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Learning Target: Cell Energy and ATP I Can… Describe what ATP is and how photosynthesis and cellular respiration play a role in cellular energy. I know I am successful when I … • Distinguish between ATP and ADP. • Briefly describe photosynthesis. • Briefly describe cellular respiration. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) = Cells’ ENERGY molecule P A P P Adenosine Adenosine triphosphate triphosphate (3) (3) P P P A P Energy Energy P P A Adenosine diphosphate (2) ATP is made from the breakdown of carbon based molecules Molecule of choice is Carbohydrates (glucose) • Breakdown of 1 glucose molecule can generate 36 to 38 ATP Lipids are long-term storage of chemical energy • Breakdown of 1 triglyceride molecule can generate 146 ATP Proteins (amino acids) are last resort for energy So where does the glucose come from? Producers can produce their own organic carbon based molecules from inorganic material Chemosynthesis – Organisms that use chemicals to generate carbon based molecules to be broken down for energy • Simple prokaryotes that exist in area where sunlight does not reach such as volcanic vents on the ocean floor. • Small percentage of Earth’s organisms • Producers for those ecosystems Photosynthesis –Process that captures light energy to make sugars that store chemical energy • 99% of life on Earth’s organism depend directly or indirectly of sunlight for energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 chloroplasts Stroma Chloroplasts • Contain chlorophyll a & b • Absorbs red & blue light • Reflect green light Grana Thylakoid 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 chloroplasts Membrane bound organelle • Grana(pl.) Granum (s.) • Stacks of membrane Stroma enclosed compartments containing chlorophyll • Thylakoid • Individual compartment • Stroma • Fluid that surrounds the grana inside chloroplast Grana Thylakoid 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis • 2 Main Stages 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Dependent • Purpose: Capture & transfer sunlight energy • Location: Within & across membrane of thylakoids • Requires: Sunlight & H2O • Outcome: ATP, NADPH, & O2 Photosynthesis • 2 Main Stages 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) Photosynthesis • 2 Main Stages • Purpose: Make glucose molecule • Location: Stroma • Requires: ATP, NADPH (from light dependent Rxn) and CO2 • Outcome: Glucose molecule Glucose moves from the Chloroplast out to the cytoplasm of the cell Even though plant cells have chloroplasts and capture and convert sunlight, CO2 & H2O to make sugars that store chemical energy the cell cannot use sugar directly. Consumers must consume plants or other organisms that have eaten a plant to get glucose, but the cell cannot use sugar directly C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to make ATP in three steps: • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle • Electron Transport Chain These processes take place in the cytoplasm then mitochondria of eukaryotic cells Mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis • Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two threecarbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration • Location: Cytoplasm • Requires: Glucose • Anaerobic – No oxygen required • Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Krebs cycle • Purpose: Transfer energy for use in electron transport chain Krebs Cycle 1 • Location: Interior or matrix (area enclosed and by inner membrane) 6CO matrix of mitochondria • Requires: Two pyruvate 2 molecules 3 • Occurs twice (once for inner membrane and each pyruvate molecule) 6O and 6H O • Anaerobic (does not require O2) 4 Electron Transport Chain • Outcome: Energy for electron transport chain, 2 ATP and 6 CO2 mitochondrion ATP 2 energy energy from glycolysis 2 ATP 2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Electron Transport Chain • Purpose: Produce 32 to 34 molecules of ATP • Location: Across inner membrane of mitochondria • Requires: Energy from Krebs in form of electron carriers • Requires O2 Aerobic • Outcome: 32 to 34 ATP molecules and 6 H2O Krebs Cycle 1 mitochondrion ATP matrix (area enclosed and by inner membrane) 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis inner membrane and 6O2 Electron Transport Chain ATP and 6H2 O 4 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis • 1 molecule of glucose • 6 O2 molecules Glycolysis (cytoplasm) • 2 Pyruvate molecules • 2 ATP Krebs Cycle • Electron carriers • 2 ATP • 6 CO2 Electron Transport Chain • 32 to 34 ATP • 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis • Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two threecarbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration • Location: Cytoplasm • Requires: Glucose • Anaerobic – No oxygen required • Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP (2) 3-carbon Pyruvate Lactic Acid Fermentation • • • • • Cytoplasm Anaerobic No ATP produced Removes e-s from NADH Provides NAD+ for glycolysis to continue C C C C C C NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ C C C C C C (2) 3-carbon lactic acid molecules Occurs in humans During brief periods without O2 cells use lactic acid fermentation: • Muscle cells • Require large amounts of ATP in rapid bursts • Lactic acid build up causes pain and cramps Alcoholic Fermentation • • • • • • • (2) 3-carbon Pyruvate C C C C C C Cytoplasm NADH Anaerobic No ATP produced Removes e-s from NAD+ 2 NADH Provides 2 NAD+ C C C C for glycolysis to 2 2-carbon alcohol molecules continue 2 alcohol O C O O C O molecules 2 Carbon dioxide molecules 2 CO2 NADH NAD+ Occurs in yeast, some plant cells Important uses of fermentation process