate state”, Fascist party
controlled industry, agriculture, and trade
Cont.
● To Fascists, the individual was unimportant, except
member of state
● People were bombarded with loudspeakers and
glorifying posters
● Men were urged to be ruthless, warriors for the
glory of Italy
● Women were pushed out of jobs, Mussolini called
on them to “win the battle of motherhood”
Cont.
● Fascists glorified action, violence, discipline, and
blind loyalty to the state
● They were antidemocratic
● They rejected Enlightenment faith in reason and
concepts by French Revolution
● Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and
communists
Cont.
● Mussolini built the first totalitarian state
● Fascists rule in Italy was not as absolute as those
of Stalin or Hitler
● These three countries shared these basic features:
1. single-party dictatorship 2. state control of
economy 3. use of police spies and terror to
enforce the will of state 4. strict censorship 5. used
of schools and media to indoctrinate and mobilize
citizens 6. unquestioning obediance to a leader
Cont.
● Why did Fascism appeal to many Italians?
● It promised strong, stable gov. and an end to the
political feuding that had paralyzed democracy
● Mussolini projected a sense of power and
confidence at a time of despair
Cont.
● Three systems of government competed for
influence in postwar Europe
● Democracy, Communism, and Fascism
Section 4
Hitler and the rise of Nazi Germany
● In 1919, German leaders set up a democratic government known
as the Weimar Republic. The republic faced severe problems from the
start
● The government was weak because Germany had many small
parties.
● The government came under constant fire from both the left and
the right
● Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated
Versailles treaty.
● When Germany fell behind in reparations payments, France
occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley.
Cont.
● Runaway inflation spread misery and despair
● Hitler fought in the German army in World War I
● In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing extremists
● Within a year, he was the leader of the National Socialist German
Workers, or Nazi, party
● In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. He
was imprisoned for treason.
● In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). It would later
become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology
Cont.
● Nazi membership grew to almost a million
● In 1933, Hitler was made chancellor of Germany
● Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a
one-party state and purged his own party.
Cont.
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the hated Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler organized a system of terror, repression, and totalitarian rule
Hitler launched a large public works program.
Hitler began to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles treaty.
The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology.
Hitler spread his message of racism.
The Nazis sought to limit women’s roles.
Cont.
● School courses and textbooks were written to reflect Nazi racial
views
● The Nazis sought to purge, or purify, German culture
● Hitler sought to replace religion with his racial creed
Cont.
● Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany
● In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews
● Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in other
countries
● In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over
Germany in what came to be called Kristallnacht, or the “Night of
Broken Glass.”
Cont.
● Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to concentration camps,
detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state.
● Hitler planned the “final solution”—the extermination of all Jews.