Download Chapter 5 - Clinton Public School District

Chapter 5
Section 1
Thomas Hobbes
• Argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy,
and selfish.
– If they were not strictly controlled they would fight,
rob, and oppress one another.
• People entered into a social contract, giving up
the state of nature for an organized society.
• Believed only a powerful government, an
absolute monarch, could ensure an orderly
society.
John Locke
• More optimistic view of human nature.
• People were reasonable and moral, having
certain natural rights which include right to life,
liberty, and property.
• Argued that people formed governments to
protect their natural rights and was accepted by
all citizens.
• A government has an obligation to the people it
governs, if a govt fails the people’s natural rights,
the people have the right to overthrow that
government.
Baron de Montesquieu
• Studied the governments of Europe.
• Believed that British had protected themselves
against tyranny by dividing the various functions
and powers of government among three separate
branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial.
– Misunderstood the British system, which did not
separate powers in this way, but still felt it was the
best way to protect liberty.
• Each branch of government should be able to
serve as a check on the other two – checks and
balances.
Voltaire
• Also known as Francois-Marie Arouet
• Used biting wit as a weapon to expose the
abuses of his day, targeting corrupt officials
and idle aristocrats.
• He detested the slave trade and deplored
religious prejudice.
• Offended both the French government and
the Catholic Church.
Denis Diderot
• Labored for 25 years to produce a 28-volume
Encyclopedia. – Helped spread Enlightenment
ideas throughout Europe.
• His purpose was to change the general way of
thinking.
• He denounced slavery, praised freedom of
expression, and urged expression for all.
• Attacked divine right theory and traditional
religions.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Most controversial philosophe.
• Believed that people in their natural states
were basically good. This natural innocence
was corrupted by the evils of society.
• Felt society placed too many limitations on
people’s behavior.
• Put his faith in the “general will” or the best
conscience of the people.
Mary Wollstonecroft
• Argued women were being excluded from the
social contract itself.
• She called for equal education for girls and
boys. Only education could give women the
tools they need to participate equally with
men in public life.
Adam Smith
• Argued that the free market should be allowed to
regulate business activity.
• Tried to show how manufacturing, trade, wages,
profits, and economic growth were all linked to
the market forces of supply and demand.
• Strong supporter of laissez faire.
• Believed the marketplace was better off without
any government regulation, also believed the
govt had a duty to protect society, administer
justice, and provide public works.
Section 2
Madame Geoffrin
• Ran one of the most respected salons.
• Brought together the brightest and most
talented people in her day.
• Young musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart played for her guests, and Diderot was
a regular at her weekly dinners for
philosophers and poets.
Rococo Style
• Believed to encourage
the imagination.
• Criticized by the
philosophes for its
superficiality, it had a
vast audience in the
upper class and
growing middle class.
Composers
• New elegant style of music known as
“classical” came about.
– Johann Sebastian Bach
– George Handel
– Wolfgang Amadeuz Mozart
Frederick the Great (II)
• Enlightened despots – absolute rulers who
used their power to bring about political and
social change.
• Exerted extremely tight control over his
subjects as king of Prussia.
– Praised Voltaire’s work
– Tolerated religious differences
Catherine the Great
• Believed in the Enlightenment ideas of
equality and liberty.
• Exchanged letters and praised Voltaire and
Diderot.
• Like Frederick, Catherine abolished torture
and established religious tolerance in Russia.
• Expands Russia into Ukraine.
Joseph II
• Most radical of the enlightened despots.
• Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn
of their problems.
• Sold property of many monasteries and convents
and used the money to build hospitals.
• Ended censorship
• Abolished serfdom
Majority of Europeans
• Most Europeans were untouched by the
Enlightenment as peasants living in small rural
villages.
– Their culture changed much slower.
• The Enlightenment changed life for the courtly
and middle class which was less than majority.
Section 3
Rise to Global Power
• Geography
– Controlled trade
during the
Renaissance.
– Sent ships across the
world and planted
outposts in the West
Indies, North
America, and India.
Rise to Global Power
• Success in War:
– Each victory brought valuable rewards.
– Treaty of Utrecht - Gaining Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland in North America.
– Monopolized slave trade in Spanish America.
– Treaty of Paris, ended the French and Indian War
and the Seven Years War – Gaining all of French
Canada
Rise to Global Power
• Unlike its European rivals, Britain had no large
standing army.
• Developed a more powerful navy
– Protected its growing empire and trade
Rise to Global Power
• Favorable climate to business and commerce
• Few restrictions on trade
• The Act of Union joined England and Scotland
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
– Free trade between the two created larger market
for farmers and manufacturers
Growth of Constitutional Government
• Three new political institutions:
– Political parties
– The cabinet
– The office of prime minister
• Part of the evolution of Britain’s constitutional
government, a government whose power is
defined and limited by law.
Growth of Constitutional Government
• The British constitution is not a single
document, but all acts of Parliament over the
centuries.
– Including the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights
Political Parties
Tories
• Aristocrats
• Wanted to preserve
older traditions
• Supported broad royal
powers and a dominant
Anglican Church
Whigs
• Backed policies of the
Glorious Revolution
• Reflected urban
business interests
• Supported religious
toleration
• Favor Parliament over
the crown
Political Parties
• Political parties represented exclusive social
circles among rich, powerful men in
Parliament.
