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Emily Shuman
 The
CHNOPS elements are Carbon, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.
 They make up the 6 most common elements
found in biomolecules.
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There are 2 different types of Chemical Bonds: ionic, and
covalent
Ionic Bonds
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The ability of an atom to attract electrons is called electronegativity
Some atoms have such high electronegativity that they don’t share
electrons with other atoms, but pull them away instead
An atom with a very low electronegativity holds its outer electrons
very loosely
An atom with a very high electronegativity, like chlorine, can take
electrons from an atom with very low electronegativity, like sodium.
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes nagatively chared, and
when an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.
Atoms that lose or gain electrons are ions. These ions form bonds by
electrically attracting each other. This bonding is how salt (NaCl)
forms.
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Covalent Bonds
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A covalent bond is when two atoms share electrons. With
hydrogen, each atom shares its electron with the other
one. Atoms combine to form simple compounds so that
they can have the electrons they need.
Single bonds happen when the atoms share one electron,
double bonds happen when the atoms share two.
In a molecule, atoms can share electrons with a
different type of atom, such as carbon and hydrogen
sharing to form methane.
Triple bonds are rare, but nitrogen molecules share
three pairs of electrons, and form a triple bond.
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Carbohydrates are what’s found in our food that give us
energy
They are used to store and transport energy in the cells
Physical Properties
 The basic building block of carbs are a sugar moleculemade of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Some contain
one sugar molecule, others contain hundreds. Some are
straight chains of sugars, others branch out.
 Simple carbohydrates, like fructose, glucose, or sucrose,
are made of one or two linked sugars, while complex
carbs are made of three or more
 Chemical Properties
 All carbohydrates are digested the same way in the
body. It tried to break them down into single-sugar
strands, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Chemical Properties
 All carbohydrates are digested the same way in the
body. It tried to break them down into single-sugar
strands, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
 The digestible carbs are converted to glucose (blood
sugar) to be used as universal energy for the body.
 Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that is not digested to
be used as energy. Instead, it passes straight through
the body as soluble or insoluble fibers. They are not
used by the body in any way, but they are good for the
body because they attach to fatty substances and
carry them out as waste.
 This prevents bad cholesterol
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Physical Properties
 Lipids are made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
atoms. They have less oxygen atoms than carbohydrates.
 Lipids are also insoluble, which means they don’t
dissolve, in water.
 There are two different kinds of triglycerides: saturated
fats, with not double bonds, and unsaturated fats, with
at least one double bond.
 What they’re used for
 There are 2 different kinds of lipids that are important
to the body. They are triglycerides and phospholipids.
 Triglycerides are fats and oils
 These are used for storage of energy in the body.
 Phospholipids are a major part in the cell membrane.
Enzymes in the body and in nature regulate
complex chemical reactions
 They accelerate chemical reactions much aster
than manmade catalysts
 A Catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a
chemical reaction, but are unchanged at the end
of the reaction
 They can only work on one kind of molecule for a
chemical reaction : Substrates. A substrate is a
molecule in which an enzyme reacts
 Enzymes also help to break down large
molecules such as proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates into smaller molecules.
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There are four very important properties of water :
Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and specific heat
Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the attractive force of similar molecules
in the same phase.
Water’s hydrogen molecules are what causes cohesion.
Cohesion can be thought of as the sum of all the hydrogen
bonds in water
It is important because it is what keeps strands of water
together as it resists the force of gravity to go up a tree
trunk and into its leaves.
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Adhesion
Adhesion is the attractive force between molecules in one
phase, such as water, and molecules in a different phase,
such as solids.
Adhesion is important because the attraction between the
molecules of water and the molecules of the solid tree trunk
also help in tansporting the water from the roots to the
leaves.
Surface Tension
Surface tension is the energy needed to increase the surface
area of a liquid by a given amount
The molecules of water are held together by hydrogen bonds
that are strong enough to withstand forces produced by light
objects, like a feater, or a water bug.
If a heavier object tries to apply more force to the water
surface, the hydrogen bonds will break under the pressure
and the object will fall through the water
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Specific Heat
Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of a 1-gram sample of a substance, like water,
by 1 degree Celsius
The specific heat of water is 4.184 Joule per gram per degree
Celsuis
A Joule is a unit of energy in the British measuring system
Specific heat can also be expressed in Calories. This is equal
to 1 calorie per gram for one degree celsius
Water has a high specific heat because its Polarization alows
it to form networks of hydrogen bonds, so that much of the
energy used to heat water is disrupting these networks.
That’s what water needs a very high temperature before it
can biol.
This helps us withstand lots of environmental changes in
temperature
There are 3 parts of a nucleotide.
They are a sugar, a phosphate, and 4
nitrogen bases. The sugars and
phosphates are alternating on the
outside of the double-helix
structure. The four Nitrogen bases
are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and
Cytosine. Adenine and Thymine are
always paired together in a base
pair, and Cytosine and Guanine are
always paired together.
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Proteins can function in many different ways
Proteins in nerve cells
Nerve cells are responsible for transmitting pain signals to
the brain. They are lined up end to end, like a telephone
line
The receiving end of each line is a receptor protein, which
picks up the signal and passes it on to the next nerve cell
Structural Proteins
Structural proteins help maintain the shape and size of
cells in the body
They stack together like bricks to form column-like
supporst that hold up the cell
 Hormones
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hormone is an organic substance that
controls most functions of the body, such as
growth and puberty
 These hormones are made with proteins that
travel through the blood to glands in the
body that regulate them
 Collagen
 Collagen is a connective tissue found in
animal cells made up of proteins
 It attaches the parts of our body, like bones
and muscles, together