Download Reform and Expansion in 19th Century America LESSON 16

LESSON 16
I.
MARKET
REVOLUTION:
American business
was growing, but the
economy was taking
divergent paths
Result →
Regional economies
developed, but
integrated (tied
together) by new
transportation and
technology
The antebellum (pre-Civil War) era was a time not
only of profound political change but also of great
NORTHEAST
WEST
technological and economic innovation. The
Industrial Revolution, which began in Europe in the
Commercialization of
Manufacturing and
farming driven by
industrial
revolution,
1700s,
had
produced
new
inventions
and
methods
of
transportation
revolution –
increasing urbanization
MARKET
goal was to make profits, not
production. American
inventors
transformed
the U.S.
farm for survival
REVOLUTION
economy with new innovations of their own. This
rapid development of manufacturing and improved
farming had such a profound effect on American
NEW ENGLAND
SOUTH
society that historians often refer to it as the Market
Revolution.
Cotton revolution drove
the economy
Manufacturing and
industrial revolution,
increasing urbanization
The Second Great Awakening
GOALS
● Religious revival
● Preached selfimprovement and
that all people could
achieve perfection
(Perfectionism)
LEADER(S)
● Charles Grandison
Finney
● Joseph Smith
(Mormons)
● Brigham Young
(Mormons)
● William Miller
(Millerites)
IMPACT
● Undermined
traditional Calvinist
doctrines
● New religions and
churches developed
 PROTESTANT
● Influenced social
reform
Transcendentalism
GOALS
● Intellectual and spiritual
movement
● Taught people to
transcend and overcome
the limits of their minds
and society, to search
inward and undergo
spiritual discovery
●
Encouraged self-reliance
and relationship with
nature
LEADER(S)
● Henry David
Thoreau
● Ralph Waldo
Emerson
IMPACT
● First philosophical
movement in
America
● Influenced antislavery movement
● Led to Pragmatism
Temperance Movement
GOALS
● Believed alcohol
caused most of
society’s
problems—debt,
abuse, etc.
● Pushed for laws to
prohibit
manufacture and
sale of liquor
LEADER(S)
● Rev. Lyman
Beecher
● Neal Dow
IMPACT
● Formed American
Temperance Society
and Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
● Alcohol consumption
sharply declined
● Efforts eventually led
to passage of 18th
Amendment
(Prohibition)
Public Education
GOALS
LEADER(S)
● Public education
for all citizens
would result in an
educated citizenry
● Horace Mann
● Higher education
for women 
college
● Emma Willard
● Henry Barnard
● Noah Webster
● Mary Lyon
IMPACT
● Free, tax-supported
education in most
Northern states
● Standard textbooks
(McGuffey Readers),
longer school years,
teacher training, etc.
● Colleges for women
Prison and Mental Health Reform
GOALS
● Mentally ill and
criminals were
crowded into prisons
with horrific
conditions
● Wanted to
rehabilitate
prisoners (with rigid
discipline, solitary
confinement), not
just punish them
LEADER(S)
● Dorothea Dix
IMPACT
● Conditions in
prisons improve
(Auburn System)
● Mental health
institutions were
created
How were reform movements impacting America?
Utopian Communities
GOALS
● Encouraged
educated,
hardworking
people to share
property and live
in harmony
● Practiced moral
perfection and
gender equality
LEADER(S)
IMPACT
● Robert Owen
● Commune
movement
● John Humphrey
Noyes
● Examples:
○ New Harmony
(IN)
○ Oneida (NY)
How were reform movements impacting America?
Women’s Rights
GOALS
● Suffrage
● Legal and economic
rights (property,
jobs)
LEADER(S)
● Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
● Lucretia Mott
● Access to
education
● Catherine Beecher
● Overcome “Cult of
Domesticity”
● Grimke sisters
● Susan B. Anthony
IMPACT
● After experiencing sexism
within abolitionist
movement, women
organized Seneca Falls
Convention (1848)
● Drafted “Declaration of
Sentiments”
● Beginning of an organized
women’s rights movement
● Women began entering
colleges and professions
A. Varying opinions about slavery existed throughout antebellum America
●
Economically unprofitable
●
Alternatives to slavery existed
●
Slavery was evil, but many still
believed that blacks were lower on
social scale and not equal to whites
●
Morally wrong and against Christian
principles
●
Slavery violated democratic principles
present since colonial times
● Immediate end to slavery would destroy
Southern economy
● Widespread unemployment and chaos
would emerge if slaves were freed
● It’s existed throughout history – a natural
state of mankind
● Acceptable in Biblical times
● Brought Christianity to a “heathen” class
of people
● Slaves were treated and cared for
better than Northern workers
B. Factors that led to the rise
of the abolitionist
movement
1. Moral and ethical questions
introduced by the Second
Great Awakening
2. New territories seeking
statehood may adopt slavery
WILLIAM LLOYD
GARRISON
● Publisher of the newspaper, The Liberator,
● One of founders of the American AntiSlavery Society
● Most outspoken and most vocal of all
abolitionists
● Moral persuasion was to only way to end
slavery
● Called for an immediate end to slavery in
America, and secession of Northern states if
slavery wasn’t banned
FREDERICK
DOUGLASS
● Leading spokesman of African Americans in
the 1800s
● Born a slave, Douglass became a noted
reformer, author, and orator
● Devoted his life to the abolition of slavery
and the fight for black rights
● Edited abolitionist newspaper printed in
Rochester, NY
● Not as vocal or rebellious as Garrison – more
acceptable by government officials
HARRIET
TUBMAN
● Most famous leader of the
Underground Railroad, which
aided hundreds of fugitive slaves
fleeing to the free states or to
Canada
● Blacks called her “Moses,” after
the Biblical figure who led the
Jews from Egypt
SOJOURNER
TRUTH
● Escaped from slavery in upstate New York
in 1827, and several years later, in
response to what she described as a
command from God, she became an
itinerant preacher
● Spoke out against slavery and in support
of women’s rights
● In famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech
(1851), she forcefully attacked organized
religion, white privilege and everything in
between
NAT TURNER
● Slave and preacher who led the most famous slave
revolt in United States history in Virginia in 1831
● Along with 60 to 70 other slaves killed about 60
whites in rebellion
● More whites died during the rebellion led by Turner
than in any other in the nation's history. The Virginia
militia captured and hanged about 20 of the slaves,
including Turner. In addition, angry whites killed
about 100 innocent slaves
● This rebellion caused the southern states to pass
strict laws for the control of slaves, especially
those who were preachers
JOHN BROWN
●
A violent abolitionist who developed an intense hatred of
the institution of slavery and had resolved to do everything
in his power to bring about its destruction
●
While campaigning against slavery during “Bleeding
Kansas” crisis, he murdered five pro-slavery supporters in
the 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre
●
Led attack and capture of the federal arsenal at Harpers
Ferry, West Virginia in 1859 with the intent of arming slaves
against slave owners
●
He was tried and convicted for "treason and conspiring and
advising with slaves and other rebels and murder in the first
degree,” and on December 2, 1859, Brown was hanged at
Charleston, VA
●
Hero in the North, but a traitor in the South
C. Impact of abolition movements and slave
rebellions led to varying responses across
nation
1.