• The modern political party, representing
groups of people with a distinct platform, did
not appear until the1880’s.
The Cabinet System
• Evolved in the 1700s after the British throne
was inherited by a German Protestant prince.
• George I spoke no English and relied on the
leaders in Parliament to help him rule.
• The cabinet was a handful of parliamentary
advisers that met in a small room, or “cabinet”
to discuss.
• The Prime Minister is head of the cabinet.
Politics and Society
• British government was far from democratic.
• It was an oligarchy, a government in which the
ruling power belongs to a few people.
Politics and Society
• Landowning aristocrats were seen as the
“natural” ruling class.
– Highest nobles held seats in the House of Lords.
– Other wealthy landowners and rich business
leaders controlled elections to the House of
Commons.
• The right to vote was limited to a few male
property owners, who openly brought their
votes.
Politics and Society
• Wealthy landowners bought up farms and
common lands, evicting tenant farmers and
small landowners.
– These families drifted into towns where they faced
harsh existence.
• Small but growing middle class
George III
• 1760 – George III began a
60-year reign.
– Set out to regain royal
power.
– Wanted to end Whig
domination, choose his
own ministers, dissolve the
cabinet system, and make
Parliament follow his will.
– Few seats of Parliament
were given to “the king’s
friends.”
George III
• After the Seven Years’ War, George and his
advisors decided that English colonists in
North America must pay the costs of their
own defense.
– Colonists protested this idea.
• This and other conflicts triggered the
American Revolution, which ended in a loss
for Britain.
Cabinet Rule Restored
• Loss of its American colonies discredited the
king.
• Suffering from spells of mental illness and a
crisis of leadership, cabinet rule was restored
in 1788.
• The prime minister was seen as Britain's real
political leader.
Section 4
The 13 English Colonies
• By 1750, 13 prosperous colonies along the
eastern coast of North America.
• The colonies were home to diverse religious
and ethnic groups.
– They shared common values:
• Respect for individual enterprise,
• Growing self-confidence
• Increasing sense of their own destiny separate from
Britain.
Growing Distant
• Britain began to enforce long-neglected laws
regulating colonial trade.
• Parliament passed new laws to increase the
taxes paid by the colonies.
• Colonist bitterly resented what they saw as an
attack on their rights.
“No taxation without representation”
• The colonists believed since they had to
representation in Parliament then they could
not be taxed by Parliament.
• Some taxes were repealed but Britain
continued to assert its right to impose taxes
on the colonies.
Boston Massacre
• In March 1770, British soldiers in Boston
opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them
with stones and snowballs.
• Five protesters were killed.
Boston Tea Party
• December 1773 some colonists hurled a cargo
of British tea into the harbor to protest a tax
on tea.
• Parliament pass harsh laws to punish
Massachusetts for the destruction of the tea
– Other colonies rallied to oppose British response.
First Continental Congress
• Representatives from each colony gathered in
Philadelphia in 1774
– Met to decide what actions to take.
– Set up a Continental Army, led by George
Washington.
• War exploded in 1775.
Second Continental Congress
• Met in 1776
• Declared independence from Britain.
– Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was the principal
author of the Declaration of Independence.
– Reflects the ideas of John Locke
– Emphasized the principle of popular sovereignty –
all government power comes from the people.
• Declaration adopted on July 4, 1776.
Birth of the American Republic
• Common Sense by Thomas Paine
– Called on colonists to declare their independence
from Britain.
– Echoed the themes of the Enlightenment.
– Brought large debate, many came to agree with
his ideas.
The American Revolution
• One third of colonists were loyalists,
supporting Britain.
• Britain looks in favor of winning.
– Professional soldiers
– Huge fleet
– Plentiful money
– Some Native Americans on their side
Turning Point in 1777
• Americans triumphed over the British at the
Battle of Saratoga.
– Persuaded France to join the Americans against its
old rival, Britain.
– Brought desperately needed supplies, trained
soldiers, and French warships.
– Netherlands and Spain added their support
The American Revolution
• In 1781, the help of the French fleet
blockading the Chesapeake Bay, Washington
forced the surrender of a British army at
Yorktown.
– British war effort crumbled.
Treaty of Paris
• Two years later, American, British, and French
diplomats signed the Treaty of Paris ending
the war.
– Britain recognized the independence of the United
States of America.
– Accepted the new nations’ western frontier as the
Mississippi River.
New Constitution
• The national government set up by a
documents called the Articles of
Confederation.
– Too weak to rule the new United States effectively
• During the summer of 1787, the nation’s
leaders met in Philadelphia to create the
Constitution of the United States.
– Strong yet flexible government
– Has adapted to changing conditions for more than
200 years.
Impact of Enlightenment Ideas
• The framers of the Constitution absorbed the
ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.
• Saw government in terms of a social contract
into which “We the People of the United
States” entered.
• Elected legislature and presidents.
– First president of the United States – George
Washington, who also led the army during the war
Impact of Enlightenment Ideas
• The Constitution created a federal republic,
power divided between the federal, or
national, government and the states.
• Separation of powers among the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches.
– Checks and balances
• Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the
Constitution, recognized that people had basic
rights that the government must protect.
Limited Freedom
• In 1789, the Constitution became the supreme
law of the land.
– Most Americans didn’t have the right to vote.
• Only white men who were able to meet certain
property requirements.