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An overview of WWII & the Holocaust 1933-1945 Leaders of WWII Country Leader Government Allies/Axis USA F.D.R. Democracy Allies Germany Hitler Fascism Axis France Petain Democracy Allies Great Britain Churchill Democracy Allies Italy Mussolini Fascist Axis Russia Stalin Communism Allies Japan Tojo Militarism Axis Government Comparisons Democracy vs. Dictatorship After WWI, these 2 styles of government clashed head on Democracy: 3 main democracies after WWI: “Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Most important quality of democracy is: Open society: Militarism: World conquest Dictatorship: Define: Dictator: DICTATORSHIP COMMUNISM FASCISM Communism: Define: Karl Marx too late to get out: Hitler was anti-communist! Fascism: Define: Problems: Ideals: “Wave of the future” Brainwashed “Just too good to be true!” Swastika Review for Quiz…….. Name the countries which were a part of the “Big 4”. Name the date the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Name the country which was targeted and had to bear the label of “War Guilt Clause”. Which of Germany’s natural resources was being exported to France & Great Britain, it helped with manufacturing. The League of Nations had many weaknesses, name the country which refused to join & added to that weakness. Name the League of Nations main idea on which it was founded. Name the organization which replaced the League of Nations. Know the chart! Name the person who described democracy as, “Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” This man is credited with being the “Father of Communism.” Name the 3 main democracies after WWI. What is the most important quality of democracy? What is the definition of democracy? What is the definition of communism? What is the definition of a dictatorship? What is the definition of fascism? What is the definition of militarism? Which country used the slogan, “Wave of the Future!” When did the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand take place? When do we celebrate Veteran’s Day? 1933-1939: Dictatorship under the Third Reich Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933 by President Paul von Hindenburg. Nazi rise to power = In 1933, Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany and quickly turned the nation's fragile democracy into a one-party dictatorship. Hitler believed in racist and authoritarian principles, thus eliminating individual freedoms. The Third Reich = police state Germans had no: Basic rights SS were above the police Political opponents were subject to intimidation, persecution & discriminatory legislation. Political opponents: Communist Party of Germany & Social Democratic Party of Germany, & Jews. 1933-1939: Dictatorship under the Third Reich Hitler made sure that political parties, state gov’t., and cultural & professional organizations were brought in line with Nazi goals. Culture, the economy, education and the law all came under Nazi control. German workers, employees, & employers were controlled by the Nazi’s. Attempted to dominate Christian denominations and their affiliated youth groups, not entirely successful. By mid-July (1933), the Nazi party was the only political party left in Germany. Upon Hindenburg’s death in Aug. 1934, Hitler had himself designated as both Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor. As Reich Chancellor, Hitler’s personal power remained limited by the laws of the German state. According to the “Fuehrer principle,” Hitler stood outside the legal state and determined matters of policy himself. 1933-1939: Dictatorship under the Third Reich Hitler had the final say in both domestic legislation & German foreign policy. Nazi foreign policy = racist belief that Germany was biologically destined to expand eastward by military force. An enlarged, racially superior German population should est. permanent rule in eastern Europe & Soviet Union. Women played a vital role, the Reich encouraged “racially pure” women to bear as many “Aryan” children as possible. This framework caused “racially inferior” peoples, such as Jews & Gypsies, eliminated from the region. Nazi foreign policy waged a war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. The Nazi regime had prepared Germany for war. This war also included & implemented the Holocaust. Holocaust = the mass murder of the Jews, who were considered the primary “racial” enemy. 1933-1939: Early Stages of Persecution Anti-semitism was the main component of Nazi ideology. From 1933-1939 Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees & regulations that restricted all aspects of their public & private lives. No corner of Germany was left untouched. 1933-1934 Limited the participation of Jews in public life. Restricted the number of Jewish students at schools & universities. Revoked licenses of all professionals (ex: doctors, tax consultants, etc.) 1933-1939: Early Stages of Persecution About two out of every three Jews living in Europe before the war were killed in the Holocaust. When World War II ended in 1945, six million European Jews were dead; more than one million of the victims were children. Even this statistic is misleading, because most of those who survived resided in areas of Europe not occupied by Germany during the war: eastern areas of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Bulgaria, and neutral states like Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden. Tens of thousands of Jews also survived in Germanoccupied Europe mostly in hiding or as prisoners in concentration camps until liberation. The Germans and their collaborators were relentless in hunting down and killing Jews in the areas of Europe that they controlled. 