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EA3 Review
U.S. Imperialism
Progressive Policies
Spanish-American War
Great Depression in the Americas (U.S. vs.
Canada vs. Brazil)
• WWI in the Americas (U.S. vs. Canadian vs.
Brazil vs. Cuba)
• 20th Century War comparison (paper 2)
• Cold War in the Americas
U.S. Imperialism
Justifications for imperialism
Monroe Doctrine
Progressive Presidents Foreign Policy
Examples of US imperialism
Spanish American War
Analyze the justifications for US
imperialism.
Imperialism
• What was the Monroe Doctrine? How did it impact our relationship with
Latin America?
• Manifest Destiny: it was the US “destiny” to expand from “sea to shining
sea”
• Expansion as a moral duty (Social Darwinism, Eugenics, Western
supremacy)
• Expansion as a practical necessity (realism, military superiority, trade)
• Economic reasons for expansion (sought markets beyond North America, US
oil/steel companies sought new markets & resources; protect Open Door)
• Political reasons for expansion (already a US presence in the Pacific, treaties
established formal trading relationships, protect US trade interests, naval
bases)
Define what the Monroe Doctrine
was and analyze how it was applied
in the late nineteenth century and
early twentieth century. Support
your answer with specific examples.
Usage of the Monroe Doctrine
Late Nineteenth Century
• Annexation of Hawaii
• Spanish-American War
Early Twentieth Century
• Roosevelt Corollary
– “flagrant and chronic
wrongdoing by a Latin
American Nation”
• Venezuelan Crisis
• Panama Canal
• Occupation of Cuba
– Platt Amendment
Compare and Contrast the foreign
policies of two US presidents from
1896-1914
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Imperialist Policies
Roosevelt & Big Stick Diplomacy
– “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” try to solve things diplomatically, but if that didn’t work, use military or
military threat
– Paraded navy around (great white fleet) to show military superiority
– Panama Canal (approaches Colombia/Panama first to offer a deal of construction, Colombia refuses, TR
sponsors a revolt to establish independence and then builds)
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Taft & Dollar Diplomacy
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Use our economy to get what we wanted – fund, loans, trade
Still intervention in the region, just economically, not militarily
Wanted influence in Latin America and this was our way of expanding economic influence
Honduras: was in debt to Britain, US paid their debt, but still had no influence in the country
Nicaragua: mining interest, financially backed revolution (Congress rejected, funded by private US banks =
anti-US sentiment), ends with military intervention anyway
Wilson & Moral Diplomacy
– Brought Christianity into politics, wanted human rights for other countries, would use military to bring
peace into wars, wanted to help because it’s the right thing to do, and to preserve democracy
– DR & Haiti: military forces occupied bases and established government, which ended civil wars so US
intervention help (ended up needing to use the military anyway)
– Mexico: troops sent to intervene in Civil War, Mexican troops raided villages inside US
Analyze the causes and effects of
the Spanish-American War.
Causes of Spanish-American War
Long Term
• Cuba’s 30 years struggle for
independence from Spain
• Harsh Spanish retaliation
• Some US citizens considered
Cuba part of the US because it
was geographically close
• US businesses invested in Cuba’s
sugar industry
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Short Term
McKinley is elected in 1896
Popular US citizen support
IMMEDIATE:
U.S.S. Maine
Yellow Journalism
Effects of Spanish-American War
Long Term
• Marks US emergence as global
superpower
• Ends the Spanish Empire
• Allowed to maintain bases
overseas
• Increases international trade
• Continued occupation of Cuba
(Platt Amendment)
Short Term
• Occupy Cuba
• Spain signs armistice
• Paris Peace Treaty: $20
million for Cuba, Guam, PR,
Philippines
Great Depression
Economic boom post-WWI
Be able to compare/contrast causes,
reactions to and effects of the GD in
the U.S. vs. Canada vs. Brazil
FDR’s New Deal & Opposition
Examine the factors that contributed
to a growing economy in the 1920’s.
Reasons for economic boom
• United States: economy boomed post-WWI, Consumerism, credit, investments in
stock market, advertising, increased trade
• Canada: Pre-WWI-dependent on imports from Britain. Due to wartime demand and
the decline of British imports, textile and chemical production expanded. War
accelerated Canadian manufacturing and by the mid-1920’s the Canadian economy
boomed, mostly due to trade with the U.S.
