Download Unit 3: Religions

Unit 3: Religions
MWH 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
I. Problems in the Church
A. The Babylonian Captivity
(1309-1377) was when the
pope lived in Avignon,
France
1.
They were controlled by
French kings
B. The Great Schism (13781417) was when there were
two popes
1.
2.
One in Avignon and one in
Rome
Both claimed to be the one
true pope
II. Protestant Reformation
A. A religious revolution
against the authority and
doctrine of the Church
1. Martin Luther condemned
many Church practices
2. Began in 1517 when he
nailed his 95 Theses to the
door of a church
II. Protestant Reformation
B. Political leaders resented
the Church’s:
1. Domination in civil affairs
2. Economic control through
taxation
C. Luther disliked:
1. Increased materialism in
the clergy
2. Simony (sale of Church
appointments)
3. Selling indulgences (money
for pardons)
II. Protestant Reformation
D. Zwingli and Calvin in
Switzerland and Knox in
Scotland also led reform
movements
E. Anglicanism started in
England when Henry VIII
couldn’t get a divorce
from his 1st wife
1. He got rich taking over land
and money from the
Church
II. Protestant Reformation
F. Catholic Reformation
1. Church actions to stop
Protestantism
a)
AKA Counter-Reformation
2. Council of Trent (1545-1563)
a)
b)
c)
Reaffirmed the Church basics
Prohibited simony and
indulgence sales
The Index of Forbidden Books –
Protestant books Catholics
couldn’t read
II. Protestant Reformation
G. Led to religious wars
1. Civil wars in Germany and
France
2. Thirty Years’ War
3. Dutch War against Spain
4. Spanish War with England
III. German Peasants’ Revolt
A. Economic conditions were
poor in the 14th & 15th
centuries
1. Nobility, clergy, and middle
class paid little to no taxes
2. Peasants paid most
3. Crop failures in 1523 &
1524
4. Swabia peasants
demanded the end of
death taxes, new rents, &
seizure of common lands
III. German Peasants’ Revolt
B. Luther backed peasants
1. He thought the movement
paralleled the Reformation
2. When they turned violent,
Luther wanted it suppressed
3. Over 100,000 peasants died
during fighting w/many
more executed afterwards
4. The nobles were even
stronger
IV. HRE
A. In 1477 Maximilian I
(Habsburg) married Mary of
Burgundy
1.
2.
United Austria, Burgundy, and
Netherlands
Made Habsburgs strongest
family in the HRE
B. Charles V inherited Spain,
and parts of Italy to add to it
1.
2.
He was elected Holy Roman
Emperor
He wanted to unite all
Christians
a)
By making them Catholic
IV. HRE
C. Many Germans switched to
Protestantism b/c of spiritual
and material concerns
D. Charles V called an Imperial
Diet to stop the spread of
religious division (1530)
1. Protestants formed a military
alliance when Charles V denied
all Protestant demands
2. Peace of Augsburg accepted
the status quo (1555)
a)
Gave some religious toleration
V. Church of England
A. Henry VIII replaced the
Church with the Church of
England
1.
2.
3.
Edward VI (Henry’s son)
continued his father’s church
Mary I (Henry’s daughter)
brought back the Catholic
Church
Elizabeth I (Henry’s
daughter)went back to
Church of England
a)
Took action against Catholic
plots and fought the Spanish
VI. French Wars of Religion
A. Calvinism (John Calvin)
was very popular in
France
1. Converts were called
Huguenots
2. Civil war between
Calvinists and Catholics
a)
Led to iconoclasm –
destroying religious relics
and artifacts
VI. French Wars of Religion
B. St Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre
(8/24/1572)
1.
2.
Thousands of
Protestants were
murdered
Led to a 15 year civil
war
C. By 1580s, politiques
had emerged
1.