1933-1939: Early Stages of Persecution While it classified Jews as the priority “enemy” , The Nazi ideological concept of race targeted other groups for persecution, imprisonment, and annihilation, including Roma (Gypsies) people with disabilities, Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, and Afro-Germans. Also identified political dissidents, Jehovah’s Witnesses, & homosexuals as enemies and security risks. They sought to eliminate domestic non-conformists and so-called racial threats through a perpetual self-purge of German society. 1933-1939: Early Stages of Persecution 1935 “Nuremberg Laws” revoked Jews German citizenship Revoked political rights, couldn’t hold public office Prohibited Jews from marrying Germans Defined anyone who had three or 4 Jewish grandparents as a Jew, didn’t matter if they were practicing Judaism “Aryanization” excluded all Jews from the economic sphere of Germany, their businesses were sold at prices fixed by the gov’t. 1936 Olympics : In August 1936, Adolf Hitler’s Nazi dictatorship scored a huge propaganda success as host of the Summer Olympics in Berlin. The Games were a brief, twoweek interlude in Germany’s escalating campaign against its Jewish population and the country’s march toward war. Nazi leaders wanted the revenue that the Olympics would bring. 1936 Olympic Games: Jesse Owens Born September 12, 1913, Oakville, Alabama, U.S.—died March 31, 1980, Phoenix, AZ American track-and-field athlete, who set a world record in the running broad jump (also called long jump) that stood for 25 years and who won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. His four Olympic victories were a blow to Adolf Hitler’s intention to use the Games to demonstrate Aryan superiority. Jesse Owens at the 1936 Berlin Olympics 1933-1939: Early Stages of Persecution 1937-1938 Kristallnacht = “Night of Broken Glass” = Nov. 9-10, 1938 Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrom-broken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence. outward appearance of spontaneous violence, but it was the Security Police, the orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men Kristallnacht marks the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures 1933-1939: The First Concentration Camps The term concentration camp refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. The SA (Storm Troopers), the SS (elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy. Est. in March 1933, the Dachau concentration camp was the first concentration camp established by the National Socialist (Nazi) government. 1933-1939: The First Concentration Camps 1933-1939: The First Concentration Camps 1933-1939: The First Concentration Camps Hitler authorized SS leader, Heinrich Himmler, as the administrator of the concentration camps and formalize them into a system. Special “political units on alert” originally guarded the SS concentration camps. They were renamed “SS Death's-Head Units” in April 1936. By the time the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, unleashing World War II, there were six concentration camps in the German Reich. One of these camps was Buchenwald. Buchenwald Buchenwald was one of the largest concentration camps established within the old German borders of 1937. An electrified barbed-wire fence, watchtowers, and a chain of sentries outfitted with automatic machine guns, surrounded the main camp. Forced Labor: The Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced labor under brutal conditions. Forced labor -- often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest - formed a core part of the concentration camp regimen. 1933-1939: The First Concentration Camps WWII – Sept. 1939, rapid expansion of camps to the east. Economic considerations on sites (ex: stone quarries, coal mines, & industrial sites) Became centers for killing targeted groups of people Holding centers for real or perceived enemies of Nazi Germany Deliberately undernourished, mistreated, no regard for safety, high mortality rates 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Invasion of Poland Germany & Russia signed a non-aggression pact valid for 10 years, Russia was still recovering from WWI Poland was invaded w/out warning on Sept. 1, 1939 First domino to fall in the chain of events that lead to WWII Britain & France responded by declaring war on Germany on Sept. 3 but offered no immediate assistance to Poland Polish forces did their best to defend but couldn’t stop the German blitzkreig Blitzkreig = lightening war Hitler used firing squads on anyone speaking out Russia offered its aid to but Poles, afraid of Communism, declined. By the end of Sept. Poland was handed over The Red Army began moving in on the east. Red Army = Russian forces 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Invasion of Poland & beyond World War II i Europe | maps 1940 - Germany invaded Norway & Denmark Hitler’s war machine ran on steel for tanks, planes, & ships The ingredient to make steel – iron ore – came from Norway British Navy blocked iron ore shipments to Germany so Hitler invaded Norway On the way, he invaded Denmark. They next invaded the BENELUX countries (neutral countries) This left France very vulnerable, despite the Maginot Line The Nazis humiliated the French Army. It took them only 6 weeks to roll into the capital city, Paris. When Paris fell, all of France surrendered. June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany after German occupation 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Invasion of Poland & beyond As part of the armistice agreement, Germany occupied northern France and all of France's Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. A new French government was established in the town of Vichy, which was in the unoccupied southern part of France. The Vichy government, under Marshall Henri Petain, declared neutrality in the war between Germany and Great Britain, but was committed by the armistice provisions to cooperate with Germany. 