– Post-WWI: Britain in debt & U.S. is the new world economic leader  U.S. investment and trade with
Canada increased
– Huge growth in 1920’s because of natural resources: paper, mining, forestry, branch
plants
– Urbanization
• Latin America: Since they focused on exports, LA countries were slow to develop
their own industries. For finished goods, LA relied on imports and set up a system
of dual reliance on the export-import trade: LA depended on export of resources
for income, but also relied on foreign imports for industrial goods. During WWI,
European economic problems caused a decline in export-import trade (supply >
demand)
In what ways, and with what results,
did the Stock Market Crash lead to the
Great Depression.
With reference to at least one country
of the region, to what extent was the
Wall Street Crash of 1929 a cause of
the Great Depression?
Wall Street Crash a cause of the GD?
• Might argue that the crash was only to some extent a
cause of the Depression
• While the collapse of the stock market may have
triggered economic turmoil, it was not the sole cause
of the Great Depression
• GD in the US was a combination of factures that
matured throughout the 1920’s: Fewer than 5% of
people owned stock so most were not directly affected.
Really disastrous fall came in 1931-1932.
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Causes of the GD in the U.S.
Uneven prosperity
Personal debt
Playing the stock market
Overproduction
After the crash…..
Massive selling of stocks
Lack of buying & lack of production = unemployment
Risky loans hurt banks
Bank Runs
Causes of the GD in Latin America
• Initial effects of the Depression were similar to US and
Canada
• ↓ demand of LA goods = ↓ flow of capital
• ↓ value of currency
• ↓ employment
• ↓ foreign investment
• LA countries in debt to foreign banks
• Due to foreign tariffs, LA goods become unaffordable
• The difference???
– Gov. intervention in LA economy became the norm
– Huge political effects = military takeovers & coup d'états
Analyze the social effects of the Great
Depression.
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New jobs created by PWA & CCC
Hoovervilles
Dust Bowl
Radio
Sports
Photography
Art Programs
Impact on minorities
Political: more liberal turn in US (FDR = trickle up theory)
How successfully did any one Latin
American country deal with the
challenges brought about by the Great
Depression?
How successfully did any one Latin American country deal
with the challenges brought about by the Great Depression?
BRAZIL
• High foreign debt & Manufactured goods came from overseas, so most profits from exports (coffee) were spent
on imports = no profit
• Instead of intervention in the coffee industry, President Washington Luis focused on developing industry, saw
decline as temporary
• Prestes (supported by Luis) won election of 1930 and instead of paying debts, bought coffee surplus &
attempted to stabilize prices
• Most Brazilian rural workers were landless laborers that planters could no longer afford to pay
• Migration to cities
• Increased unemployment
• Uprisings (Already deep-seated political issues, but economic crisis made it worse)
• In October 1930, Vargas led a number of revolts, overthrew Prestes, and was installed as provisional president.
• Political dominance and charismatic personality created political stability and allowed for a change in economic
policies
• Support the coffee industry while attempting to wean Brazil off it’s dependence on this crop
• ↓ tree planting, ↓surplus so demand increases
• Diversify the economy (livestock & cotton)
• Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
• National Corporations created – steel, iron, aircraft, railroads, road construction
Political Changes in Latin America post-GD
• Economic effects are often overshadowed by the political
changes
• Although countries recovered relatively quickly, it was under
newly-established military dictatorships that controlled the
economy
• Agricultural products continued to dominate
• ISI used by Brazil and Argentina became a model for developing
countries to escape from economic dependence on the
Western, industrialized economies
• New urban elite emerged with ISI – social inequalities continued
• Political systems shifted towards authoritarianism, and from this
point forward, military leadership was dominant in the region.
Why was there opposition to the New
Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt?
• The New Deal attracted much opposition: from
the political right and the political left. Candidates
that choose to answer this question could focus
on the groups, or individuals, and arguments of
the opposition, or on the individual programs of
the New Deal and opposition to them.
New Deal Opposition
• Conservatives: government too involved in economy, stay
out of business, gave too much for relief
• Liberals: FDR could do even more
• Farmers: FDR did not represent farmers
• Huey Long (share our wealth): distribute wealth even more
• Francis Townsend: (old age revolving pension plan) –
encourage elderly to retire ($200/month) and jobs replaced
by young unemployed
• Father Coughlin: FDR did not do enough to change banking
system; blamed Jews
• Supreme Court: too much power to Executive Branch
Canadian Prime Ministers during the
Great Depression
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Richard Bedford (R.B.) Bennett
Government Response to the
Great Depression
Two rival parties and their
solutions for the GD
To learn more about each Prime Minister and their responses to the
Depression, you and a partner will read and complete the graphic
organizer on your note sheet
W.L. MacKenzie King
Prime Minister (Liberal Party) of
Canada from 1921 to 1930.
