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Unit 3: Religions MWH 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 I. Problems in the Church A. The Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) was when the pope lived in Avignon, France 1. They were controlled by French kings B. The Great Schism (13781417) was when there were two popes 1. 2. One in Avignon and one in Rome Both claimed to be the one true pope II. Protestant Reformation A. A religious revolution against the authority and doctrine of the Church 1. Martin Luther condemned many Church practices 2. Began in 1517 when he nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church II. Protestant Reformation B. Political leaders resented the Church’s: 1. Domination in civil affairs 2. Economic control through taxation C. Luther disliked: 1. Increased materialism in the clergy 2. Simony (sale of Church appointments) 3. Selling indulgences (money for pardons) II. Protestant Reformation D. Zwingli and Calvin in Switzerland and Knox in Scotland also led reform movements E. Anglicanism started in England when Henry VIII couldn’t get a divorce from his 1st wife 1. He got rich taking over land and money from the Church II. Protestant Reformation F. Catholic Reformation 1. Church actions to stop Protestantism a) AKA Counter-Reformation 2. Council of Trent (1545-1563) a) b) c) Reaffirmed the Church basics Prohibited simony and indulgence sales The Index of Forbidden Books – Protestant books Catholics couldn’t read II. Protestant Reformation G. Led to religious wars 1. Civil wars in Germany and France 2. Thirty Years’ War 3. Dutch War against Spain 4. Spanish War with England III. German Peasants’ Revolt A. Economic conditions were poor in the 14th & 15th centuries 1. Nobility, clergy, and middle class paid little to no taxes 2. Peasants paid most 3. Crop failures in 1523 & 1524 4. Swabia peasants demanded the end of death taxes, new rents, & seizure of common lands III. German Peasants’ Revolt B. Luther backed peasants 1. He thought the movement paralleled the Reformation 2. When they turned violent, Luther wanted it suppressed 3. Over 100,000 peasants died during fighting w/many more executed afterwards 4. The nobles were even stronger IV. HRE A. In 1477 Maximilian I (Habsburg) married Mary of Burgundy 1. 2. United Austria, Burgundy, and Netherlands Made Habsburgs strongest family in the HRE B. Charles V inherited Spain, and parts of Italy to add to it 1. 2. He was elected Holy Roman Emperor He wanted to unite all Christians a) By making them Catholic IV. HRE C. Many Germans switched to Protestantism b/c of spiritual and material concerns D. Charles V called an Imperial Diet to stop the spread of religious division (1530) 1. Protestants formed a military alliance when Charles V denied all Protestant demands 2. Peace of Augsburg accepted the status quo (1555) a) Gave some religious toleration V. Church of England A. Henry VIII replaced the Church with the Church of England 1. 2. 3. Edward VI (Henry’s son) continued his father’s church Mary I (Henry’s daughter) brought back the Catholic Church Elizabeth I (Henry’s daughter)went back to Church of England a) Took action against Catholic plots and fought the Spanish VI. French Wars of Religion A. Calvinism (John Calvin) was very popular in France 1. Converts were called Huguenots 2. Civil war between Calvinists and Catholics a) Led to iconoclasm – destroying religious relics and artifacts VI. French Wars of Religion B. St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (8/24/1572) 1. 2. Thousands of Protestants were murdered Led to a 15 year civil war C. By 1580s, politiques had emerged 1. Religious moderates that thought only the king could save France VI. French Wars of Religion D. Henry IV becomes king in 1589 1. Converts to Catholicism 2. Issues the Edict of Nantes a) b) Granted some religious toleration for Huguenots Led to peace b/w Catholics and Protestants VII. Muslim Culture A. Muslim culture began in Arabia 1. Arabs live in tribal groups 2. Elected their tribal leaders called sheiks 3. Polytheistic 4. Controlled trade between Africa and Constantinople VII. Muslim Culture B. Islam is a combo of Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Byzantine cultures C. Started as several small regions with a variety of leaders 1. Ottomans took over in the 15th century (Remember Mehmed II?) 2. Lasted until the WWI VIII. Beginnings of Islam A. Muhammad is the father of Islam 1. He worked in Mecca as religious reformer condemning worship of idols 2. Was forced to flee to Medina – Hegira (622) a) b) People there accepted Islam He eventually went back and conquered Mecca 3. His teachings are the basis of the Quran IX. Spread of Islam A. Arab tribes adopted Islam B. Empire grew from India to Spain 1. Grew by faith and military 2. Developed a central gov’t a) b) Caliph = leader Caliphate = officials C. Declined into smaller kingdoms until Mehmed II took over IX. Spread of Islam D. Berbers in N. Africa crossed into the Iberian Peninsula 1. Had converted to Islam 2. Known as Moors 3. Invaded France but were defeated 4. Stayed in Europe until 1248 IX. Spread of Islam E. Invasion of India (8th – 10th centuries) took most of northwest India 1. Death of Hindus 2. Enslavement of Hindus 3. Destruction of Hindu temples F. By late 14th century, Muslim capital was Delhi 1. Tried to convert Hindus with force and economics IX. Spread of Islam G. Mogul Empire was the last Muslim empire in India H. Akbar the Great (15561605) extended boundaries, strong gov’t, tolerant of Hindus 1. Many Hindus converted but stayed separate from Hindus a) Today are 3 different countries X. Siddhartha A. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in India 1. 2. Was wealthy, but gave up is possessions to find out why he was unhappy He became the “enlightened one” and was called the Buddha B. Requires followers seek balance and find happiness through the “middle way” or moderation 1. Look inside themselves and find nirvana XI. Four Noble Truths A. There is pain and suffering in life B. Suffering is caused by people’s desires for unnecessary things C. People can end suffering by stopping what causes suffering D. People can stop craving by following the eight-fold path XII. Eight-Fold Path A. Right view 1. Look at life like the Buddha, with wisdom and compassion B. Right Thought 1. Good thoughts build good character C. Right Speech 1. Speaking kindly helps us be respected D. Right Conduct 1. Actions speak louder than words, b/c people are watching E. Right Livelihood 1. Choose a job that does not hurt others F. Right Effort 1. Do your best at all times and have good will to others G. Right Mindfulness 1. Be aware of your thoughts, words, and deeds H. Right Concentration 1. Focus on one thing at a time to get true peace of mind XIII. Spread of Buddhism A. Buddhism declined in India during the 11th century 1. Muslim invasions pushed them out B. Spread to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. China Burma Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos Vietnam Indonesia XIV. Buddhism in China A. It moved to China in 500 B. Chinese formed their own kind called Zen Buddhism 1. 2. Means meditation They built big monasteries for men and women C. Powerful women in the T’ang Dynasty supported them 1. By the end, the emperor was persecuting the monks and destroying art and works XIV. Buddhism in China D. Buddhism grew in China while it lost ground to Hinduism in India 1. Most Buddhists are in China b/c of: a) b) Religious toleration No Muslim invasions