1940: The Miracle of Dunkirk Nazi blitzkrieg (lightning fast tank warfare) moved into northern France. At Dunkirk, they cornered 300,000 British troops. Nazi’s were taking no POW’s, intended to slaughter the troops “A miracle” – is the best description of happened at Dunkirk The British troops were needed back home to protect against Hitler’s attack on Britain The Germans cut off all escape routes & were bombing the harbor. Hitler wanted the Luftwaffe to gain some of the glory. 1940: The Miracle of Dunkirk G.B. sent destroyers & transport ships to evacuate the troops, but only hoped to save 30,000 men. Anyone with a boat volunteered to help. Motor boats, lifeboats, paddle steamers, sailboats anything could float was used. For 5 days the boats braved bombs to save the troops. The billowing clouds of smoke covered Dunkirk & the beaches. The Luftwaffe returned to their bases with bombs as they could find no targets. 1940: The Miracle of Dunkirk Before long, the harbor became partially blocked by ships sunk from enemy aircraft. This is when the little boats came to play their part. Small boats ferried troops from the beaches to the destroyers They were able to rescue all of the troops, they didn’t have to leave any behind! It seemed like a victory getting the troops back – to fight another day. It captured the minds & hearts of the British at a time when it looked probable they, too, would soon be invaded. 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Battle of Britain July 10 – Oct. 12, 1940 Nazis waged & lost an air war over England. A day after France’s surrender to Germany, Churchill addressed the House of Commons, declaring: “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will say, ‘This was their finest hour.’” 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Battle of Britain Preparing for an invasion of England, Germany attacked British coastal defenses, radar stations, and shipping. RAF = Royal Air Force (British) Though heavily outnumbered, the RAF put up a gallant defense. Radar, used for the first time in battle by the British, played an important role. Germany didn’t feel radar was necessary. 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Battle of Britain Hitler was afraid to invade England. Amphibious landing – to attack by sea, landing troops on the beach This is the most dangerous type of invasion Every night for 90 days, he bombed London & all major cities. 1939-1945: WWII in Europe – Battle of Britain British send their children into the countryside or hid in subway tunnels during the raids. The people listened to Prime Minister Winston Churchill for words of encouragement. Unlike the French, the British refused to surrender. Hitler gave up the idea of invading England. Oct 12, 1940 - Germans postpone Operation Sea Lion until Spring of 1941 He invaded Russia instead. 1939-1945: Nazi invasion of Russia 1939, Hitler made a deal with Russia: Don’t attack me & I won’t attack you. He lied! Used 4 million troops to invade Russia Wanted Russia’s wheat & oil to feed his troops & tanks Invasion began on June 22, 1941, longest day of the year Needed 16 hrs. of daylight to invade world’s largest country 1939-1945: Nazi invasion of Russia The destruction of the Soviet Union by military force, the permanent elimination of the perceived Communist threat to Germany, and the seizure of prime land within Soviet borders had been a core policy of the Nazi movement since the 1920s. Adolf Hitler had always regarded the German-Soviet nonaggression pact, as a temporary tactical maneuver. Hitler’s tanks swept through Lithuania, Latvia, & Estonia like a hurricane. The Russian troops never knew what hit them. Taken by surprise, whole units of the Red Army were asleep in their barracks when they were encircled by the enemy. Hitler took no prisoners! Hitler waited for the Ukraininan peasants to plant the year’s wheat, then his troops swept in locusts. This was Russia’s breadbasket & he needed food to feed his army. 1939-1945: Nazi invasion of Russia By Christmas, German tanks surrounded Moscow on 3 sides and were ready for the kill. But temperatures fell to -40 degrees, freezing the oil in their tanks. The Nazi army bogged down in the harsh Russian winter. The Nazis attacked the city for 900 days – from Sept. 1941 to January 1944. Over 1 million residents died either from starvation or freezing to death. To help the Russian people fight Hitler, the U.S. send food, ammunition, trucks, tanks, and planes to the Red Army. Stalin was the communist dictator of Russia. He moved all of his war factories to the east. When his generals didn’t win battles, he had them shot. 1939-1945: Nazi invasion of Russia Hitler ordered 500,000 troops to capture Russian’s oilfields on the Caspian Sea, but they never made it. The Russian Army, with their backs against the Volga River, made their stand. They fought for 5 months block by block, street by street, often hand-to-hand against the Nazis. They finally surrounded & captured the Germany Army – 300,000 Nazi soldiers. 