Struggled to work with the
Progressive Party and his own
Liberal Party, especially on the issue
of tariffs
Unrest among farmers in the Prairies
as farm prices declined  no direct
aide
He also faced growing dissent from
WWI veterans who expected their
sacrifices to be compensated during
difficult economic times.
King’s Response to the Depression
MacKenzie King thought that it was
the responsibility of the provinces
to aid their own citizens.
He wasn’t prepared for the
depression (not many political
leaders were), so he didn’t take an
interventionist approach to the
economy.
King was eventually openly
criticized for his controversial
comment that he wouldn’t give “a
five cent piece” of relief money to
any province that had a
Conservative Government
He won’t give “a five cent piece”
Politics
in1930
King approached the early stages
of the depression cautiously and
hid behind the British North
America Act.
Believed it was up to the provinces
to handle relief
He felt that was what Canadians
wanted, but in 1930 they proved
him wrong…..
R.B. Bennett, leader of the
Conservative party, won the
majority of Parliament on promises
of action and direct relief
Bennett and Mackenzie King at the
centennial celebration of Toronto;
1934
Politics in1930
"I propose that any government of which I
am the head will at the first session of
parliament initiate whatever action is
necessary to that end, or perish in the
attempt." - Richard Bennett, June 9, 1930.
"The truth is I feel I do not much care, the
load is heavy & I would gladly do literary
work for a while. I shall be glad to throw on
to Bennett's shoulders the formation of a
govt. & finding a solution for
unemployment & other problems."
Mackenzie King’s Diary, July 29, 1930
Enter “Bonfire” Bennett
R.B. Bennett was Leader of the
Conservative Party of Canada
He had the nickname “bonfire” because
of his bombastic (loud) speaking style.
On July 28th, 1930 R.B. Bennett became
Prime Minister of Canada.
Originally from New Brunswick, grew up
to be a self-made millionaire as a
corporate lawyer and businessman in
Calgary.
Given his “rags to riches” humble
beginnings, he believed in capitalism
and the free-enterprise system (i.e.
leave economy alone and everything will
work out in the end)
Prime Minister R.B. Bennett
Bennett’s Response to the Great
Depression
Bennett tried to combat the depression by
increasing trade within the British Empire
and imposing tariffs for imports from
outside the Empire. Known as the Imperial
Preference Policy
Conservative pro-business policies
provided little relief for the unemployed
Bennett’s Response to the
Depression
He put $ 20 Million dollars
towards emergency relief
He raised the tariffs on
imports to 50% in order to
protect Canada’s industries
from foreign competition and
end the trade deficit. (Do you
think this would work?)
“Bonfire” Bennett
Bennett’s Failures
No Unemployment Insurance
Prime Minister Bennett blamed for inability
to end Depression
Bennett Buggies – Cars pulled by horses
Bennettburoughs – homeless communities
Bennett blankets - newspapers
Establishment of Relief Camps
To spur employment, Bennett
created relief camps in rural areas
for men to live/work
Conditions in the camps were
repulsive, not only because of the
low pay, but the lack of recreational
facilities, isolation from family and
friends, poor quality food, and the
use of military discipline.
Communist Party leaders saw a
chance to organize strikes in the
camps. Forming the Relief Camp
Worker’s Union
Bennett’s New Deal
January 1935, Bennett announces in a radio address “I am for reform”
and launches his own New Deal.
The plan called for federal government intervention:
> minimum wage, maximum work week laws,
> unemployment insurance
> retirement pensions, health insurance
> mortgage assistance for farmers
Most of the New Deal was seen by the Supreme Court of Canada as an
encroachment on the authority of provincial governments and struck
down as violation of Section 92 of the British North America Act
(Canada's Constitution)
Bennett’s reform effort was seen as too little, too late by voters who
elected McKenzie King in October 1935
The Return of King
In 1935, the Canadian people
had enough of Bennett who
they blamed for prolonging
the Depression.
Running under the slogan
“King or Chaos”, King won
the election.
