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http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/Life/WeddellSeal.j pg Mitch Lange Jack Connor Kelly Goehring Studying populations in relation to the environment… Environmental influences, on population density, distribution, age structure, and population size With more of these guys… There will be less of these guys http://4.bp.blogspot.com/fsV4PsAeGIo/TaTBsK4pY9I/AAAAAAAAAjE/hbD sJ0IRVik/s1600/lone%2Bseal2_for%2Bblog720230.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/lI0g2NzaOJ8/Tf4udjOH9oI/AAAAAAAAAFo/ CTZ0kaz0DAA/s1600/utah-hunting.jpg Population size can be determined in a number of ways: Like number of nests, burrows, tracks, or poop Additions to population occur from : Births http://www.scotlandincolour.com/finch/fin ches-flying01ll.jpg Population Size http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2V1Yi84pHb8/SW wtF8KmDWI/AAAAAAAAAak/xfpC4cpyqTU/s 400/il_fullxfull_52550225.jpg Immigration Animals leave because of: Deaths http://laudyms.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/hawk_eating_prey. jpg & Emigration: Movement of animals out of a population http://www.ect.coop/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Osprey-Leaving-Nest.jpg 3 types: • Clumped: Most common, with individuals in separate patches • Uniform: Evenly spaced, with patterns resulting from interactions • Random: Unpredictable Spacing http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locke d/media/ch53/53_04cRandomDispe rsion-L.jpg http://mycozynook.com/36_02aClumped Dispersion-L.jpg http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch 53/53_04bUniformDispersion-L.jpg Vital Statistics of populations and their change over time Particularly looking at birth rate and death rates Life Table Age that a person/animal is expected to live to Cohort= group of individuals of same age. Used to follow the fate from birth to death Survivorship Curve • http://bealbio.wikispaces.com/file/view/survivorshi p.gif/104532503/survivorship.gif Plot to see which data points in a cohort are still alive Some species reproduce in a one shot chance called semelparity Others reproduce in the annual cycle called iteroparity If offspring survival rate is low, this is favored More favorable when there is dependable environment and might be competition for resources There are many trade-offs between reproduction and survival: High mortality rates in offspring often exhibit large number of small offspring High predation rates also factor into large numbers of offspring http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/killi n_ur_biodiversiteh.jpg Per Capita Rate of Increase is the amount a population goes up over time Deaths>Births is declining population Births>Deaths is growing population Births=Deaths is zero population growth Intrinsic rate of increase or rmax is when the per capita rate of increase is at its maximum http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hpxaqo7FS9c/TRKQgN9 1moI/AAAAAAAAC8E/IYtb9e0wgE/s1600/maps%2B-%2Bcensus%2B%2BUS%2Bpopulation%2Bgrowth%2Bsince%2B17 90.png With more population density, each individual has access to fewer resources The carrying capacity is the max population an environment can support In this model, the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached The graph of most real populations is like an S shape When the population increases to it there is a lag in time where the population can resettle http://www.nabt.org/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2009/05/logistic.jpg • Density Dependency • • • Death rate rises as population density rises Also a birth rate falling with rising density Density Independency • Birth rate or death rate does NOT change with population density Competition for Resources Territoriality Transmission rate of a disease can wipe out a population Predation Territory space is what the animals compete for i.e: nesting sites Health More population more competition More food captured means lowered population Toxic Wastes Intrinsic Factors http://www.grguy.net/Q2_30Y3399-Cheetahmarking-300.jpg Physiological effects of things like over-reproduction http://recyclingewaste.files.wordpress.com /2011/09/toxic-waste.jpg Population Dynamics Metapopulations Population Cycles = predictable intervals http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/Radcl iffeSlide1.gif 1962-no longer y^x Demographic Transition Developed countries: reproduction rates about = replacement level Population growth in Developing countries http://www.mongabay.com/images/pop.gif Relative number of individuals at each age Some say a billion, some say a trillion Ecological Footprint( EF) Ecological Capacity( EC) Produce all resources, absorb all wastes Actual resource base of their country U.S. EF= 8.4 ha, EC= 6.2 ha World EF= 1.7 ha http://sunhomedesign.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/cc-graphic1.gif Space Nonrenewable Resources Renewable Resources Earth’s Capacity to Absorb Wastes