1943 was the turning point in the war: for the first time the Nazis were on the defensive! 1939-1945: Nazi invasion of Russia For the next 2 yrs., the Russian Army forced the Nazis out of Russia – and pursued them all the way back to Germany. Russian troops joined American troops just south of Berlin, the capital of Germany. The Russians got to Berlin first – 100,000 Russian soldiers died taking the city. Rather than be captured by angry Russians, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany Staging area for the Allies – Amer., British, & Canadian troops. Nazis knew the Allies were going to land somewhere along the French coast, they built concrete forts on the cliffs above the beaches. Normandy Beach, scene of the largest amphibious landing in the history of the world. From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany 3,000 ships carrying 200,000 soldiers crossed the English Channel At dawn, Higgins boats carried them to within 200 yards of the shore. Many died before reaching the shore – underwater mines exploded, sinking their landing craft. High waves drowned men who were up to their noses in water & carrying 60 lb. Backpacks. Barbed wire in the water caught many men, who were then cut down by Nazi artillery. Any man who made it to the beach was a hero! From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany Many Allied paratroopers who parachuted behind the German lines landed in deep swamps & drowned. Some landed right above the German camps and were shot while still in the sky. One crafty parachutist ended up hanging from a church spire; he played dead so the Nazis wouldn’t shoot him. Many, however, survived this nightmare to do their job – dynamite Nazi railroads and bridges. From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany General Patton, commander of the Allied tank divisions, moved his tanks even faster than the German blitzkrieg. He didn’t wait for his supply trucks to catch up and this created a problem: just as he crossed into Germany, his tanks ran out of gas! From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany Toughest fighting in Germany took place at the Battle of the Bulge. Just before Christmas 1944, Hitler launched a surprise offensive in the Ardennes Forest. Nazi tanks blew a hole in the Allied lines & broke through. When the Allies were surrounded at Fort Bastogne, the Nazis demanded their surrender. The American commander answered, “Nuts!” After 2 weeks of fighting, they were rescued by General Patton’s tanks! From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany When the mighty Russian Red Army crashed into Berlin, Hitler was hiding in an underground bunker with the few top aides who stuck by him in defeat. Hitler was angry because every last German did not fight to their death. After a brief marriage to his longtime girlfriend, the newlyweds committed suicide by drinking poison. The German General Staff surrendered a week later. The Allies declared May 8, 1945 as V-E Day, (Victory in Europe) After six horrible years, the war was over in Europe. From D-Day….to the defeat of Germany As the American & Russian troops liberated these regions, they came across Nazi concentration camps: Auschwitz, Birkenau, Belsen & Dachau. It is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. The troops discovered that Hitler had put to death 6 million Jewish men, women, & children. In what became known as the Holocaust, 70% (2/3) of all the Jews living in Europe were slaughtered. An estimated 1.1 million children were murdered in the Holocaust. The North African Campaign Gen. Rommel (Germany) had captured the port city Tobuk in June 1942. The Allies knew they needed to regain this region to cut off shipping supply lines to Germany. Gen. Montgomery (G.B.) caught the Axis soldiers totally by surprise, but they fought back & held their ground for 2 weeks before retreating. The North African Campaign-Operation Torch The goal of Operation Torch was to force the Axis armies out of Africa, and also to relieve pressure on the Russian forces, which were reeling under a new German offensive. The attack was led by both Montgomery & Eisenhower. Lasted about 7 months before Rommel’s Afrika Korps were finally crushed! General Eisenhower & General Montgomery Operation Valkyrie: Plot to kill Hitler-July 20, 1944 The plot was developed as a modification of Operation Valkyrie which was approved by Hitler for use if Allied bombing of German cities or an uprising of forced laborers from occupied countries working in German factories resulted in a breakdown in law and order. Members of the Reserve Army, modified the plan and decided to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goehring and Heinrich Himmler. Afterward, they planned for troops in Berlin to seize key government buildings, telephone and signal centers and radio stations. Hitler's death was required to free German soldiers from their oath of loyalty to him. Operation Valkyrie was meant to give the plotters control over the government so they could make peace with the Allies and end the war. This was one of many attempts made on Hitler’s life. President F.D. Roosevelt’s death President Franklin D. Roosevelt served 4 presidential terms Suffered from Polio Brought about the New Deal during the Great Depression Proposed the basis for the United Nations – using ideals from the League of Nations – but with United States involvement As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt's health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage @ 3:35 pm. Harry S. Truman During his few weeks as Vice President, he rarely saw the President, and wasn’t aware of the atomic bombs being developed – known as the Manhatten Project. Suddenly these and a host of other wartime problems became his to solve when he became President of the United States at 7:08 pm on April 12, 1945. The Axis powers cheered and were excited at the loss of FDR because they thought it would shut down the United States & we would no longer be a threat. They were wrong! The War in the Pacific-Japan’s expansion During WWII, Japan was an ally of Adolf Hitler. Japan’s job was to keep the U.S. army and navy busy in the Pacific Ocean. Without a declaration of war, the Japanese attacked N. & S. Korea and China. While WWII was raging in Europe, Japan occupied Southeast Asia. The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor In 1941, General Tojo planned to make war on the United States – only remaining power in the Pacific Ocean. December 7, 1941 – without a declaration of war – Japanese dive-bombers made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor At 7:55 on the sunny morning of Sunday, December 7, 1941, 183 Japanese warplanes swooped out of a cloudless sky and demolished the US Pacific fleet docked at Pearl Harbor. It was this single catastrophic event, not the invasion of Poland, the Battle of Britain or the persecution of the Jews, that finally dragged the United States into World War II. The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor Began @ 7:55 & ended shortly before 10:00. Quickly recovering from the initial shock of surprise, the Americans fought back vigorously with antiaircraft fire. Devastation of the airfields was so quick and thorough that only a few American planes were able to participate in the counterattack. The Japanese were successful in accomplishing their principal mission, which was to cripple the Pacific Fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps suffered a total of 2,896 casualties of which 2,117 were deaths and 779 wounded. The Army lost 228 killed or died of wounds, 113 seriously wounded and 346 slightly wounded. In addition, at least 57 civilians were killed and nearly as many seriously injured. The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor The Japanese lost 29 planes over Oahu, one large submarine and all five of the midget submarines. Their personnel losses (according to Japanese sources) were 55 airmen, nine crewmen on the midget submarines, and an unknown number on the large submarines. The Japanese carrier task force sailed away undetected and unscathed. On December 8, 1941, within less than an hour after a stirring, six-minute address by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress voted, with only one member dissenting, that a state of war existed between the United States and Japan, and empowered the President to wage war with all the resources of the country. The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor Four days after Pearl Harbor, December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. Congress, this time without a dissenting vote, immediately recognized the existence of a state of war with Germany and Italy, The War in the Pacific-Pearl Harbor Stress has a magical way of evaporating from your body. And the last thing you can imagine, as you close your eyes and stretch out on a balmy Oahu beach, is the thought of hundreds of killing machines suddenly screaming down upon you. It is this horrible paradox that will forever haunt Pearl Harbor and leave its indelible mark upon your soul. The Japanese dive bombers are long gone, but the wondrous allure of this tropical island remains. And so do the bodies of over 1,000 American sailors - still entombed in the hull of the U.S.S. Arizona. Japanese-American Internment Camps Anti-Japanese hysteria swept the U.S. after Pearl Harbor. Much of it was directed toward Japanese Americans. Fear of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast, which had been declared a war zone under military control. This map shows many of the internment camps in the United States Japanese-American Internment Camps On February 19th 1942 Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. Under the terms of the Order, some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US were removed from their homes and placed in internment camps. The U.S. justified their action by claiming that there was a danger of those of Japanese descent spying for the Japanese. Japanese-American Internment Camps However more than two thirds of those interned were American citizens and half of them were children. Many of the people rounded up had family members which were bravely fighting for the U.S. None had ever shown disloyalty to the nation. In some cases family members were separated and put in different camps. During the entire war only ten people were convicted of spying for Japan and these were all Caucasian. Japanese-American Internment Camps They were detained for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis. They were forced to live in bleak, remote camps behind barbed wire and under the surveillance of armed guards. Japanese American internment raised questions about the rights of American citizens as embodied in the first ten amendments to the Constitution. War in the Pacific-Navajo Code Breakers Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima: transmitting messages by phone & radio in their native language