Bennett ended his final days
in Great Britain and remains
the only Canadian Prime
Minister to be buried outside
of Canada.
He’s Back Again……
MacKenzie King Returns
Introduces relief programs:
> National Housing Act
> National Employment Commission
Nationalizes:
> Canadian Broadcast Corporation 1936
> Trans-Canada Airlines (Air-Canada) 1937
> Bank of Canada 1938
From 1939, an increased demand in Europe for materials, and
increased spending by the Canadian government on public works
created a boost to the economy.
Unemployment declined as men enlisted in the military.
By 1939, Canada was experiencing economic prosperity for the first
time in a decade.
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20
Century Warfare
WWI in the Americas
U.S. Involvement
Total War Comparison
Compare and contrast the causes of
the First World War and the Second
World War.
To what extent did militarism contribute to
the origins of the First World War and the
Second World War?
Causes of Total Wars
WWI
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Short Term  Conflict in
the Balkans, Africa,
Assassination of Ferdinand
WWII
• Nationalism
• Establishment of
authoritarian dictators
• Treaty of Versailles
• Failure of the League of
Nations
• Militarism
Assess the reasons for U.S.
involvement in both Total Wars.
WWI
• Germany’s violation of
maritime trade
• Wilson’s ultimatum to
Germany (unrestricted
submarine warfare)
• Lusitania
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Change in public opinion
WWII
• Failure of disarmament
• Japan’s violation of U.S. sphere
of influence
• Support of China
• Protect nations vital to our
security (Lend-Lease Act)
• Failed negotiations
• Pearl Harbor
• Change in public opinion
Assess the role of Canada in the First
World War.
Assess the role of two countries in
the Americas in First World War.
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Role of Canada in WWI
Canada’s role was significant in their evolutionary path to full nationhood
1914, declared war after England
Thousands of Canadians volunteered for war (4,000 in 1914 = 600,000 by end of WWI)
By 1917, the army had transformed from a militia into an elite fighting force
Important Canadian battles: Ypres, Somme, Passchendaele  victories showed Canada’s “coming of age” and
ability to fight independently
Afterwards, PM Borden demanded Britain to treat Canada as an equal
French Canadians (30%) did not support “Britain’s War” and enlistment in Quebec lower than English Canada
Heavy losses & dwindling volunteers pressured Borden to implement conscription in 1917 (Military Service Act)
Conscription Crisis  created a deep and lasting divide between English and French
Canadian economy grew and prospered, especially wheat and manufacturing of artillery
War’s cost was heavy…..over 60,000 killed
Canadian Corps on Western front was a huge source of nationalism
Canada earned a seat at the Versailles Treaty (unimaginable in 1914)
Joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy
Policy changes formalized by Britain in Statute of Westminster (1931): gave Canada control over its foreign
policy
Role of two countries in the Americas
Cuba
Brazil
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Pre-WWI: dependent on exportation of agricultural goods (Especially
coffee)
This trade was threatened by submarine warfare
Attempted to maintain neutrality and trade with all powers, but after
German blockade, Brazilian merchant ships were sunk
La Parana: Brazilian steamship carrying coffee, traveled in accordance
with demands made on neutral nations
Severed relations with Germany April 11, 1917 (After US declared war),
but officially declared war on Germany October 1917
Led to mass protests in Brazil: anti-German violence
Only LA country to be directly involved in war: Navy patrolled Atlantic
and seized German ships
Sent military advisors to the Western front, alongside France
As part of Treaty of Versailles, Brazil was allowed to keep German ships
that were seized during war
Shift in the economy to produce manufactured goods, since agriculture
trade dropped
US encouraged more industrialization and inter-regional trade
Although manufacturing increased, almost completely light consumer
goods
Resentment of foreign involvement: pushed for total
economic/political independence
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Consider this in the scope of US
occupation
Under the Platt Amendment, the US
military had the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs which led to several periods
of occupation pre-WWI
Established a system of dependency on
the US
So when the US declared war, Cuba did
too
No direct involvement – Cuba was used as
a port for navies patrolling the
Atlantic/Caribbean
Conscripted Cubans, but never sent them
overseas
Resentment of foreign involvement:
pushed for total economic/political
independence
Heightened internal divisions
Analyze the reasons for defeat of
Germany in either the First World War
or the Second World War.