Religious moderates
that thought only the
king could save
France
VI. French Wars of Religion
D. Henry IV becomes king in
1589
1. Converts to Catholicism
2. Issues the Edict of Nantes
a)
b)
Granted some religious
toleration for Huguenots
Led to peace b/w Catholics
and Protestants
VII. Muslim Culture
A. Muslim culture
began in Arabia
1. Arabs live in tribal
groups
2. Elected their tribal
leaders called sheiks
3. Polytheistic
4. Controlled trade
between Africa and
Constantinople
VII. Muslim Culture
B. Islam is a combo of Greek,
Roman, Persian, Indian,
and Byzantine cultures
C. Started as several small
regions with a variety of
leaders
1. Ottomans took over in the
15th century (Remember
Mehmed II?)
2. Lasted until the WWI
VIII. Beginnings of Islam
A. Muhammad is the father of
Islam
1. He worked in Mecca as religious
reformer condemning worship
of idols
2. Was forced to flee to Medina –
Hegira (622)
a)
b)
People there accepted Islam
He eventually went back and
conquered Mecca
3. His teachings are the basis of the
Quran
IX. Spread of Islam
A. Arab tribes adopted Islam
B. Empire grew from India to
Spain
1. Grew by faith and military
2. Developed a central gov’t
a)
b)
Caliph = leader
Caliphate = officials
C. Declined into smaller
kingdoms until Mehmed II
took over
IX. Spread of Islam
D. Berbers in N. Africa
crossed into the Iberian
Peninsula
1. Had converted to Islam
2. Known as Moors
3. Invaded France but were
defeated
4. Stayed in Europe until 1248
IX. Spread of Islam
E. Invasion of India (8th –
10th centuries) took most
of northwest India
1. Death of Hindus
2. Enslavement of Hindus
3. Destruction of Hindu
temples
F. By late 14th century,
Muslim capital was Delhi
1. Tried to convert Hindus
with force and economics
IX. Spread of Islam
G. Mogul Empire was the last
Muslim empire in India
H. Akbar the Great (15561605) extended
boundaries, strong gov’t,
tolerant of Hindus
1. Many Hindus converted but
stayed separate from Hindus
a)
Today are 3 different
countries
X. Siddhartha
A. Buddhism was founded by
Siddhartha Gautama in
India
1.
2.
Was wealthy, but gave up is
possessions to find out why
he was unhappy
He became the “enlightened
one” and was called the
Buddha
B. Requires followers seek
balance and find happiness
through the “middle way”
or moderation
1.
Look inside themselves and
find nirvana
XI. Four Noble Truths
A. There is pain and
suffering in life
B. Suffering is caused by
people’s desires for
unnecessary things
C. People can end suffering
by stopping what causes
suffering
D. People can stop craving
by following the eight-fold
path
XII. Eight-Fold Path
A. Right view
1.
Look at life like the Buddha,
with wisdom and compassion
B. Right Thought
1.
Good thoughts build good
character
C. Right Speech
1.
Speaking kindly helps us be
respected
D. Right Conduct
1.
Actions speak louder than
words, b/c people are
watching
E. Right Livelihood
1.
Choose a job that does not
hurt others
F. Right Effort
1.
Do your best at all times and
have good will to others
G. Right Mindfulness
1.
Be aware of your thoughts,
words, and deeds
H. Right Concentration
1.
Focus on one thing at a time
to get true peace of mind
XIII. Spread of Buddhism
A. Buddhism declined in India
during the 11th century
1.
Muslim invasions pushed
them out
B. Spread to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
China
Burma
Thailand
Malaysia
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Indonesia
XIV. Buddhism in China
A. It moved to China in 500
B. Chinese formed their own
kind called Zen Buddhism
1.
2.
Means meditation
They built big monasteries for
men and women
C. Powerful women in the
T’ang Dynasty supported
them
1.
By the end, the emperor was
persecuting the monks and
destroying art and works
XIV. Buddhism in China
D. Buddhism grew in
China while it lost
ground to Hinduism
in India
1. Most Buddhists are in
China b/c of:
a)
b)
Religious toleration
No Muslim invasions