a code that the Japanese never broke. In May 1942, the first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp. Then, at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California, this first group created the Navajo code. They developed a dictionary and numerous words for military terms. The dictionary and all code words had to be memorized during training. War in the Pacific-Navajo Code Breakers At Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, declared, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima." In 1942, there were about 50,000 Navajo tribe members. As of 1945, about 540 Navajos served as Marines. From 375 to 420 of those trained as code talkers; the rest served in other capacities. The War in the Pacific- Philippines 9 hrs. later, the same Japanese bombers destroyed the U.S. Navy in the Philippines. General MacArthur and his 75,000 troops retreated to the Bataan Peninsula where he refused to surrender. Humiliated, he intended to see it to the bitter end. By a direct order from Pres. Roosevelt, MacArthur left the Philippines. In early 1942, the Japanese captured the Philippines and sent the Amer. Soldiers on the Bataan Death March. The Bataan Death March began on April 10, 1942. Any troops who fell behind were executed. Japanese troops beat soldiers randomly, and denied the POWs food and water for many days. The War in the Pacific- Philippines They marched for 9 days, 75 miles with no food/water in intense jungle heat. Approximately 10,000 of the 75,000 POW’s died. The War in the Pacific-Battle of the Coral Sea February, 1942: the Japanese began bombing Australia, the last stronghold of British & American troops. They sailed into the Coral Sea expecting to invade Australia. To their surprise, they were stopped at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy fought them to a draw. This was Japan’s first major setback, they called off the fighting after 2 days. The War in the Pacific-Battle of Midway Midway is an island that lies halfway between Hawaii & Japan. In June 1942, Admiral Nimitz, fought the Battle of Midway. Most of the battle was fought in the air, by planes that took off from air craft carriers. This was the first victory over Japan & was the turning point in the war. The War in the Pacific-Guadalcanal Aug., 1942: U.S. Marines landed on this island. Jungle warfare was a nightmare! Lived in trenches with leeches, scorpions, and snakes. Soldiers caught malaria & Japanese snipers shot at them. After 6 months of fighting, the Marines starved the Japanese into abandoning the island. The War in the Pacific-General MacArthur When Gen. MacArthur fled the Philippines, he promised his men, “I shall return.” Nobody really believed him – after all, the U.S. was 100% engaged against Hitler in Africa & Europe. The War in the Pacific General MacArthur spent his time after leaving the Philippines studying culture. He knew he had to keep his promise, “I shall return!” Figured out a strategy that would scare them to death: Take them by surprise! He began to leapfrog his way to Tokyo, avoid the most heavilyfortified Japanese islands, cut off supply lines, and leave the Japanese dishonored. They would never know where he would strike next. The War in the Pacific- “I shall return!” Had to make a full-scale amphibious landing taking back the Philippines. Land in waste-deep water, run like heck onto the beach-all the while under fire! Japanese troops fought to the last man. The remaining Japanese bomber pilots used kamikaze raids to sink ships. As promised, Gen MacArthur liberated the Philippines! The War in the Pacific-Iwo Jima Island lies 750 south of Tokyo 7 months the U.S. Air Force bombed the island, but never harmed the 20,000 Japanese troops hiding in their fortified caves. Four miles long, shaped like a pork chop, covering eight square miles, Iwo had no front lines, no rear, every inch a battleground. The War in the Pacific-Iwo Jima 75,000 Marines landed on the beach, the Japanese rolled their tanks out of the caves, blasted them, then rolled back into mountain caves. The G.I.’s had to fight their way up the mountain. 1 in 3 Marines died or were wounded trying to climb Mt. Suribachi. The War in the Pacific-Iwo Jima Original photo of flag-raising. After 36 days of fighting, the Marines finally made it to the top! Second photo. The War in the Pacific-Atomic Bomb The Allies were closing in on Japan. U.S. officials estimated 100,000 Allies would die taking Tokyo. Another 90,000 Allied troops would die taking the rest of Japan. An ultimatum to surrender was issued to Emperor Hirohito. Japan ignored the order. The War in the Pacific-Atomic Bombs Aug. 6, 1945 Atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima “Little Boy” 60% of the city was killed (approx. 150,000 people) Still Japan wouldn’t surrender! Another ultimatum was issued The War in the Pacific-Atomic Bombs Aug. 9, 1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki “Fat Man” Killed 40,000 70,000 badly burned Sept. 2, 1945 Japan surrendered V-J Day (Victory in Japan) Sources cited: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "The Holocaust." Holocaust Encyclopedia. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId =10005143 (accessed September 8, 2006). David J. Knowles is the author of Escape From Catastrophe, 1940 Dunkirk. Japanese-American Internment: A historical reader, copyright 2000 by Nextext, an imprint of McDougal Littell The Atomic Bomb, A historical reader, copyright 2000 by Nextext, an imprint of McDougal Littell Poster Education, copyright 1996.