Defeat of Germany
World War I
• Necessity of fighting a war on two
fronts
– Due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan
• Lack of strong allies
• Lack of key economic resources as
supplies were cut off by naval
blockade
• Failure of submarine warfare to
cripple the Allied war effort
– Especially after introduction of convoys
• Involvement of the USA
– Overwhelmed by industrial strength
and manpower
• Internal political unrest & instability
World War II
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Failure to mobilize entire economy and workforce
Failure to prepare for an unexpected long war
against the USSR
Strength of Soviet resistance
Lack of key resources needed for war, especially oil
Declaration of war on the US brought in a powerful
opponent
Failure to defeat Britain
Overwhelming industrial power of the Allies;
couldn’t keep up
Allied bombing campaigns affected war production
Lack of strong allies
Failure to coordinate strategy with Japan
Hitler’s racial policies alienated possible supporters
Failure of submarine warfare to cut off supplies to
the allies
In general, strategic errors by Hitler
In what ways, and with what results,
did total wars increase the role and
status of women?
• This is an open-ended question on how 20th century
wars altered the role and status of women. It suggest
that wars raised their status but some candidates could
find evidence to challenge this. The best answers will
include evidence from specific wars!!!
Role of women in Total Wars
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Ways would include:
Role of women in the war effort
Expanded role in the workforce
Results would include:
Increased employment opportunities
Increased responsibilities as heads of families
Gaining the right to vote
Becoming part of the political process
Need to reference specific examples from specific wars!!!
Analyze the reasons for the failure of
collective security between the First
World War and Second World War.
Failure of Collective Security
Reasons
• Absence of the US
• Great Depression
• No enforcement or military
• Self-interest
• Power of Veto
• Sanctions were ineffective
• Failure of Disarmament
• Countries not willing to aide
other countries if attacked
Examples
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Ruhr Crisis
Locarno Era
Abyssinian Crisis
Manchurian Incident
Rearmament
Hitler’s violations of TofV
Analyze the principal causes of either
the Algerian War or the Falklands War.
• This question requires that candidates
produce an ANALYSIS which focuses clearly on
the important causes of either war. A simple
narration of events will not be scored well.
The Algerian War
Reasons
Results
• Long-Term reasons that caused
resentment of French rule and the status
of Algeria as a province of France: the
colon population which controlled much
of Algeria’s land, resources, and political
power despite the overwhelming Muslim
majority; failure of peaceful attempts
post-war, resentment at the failure of
Paris to recognize decolonization postWWII, Setif Massacre
• Short-Term reasons: encouragement of
the FLN by Vietnam, examples of colonial
nationalism witnessed in French colonies
of Morocco and Tunisia – both of which,
obtained independence
• Human Costs (est. 300,000-1M)
• Economic costs of the conflict for
those involved – not only FLN and
France, but also impact on colons and
refugees into France
• Examination of the types of warfare
adopted by the sides in a conflict and
its impact on relations between
communities (FLN use of terror,
French use of torture)
• Crisis of the Fourth Republic = de
Gaulle coming to power
• Eventual independence of Algeria in
1962 (Evian Agreements)
With reference to two twentieth
century civil wars, to what extent do
you agree with the claim that victory
was decided by the nature and extent
of foreign intervention.
Foreign intervention in 20th century
Civil Wars
• Chinese Civil War
• Korea
• Whichever wars are chosen, responses are required to focus on both the
nature and extent = this requires specific detail as to what type of aide was
provided (financial/raw materials/military technology/military personnel,
etc.) and consideration as to whether victory for one side in the conflict was
a consequence of such intervention.
• To what extent needs to be addressed, so other factors that played a role in
victory should be examined – for example, popular support for one side,
superior military strategy, possession of economic and logistical advantages,
factionalism that weakened one particular side, failure of outside powers to
maintain support
In what ways were wars “limited” in
the twentieth century? Include specific
reference to two wars from two
different regions.
Other practice prompts…..
• “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited
and a total war.” With reference to two wars explain the extent to which
you agree with this statement.
• In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War OR the
Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries
involved?
• Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each
chosen from a different region.
• To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine
the outcome of twentieth century wars?
• Assess the social and economic causes of one twentieth-century war.
(Assess the social results of two wars, each chosen from a different
country.)
Other possible prompts…..
