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POST-DISASTER PHASE Katharina Sexlinger, Almira Geosev and Oliver Schrot Environmental Risk Analysis SS 2016 Outline Introduction Post disaster phases & principles What is post-disaster intervention? Post-traumatic stress disorder Post-disaster intervention techniques – an overview Case study – post-disaster intervention & rehabilitation after nuclear accident Introduction In general two types of disasters Natural (earthquakes, thunderstorms, tsunamis, avalanches, debris flows, flooding…) Technological (nuclear accident, chemical spills, train derailments …) Disasters lead into crisis – „critical event that may lead to catastrophe“ is an acute disruption of psychological homeostasis (Flechtner 1970) Triggers distress and the affected person looses coping ability (Roberts & Ottens 2005) Post-disaster intervention wants to protect human (mental) health Post-diaster phases Source: http://resilienturbanism.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Post-DisasterResilience-Diagram-e1374008925769.png accessed 03.06.2016 11:20 Disaster Risk Framework GFDRR + EU + UNDP practice-based, results-focused tool planning for resilient post disaster recovery basis for quantifying recovery needs and formulating broad strategies Disaster Risk Framework 1) Conducting Post-Disaster Damage & Needs Assessment Assess entire scope of impact of disaster Social, Infrastructure, Productive, Human & Social Development, Macro-economy, Finance, 2) Policy & Strategy Setting for Recovery Disaster Risk Framework 3) Institutional Framework for Recovery 4) Financing for Recovery Disaster Risk Framework 5) Implementation Arrangements & Recovery Management 6) Strengthening Recovery Systems in National and Local Governments Develop Capacity to Implement Disaster Assessments Post-disaster intervention Shares many similarities with crisis intervention But crisis intervention is a broader field …emergency psychological care to assist individuals who are within and suffer from a particular crisis situation –as people face the negative outcomes of a natural catastrophic event Health = physical + mental The mental status of a person determines his or her vulnerability to risk Post-disaster intervention techniques I Why do we need intervention techniques? Often a disaster triggers a post-traumatic stress disorder Witnessed accidents Encounter life threatening situations Feeling of faint Various symptoms PTSD patient with visible traumatic brain damage Source: http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/31/when-will-mentalillness-be-diagnosed-with-a-lab-test/ accessed 04.06.2016 11:45 Nightmares, traumas, emotional numbness, emotional isolation, changes in reactivity Loss of life quality Post-disaster intervention techniques II A quick and effective response helps to minimize the progress of a PTSD because symptoms occur in the first weeks after a natural disaster event and may last several months to years on the long run. Numerous methods… Post-disaster counseling SAFER-R Model The 7 Stage Crisis Intervention Model Mental State Examination Physical activity in post-disaster intervention Post-disaster education The 7 Stage Crisis Intervention Model (Robert & Ottens 2005) Case Study – Post Disaster Intervention in Case of a Nuclear Accident Complex and Expensive Triggered by Natural Disaster (Fukushima) First Measures Search and Rescue Medical Treatment Evacuation Well trained proceidures! Before Fallout National Emergency Plan Evaluation of Dose Rates Weather Conditions / Weather Forecast Information & Psychosocial Support Medical Resources Exposition Fallout Preperation Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Plan and Procedures After Fallout Evaluation (24/7) Information Environmental Monitoring Decontamination Remediation Environmental Remediation Decontamination Waste Management Decommissioning Risk Maps Economical Issues Health Monitoring especially cancer low level studies Sources Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 2011. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Braumeister, R.F., Dale, K. & Sommer, K.L., 1998. Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimination, and Denial. Journal of Personality, 66(6), pp.1081 – 1124. Cohen, R., 2011. Post-Disaster Intervention Procedure. Davidson, J.R.T., 2006. After the tsunami: Mental health challenges to the community for today and tomorrow. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(SUPPL. 2), pp.3–8. Flechtner, H.-J., 1970. Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik - Eine Einfürhung, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. Freeman, P.K. et al., 2003. Disaster Risk Management. IAEA, 2013. Decomissioning and Remediation after a Nuclear Accident, International Expert Meeting Report Vienna 2013. IFRC, 2015. World Disaster Report 2015, Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1293600-World-Disasters-Report-2015_en.pdf. IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation, Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/specialreports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf\npapers2://publication/uuid/41AD43FB-2529-4ACD-AD33-4C2D0AB4A0F3\nhttp://ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/. Jackson-Cherry, L. & Erford, B., 2010. Crisis Intervention and Prevention. Pearson, p.256. NATO, 2001. Guidelines on Crisis Intervention. Fact Sheet for Police Intervention. Available at: http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/PDF/AFPUS_Ultimate_Goal_NATO.pdf. Neria, Y., Nandi, A. & Galeas, S., 2008. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disaters: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), pp.467–480. Roberts, A.R. & Ottens, A.J., 2005. The seven-stage crisis intervention model: A road map to goal attainment, problem solving, and crisis resolution. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(4), pp.329–339. Snyderman, D. & Rovner, B., 2009. Mental status exam in primary care: a review. American family physician, 80(8), pp.809–814. U.S. Department for Health and Human Services, ., 1999. Crisis Counseling Programs for the Rural Community. Lab on a chip, 9(24), p.3454. US National Hazard Reduction Program, 2005. Indian Ocean Earthquake / Tsunami of December 26 , 2004. , pp.1–11. USAID, 2014. Guide to edudcation in natural disasters. , (January). Wilmot, C.G. & Mei, B., 2004. Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. Natural Hazards Review, 5(4), pp.170– 178. Available at: http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4995.