GAG RULE (1837): Act passed by Congress
that blocked abolitionists’ petitions from
Congress and limited debate on slavery
2. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS: Many states passed
ordinances requiring the return of runaway
slaves to their rightful owners
3. Abolition of slavery and the fight to preserve
the rights of slave owners became a major
political issue by the 1850s
IV. WESTWARD EXPANSION AND
THE DRIVE TO MANIFEST
DESTINY
A. MANIFEST DESTINY: Americans
believed that they were destined to
move westward, from “sea to
shining sea”
1. Viewed as a divine right for Americans (it
was “God’s will”)
2. “Every man as equal” → nationalism
swept nation in early-1800s, leading to
quest for many to acquire land
B. What promoted manifest destiny?
POLITICAL CAUSES
● Fear of foreign
powers invading
Spain, France,
England, Mexico
● Desire to spread
democracy and the
“American way of
life”
● Desire to spread
the institution of
slavery
● Spread of
nationalism
ECONOMIC CAUSES
● Belief that people
could become more
wealthy “American
Dream”
● Land speculators
bought cheap and
sold land for a profit
● Merchant need for
Pacific ports
SOCIAL CAUSES
● Population increased
dramatically in 19th
century
○ 1780  2.5 mil
○ 1830  12 mil
● Racism
● Escape from religious
persecution
● Famine and economic
struggles (EX: Irish
immigration 1845-1850)
● Belief in the “American
Dream” all people should
own property
● Spread of social mobility
C. Immediate impacts of
westward expansion
1. Positive impacts promoted by
Americans → God,
technology and civilization
to the West
2. Negative impacts realized →
death, disease and war (but
that was never publicized)
V. THE FIGHT FOR THE “LONE STAR
REPUBLIC”
A. 1821: Mexico granted independence
from Spain
B. Mexico invited American settlers to
the northern territories of Mexico →
state of Texas
C. 1823: Stephen A. Austin led 300
American families to settle in Texas
D. Friction began in 1830s when Mexicans tried
to force demands upon settlers (Gen. Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna)
✓ Americans must become Mexican citizens
✓ Mexican law required conversion to Roman
Catholicism
✓ Slavery was outlawed by Mexican
government
E. 1833: Austin jailed after attempting to
negotiate with Santa Anna
F. TEXAS REBELLION (1836): Texans
rebelled for independence from Mexico
1.
Texan leaders staged a holdout at the Alamo
(Catholic mission in San Antonio)
2. All 187 Texans died at hands of 5,000
Mexican forces after a 13-day siege
3. “Remember the Alamo!” became the battle
cry of angry Americans who flocked to Texas
4. TEXAS REVOLUTION (May 1836): American
commander Sam Houston led Texans to
victory over Santa Anna’s forces
G. Texas became the “Lone Star
Republic”, and wanted to be
annexed (added on) by the U.S.
VI.1845: ANNEXATION OF TEXAS
A.Delayed by the North in Congress
• Felt slavery would spread to area
• Upsets balance of power in Congress
B.President James K. Polk insisted on
annexation
VII.1846-1848: THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN
WAR
A. Causes
1. Mexico resentful of annexation of
Texas
2. Disputed boundary between
countries  Nueces River, or
the Rio Grande?
3. U.S. ambition to acquire territory 
Mexico felt threatened
B. Outcome of Mexican-American War:
TREATY OF GUADALUPE
HIDALGO (1848)
1. Rio Grande River became southern boundary
of Texas
2. MEXICAN CESSION: California and New
Mexican Territory ceded to the U.S. in
exchange for $15 million
WEBSTERASHBURTON
TREATY
1842
• Settled dispute between
Britain and the U.S. over the
Maine-Canada border
OREGON
COUNTRY
1846
• DISPUTE: Both U.S. and Britain
claimed the territory  fur
companies occupied
land for years
• RALLYING CRY: “54’40” or Fight!”
• SETTLEMENT: Polk compromised - territory
divided at 49th parallel (extended 1818 line
that set U.S.-Canadian border)
GADSDEN
PURCHASE
1853
• United States paid Mexico $10 million
for a strip of land in Southern
Arizona  motivated by desire to
build transcontinental railroad to
West