• Assess the role of each of the following in causing the Second World War: the
Peace Settlement after the First World War; the economic crisis of 1929 onwards;
ideological extremism
– Peace Settlement: Do NOT just list the various provisions, but instead note the extent to
which the decisions made in Paris resolved the tensions which had provoked conflict
and prepared for the future. Could comment on the territorial, economic, collective
security arrangements and the ways in which these satisfied and/or angered the powers
– Economic Crisis: Consider areas such as: the link between economic crisis and the rise
of political extremism, the reluctance of powers to become involved because of
economic problems, the expansionist moves of states in pursuit of answers to economic
problems (desire for new markets/materials)
– Ideological extremism: consideration of Fascism, Nazism, Japanese militarism and the
glorification of force in pursuit of political/racial/economic goals; use of force in the
pursuit of “national interest”
• Compare and contrast the factors that helped and hindered attempts at collective
security in the ten years after each world war.
– League of Nations, NATO, Warsaw Pact, UN
Cold War in the Americas
Emergence of Superpowers
Containment
Involvement in foreign countries
Détente
Explain the economic and political reasons the
USA and USSR emerged as superpowers after
1945?.
How is it possible to explain the emergence of
the Cold War by referring to events from the
period 1945-1950?
To what extent was the Cold War a result of
WWII?
Emergence of superpowers post-WWII
Economic Reasons
• USA’s economy was strengthened
by war (could out produce all other
powers combined)
• USA was committed to more “open
trade” (wanted liberal trade and
market competition, end pre-war
pattern of trade-blocs and tariffs)
• USA had the economic strength to
prevent a return to instability in
Europe
• Small Eastern European nations
were not economically viable on
their own, so they needed the
support of a stronger neighbor
Political Reasons
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WWII showed that ideals of democracy and
international collaboration had triumphed over fascism
For the USSR, it showed that communism had
triumphed over fascism
USSR’s huge losses, and the role of the Red Army in
defeating the Nazis, gave Stalin a claim to influence the
post-war world
The USSR had the political and military strength to
prevent a return to instability in Eastern Europe
Militarily: In order to defeat Germany, US became
number one air-force power and USSR became number
one land-force power in the world
France and Britain’s inability to defeat Germany
changed the balance of power
USSR lacked any strong military neighbors = regional
power
Both US and USSR’s relative strength compared to
weakened Europe
How were the Truman Doctrine and policy
of containment implemented in the period
1947-1961?
• This is a list question! Go through
chronologically how it was implemented and
don’t forget to define and explain the Truman
Doctrine and containment policy in the
beginning.
Truman Doctrine & containment: 1947-1961
Containment
Truman Doctrine
• US policy adopted by Truman in which
the US attempted to prevent further
Soviet or communist expansion
beyond territories occupied in 1945.
• Co-operation with the USSR was not
possible
• Based off of George Kennan’s Long
Telegram (1946)
• By supporting the “free world” mainly
militarily but also economically, like the
Marshall Plan in Europe and economic
aid to Japan, the building of military
alliances surrounded the communists.
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The Truman Doctrine stated that it
should be US policy to support nations
who are fighting an internal or external
communist threat.
Initially intended only for Greece and
Turkey, but soon extended globally.
Not only military means were used.
Economic means, like the Marshall Plan,
could be used.
There is a lot of information so don’t
overwrite. Dealing with a question
where you may know too many points
requires that you emphasize your main
points and briefly mention points of
minor importance.
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Important uses of Truman Doctrine & Containment
Aide to Greece & Turkey = remained pro-Western
1948: Marshall Plan led to industrial growth (GNP: 15-25%)
Aide to Japan to build a stronghold against communism in Asia
Due to Berlin Airlift, Berlin was saved from communist takeover
1949: West Germany was given econ. & pol. Support
1949: NATO was created (“an armed attack against one nation should be
considered an attack on them all”)
1950: full support for South Korea (TD&Cont now in Asia)
1950: NSC-68 = massive increase in military spending
In Asia: US supported the French in Indochina War & Taiwan
1954: SEATO was created to prevent communist expansion in Asia
1957: Eisenhower Doctrine – assist Middle East
1961: Trade Embargo against Cuba & Bay of Pigs
1961: Began to send military advisors/aide to South Vietnam
To what extent had the policy of
containment been successful in
Europe and Asia between 1947-1950?
Containment in Europe & Asia 1947-1950
Successes
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Marshall Plan = recovery
– Stop left wing support in Greece, Turkey,
France, Italy
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•
•
•
Failures
•
West Germany = economic recovery; •
politically stable; democratic elections
Berlin Airlift = turned German
population pro-American
•
Building of a strong Western military
alliance, NATO, under American
•
leadership, strengthened the West
In the late 1940’s, the US successfully
started to build up Japan as an ally in
Asia
US buildup of Western Europe was a threat
from Stalin’s perspective = strengthen
control of satellites (led to Czech coup)
The “loss” of China = Sino-Soviet Friendship
Treaty (US aided the GMD, but they still
lost)
Korean War started in 1950 & Red China
supported the North
In Vietnam, the French were fighting a
difficult war against communist guerillas
who were not easily defeated = US now
sided with an unpopular colonial ruler
because of fear of Domino Effect
Conclusion: Summarize the successes and failures; it is possible to conclude that containment
had been more successful in Europe than in Asia
Why, and with what results, did the
USSR place missiles in Cuba in 1962?
• There is nothing complicated here….. List the
reasons why the USSR decided to place
missiles in Cuba and account for the
consequences
USSR missiles in Cuba
Why?
What were the results?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
USSR wanted to protect the Cuban Revolution
A communist controlled Cuba would provide
the USSR with an ability to spread
communism to underdeveloped LA countries
Claim that USSR wanted to protect a small
state against a superpower
Strengthen USSR’s position in the 3rd world
At the time, the US had 100 ICBM’s & USSR
only had 50. These missiles could reach the
US and compensate for the lack of ICBM’s
It would put the USSR in a bargaining position
(Berlin)
US had nuclear missiles in Turkey
To show toughness to Khrushchev's critics in
China & the USSR
•
•
•
•
•
•
Account for the Cuban Missile Crisis (NOTE: it
is not a question specifically asking for the
story of the missile crisis)
Account for how the crisis was resolved (US
pledge not to invade, dismantling of missiles
in Cuba & Turkey)
Led to a relaxation of tensions
Test Ban Treaty
Somewhat contributed to the fall of
Khrushchev in 1964
Existence of a communist state in the
Americas had a profound effect on US
policies in the area
In a long-term perspective, the USSR decided
to close the missile gap = costly nuclear
buildup which affected the Russian economy
Why was Germany a center of Cold
War problems between 1945-1961?
• Again….this is a list question, go through
events chronologically
Germany & the Cold War: 1945-1961
• Start with how the defeat of Germany in 1945 resulted in this
leading country not existing politically and militarily when the war
ended. There was an enormous power vacuum in Europe and this
is the main explanation for the Cold War in Europe…..who was
going to dominate the formerly-strongest power in Europe?
• At post-war conferences = zones of occupation (Yalta) &
disagreements/solutions about reparations (Potsdam)
• Now possible to discuss how problems occurred as the occupying
forces each developed different aims
– West: build up Germany economically as a buffer against communism in
Europe
– East: more defensive and feared a rebirth of Germany
Germany & the Cold War: 1945-1961
• Berlin Airlift
– Showed that no real co-operation was possible and resulted in the independent German
states (1949)
•
•
•
•
Tension during the crisis led to creation of NATO
1953: revolt in East Germany against Soviet control = crushed by Red Army
1955: Germany joined NATO = can rebuild army
Explain the importance of the Marshall Plan to West Germany and how this
created problems in Berlin = East Germans fled & affected the economy of the East
• Khrushchev and his ultimatum in 1958
• When no solution was reached, the Berlin Wall was built in 1961
• Conclusion: The main reason why Germany was so important is its economic
potential in combination with there being a power vacuum after the war. The Berlin
solution from Yalta/Potsdam is also important because this island within the
Eastern zone resulted in so much tension later, creating the Berlin airlift and the
problems with refugees.
How and why was there a period of
détente in the 1970’s?
Détente and the 1970’s
Why?
•
•
•
US: needed to end the Vietnam War
because it undermined their position
both globally and domestically.
Americans realized the needed support
from USSR and China to end war.
USSR: finally closed the missile gap in
the early 1970’s. Heavy cost = stagnation
of Soviet economy. Attracted by
possibility of getting access to western
technology; feared Chinese expansion
China: going through a volatile period
during the Cultural Revolution. Border
disputes = feared Soviet attack. China
was very isolated during CF and the
industry had suffered from this isolation
and political purges.
Important achievements
• Nuclear agreements
• SALT (Brezhnev & Nixon)
• 1972: East German-West
German treaties
• 1973: Ceasefire in Vietnam
and American withdrawal