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Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Great Britain 1760 AD – 1840 AD in England 1800s-1900s in France and Germany 1840s -1920s in United States That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte How did the world go from this? To This ? SO WHY ENGLAND? REASON # 1 Agricultural Revolution More FOOD was available. Food production increased over 60% during the 1700s; twice the rate between the 1500s and 1700s. Introduction of new crops, Columbian Exchange, from the New World. English farmers began to raise potatoes which proved cheap and nourishing. Other new crops indirectly benefitted humans as they improved animal feed: corn, buckwheat, carrots and cabbage. This new animal feed produced larger quantities of better tasting meat and milk. Charles Townshend-Crop Rotation • Charles 'Turnip' Townshend • He popularised new techniques and proved that they were more profitable. • He introduced the Norfolk Four-Course Crop Rotation (wheat, turnips, barley, clover) to Britain. • Turnips were used as a cleansing crop to allow the land to be hoed to kill the weeds, and clover was grown to replace the nutrients in the soil that the crops had depleted. • This rotation prevented land from lying fallow and both turnips and clover were fodder crops, which could be fed to animals to allow more of them to survive cold winters. • Used a method called marling, which mixed rich subsoil with a poorer sandy soil to produce better quality crops and increasingly more profit. • Gave his tenant farmers longer leases to encourage them to invest more money to experiment with new ideas and improving their land. Planting Crops Before The Seed Drill The First Seed Drill Additional Machines Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American Cyrus McCormic (1834) Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837) Thresher – separated grain from stalk Harvester – cut and bind grain Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain Tractor – pulled equipment through the field Corn planter Potato digger Electric milker Cotton picker Selective Breeding? •Some farmers such as Robert Bakewell and the Culley brothers •This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest of their •cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate. •You can tell how successful they were: •In 1710 the average weight for cattle was •168 Kg by 1795 - it was 363 Kg Enclosure Movement • By the late eighteenth century enclosures were becoming very common in Great Britain. • Enclosure simply meant joining the strips of the open fields to make larger compact units of land. • These units were then fenced or hedged off from the next person’s land. • This meant that a farmer had his land together in one farm rather than in scattered strips. • The farmer now had a greater amount of independence. • This was not a new idea • Enclosures had been around since Tudor times, but increased dramatically in the 1700s because they made it easier for farmers to try out new ideas. OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System ADVANTAGES • All villagers worked together • All the land was shared out • Everyone helped each other • Everyone had land to grow food • For centuries enough food had been grown OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System DISADVANTAGES •Strips in different fields •Fallow land •Waste of time •Waste of land •Common land The Enclosure Movement “Enclosed” Lands Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agricultural production increased Cost of foodstuffs dropped Increased production of food resulted in part, in a rapid growth of population Large farms, using machines and scientific methods, began to dominate agriculture Number of small farms began to decline 6. The number of farmers, in proportion to total population, decreased sharply 7. Many farmers moved to the cities 8. The population of cities increased rapidly 9. Farmers found their work less difficult because machines performed the back breaking labor 10. Farming changed from a self-sufficient way of life to big business REASON 2 WEALTH Aristocracy and middle class had grown wealthy from overseas trading and large-scale farming. Now wealth individuals had capital, or money, to invest in new industries. Parliament encouraged investments in new businesses by passing laws to help growing businesses. Banking and Capital • Britain had a ready supply of capital for investment – Britain excelled at banking – Had flexible credit facilities because they used paper money for transactions • Parliament was controlled by the land owning aristocrats. They created very business friendly laws for increasing their wealth This provides the money needed to start the new factories, to invest in the new machinery and to encourage new inventions. Reason # 3 Geography A country with many rivers and streams…so water power can be harnessed. Natural Resources/Geography Rich in natural resources Large number of harbors and rivers that could be used yearround for shipping Water also could be used as a power source Huge supplies of iron and coal---raw materials for the building of machines and fueling the new machines The damp climate was good for textile production, because it helped to keep the fibers in the material soft and easy to work with. Separated from the continent, Britain was able to remain apart from the wars plaguing Europe during the 1600 and 1700s and thus conserve their resources. The key to development was the abundance of natural resources What natural resources would be needed to create the power for the new machines and what resource would be necessary for building the new machinery? Natural Resources/Geography • England substituted coal for charcoal in the manufacturing of iron because by the 1700s, most of the forests were gone. • In 1708, the Darby family of Coalbrookdale started smelting iron using coke that was processed from coal. It made the highest quality of iron. • Since England had a large supply of coal, it was able to dominate the iron industry. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners British Pig Iron Production England’s Natural and Manmade Rivers England’s natural river system provided a basis for transportation of heavy items. Canals were used to link river systems and create a waterway network to move resources and goods. Reason # 4 - Population • A large population created 2 key things – An available workforce for the new factories – An increased demand for food and consumer goods / services Large Labor Supply Growing population of workers due to the improvements in farming---more food available leads to better diet and longer life expectancy 1700---less than 7 million, 1800---11 million Rapid population growth increased demand for goods Displaced farmers due to the enclosure movement took over jobs in factories and mining Birth rates rose in the 1700s, while death rates dropped. In 1700 in London, there was a half-million more deaths than births. By 1800 in London, the deaths only outnumbered births by 20,000. Large Labor Supply The death rate dropped because more babies were surviving childbirth due to the better training of midwives and formation of maternity hospitals. Both children and adults were dying less from disease. The major health epidemics like the Bubonic Plague had vanished in Britain after 1660 and the Great Fire of London. Other major diseases followed a similar pattern like Syphilis which stopped being an epidemic in the 1700s. Inoculations started in 1760 with Jenner’s Smallpox vaccine. Other reasons for the reduction of the epidemics are unknown. Population (tentative estimates in millions - much of it guesswork) * 1750/1 1800/1 1850/1 1990 Great Britain 7.4 10.5 20.8 57.1 France 21 27.3 35.8 56.1 34.0 79.0 7.6 10.5 9.9 57.6 Germany | |-[Germ+Aust] 18 23 Austria | Hungary Belgium Italy 3.5 2.2 16.0 5.0 3.1 19.0 17.5 13.2 4.3 24.4 Netherlands 1.6 2.1 3.1 14.9 Portugal Russia Spain Sweden 2.3 28 8.2 1.8 2.9 40.0 10.5 2.3 3.5 68.5 15.0 3.5 10.5 146.4 39.6 8.4 132.0 190.0 260.0 775.0 EUROPE (approx) Reason # 4 - Urbanization • Most people moved to the cities instead of living in rural areas. • This was only seen in Britain and Germany. • By the mid 1800s, 70% to 80% of Britain’s population lived in urban areas. • Society During the Industrial Revolution – Urbanization-The movement of people from the country to the city. – Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution • Upper class elite, 5% (owned most of the country’s wealth) • Middle classes, 15% (women worked at home raising kids) • Lower classes, 80% (lived mostly in tenement housing-tightly packed apartment like housing) Openness to New Ideas Ambitious upper and middle class people willing to invest in new inventions and industries---ENTREPRENEURS British people were interested in science and technology due to the Scientific Revolution Not afraid to take risks to make a profit Most of the early inventors were British or Scottish a)John Kay---flying shuttle b)James Hargreaves---spinning jenny c)Richard Arkwright---waterframe d)Samuel Crompton---spinning mule e)Edmund Cartwright---power loom (all of these led to the development of textile factories) f)James Watt---steam engine g)Henry Bessemer---inexpensive way to make steel h)Thomas Telford & John McAdam---paving roads i)Richard Trevithick---steam locomotive The first inventions are in the textile industry. With the increased population, the demand for cloth was great. Openness to New Ideas: Inventions • Steam Engine– Provided a new source of power in factories. – Eventually redesigned by James Watt – Led to all factories being run by steam and not water. • The location of factories was now unlimited Reason # 6 - Transportation Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure Metals, Woolens, & Canals Openness to New Ideas: Inventions • Steam Locomotive – Started in 1820’s to improve transportation – Led to a boom in railroadswhich helped business and increased jobs – Eventually was a major cause for westward expansion in the Canada – Why is the development of the Railroad so important to history? Importance of Railroads • Most important thing about railroads is that they provided a faster and cheaper means of transportation • Reduced the price of goods – Which increased sales – Which created more factories and machines – And the process started over again Reason # 7 – Political Stability Great Britain is an island nation with a relatively stable constitutional monarchy. Political Stability/Government Britain fought many wars during the 1700s, but never on British soil. So they never had to rebuild farms or towns due to war damages. British citizens did not have to worry about the threat of war destroying their property and had more time to consider ways to improve the quality of their lives. The British government favored economic growth by passing laws that encouraged investment in new inventions and industries. There were no internal trade barriers within Britain unlike most European countries. Government: Parliament • Parliament helped by providing a favorable business climate – Provided a stable government – Passed laws to protect private property – Very few restrictions on private enterprises Reason # 8 - Demand • An increased population lead to increased demand for consumer goods • Great Britain had colonies which also provided them with markets for their manufactured goods England’s Resources: Colonies and Markets Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the merchant class England had more colonies than any other nation Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico and gingham, were originally created in India China had a silk industry Britain’s Colonial Empire By End of 1800s Colonial Markets • Had a large supply of markets for their manufactured goods – Included Europe, the Americas, Africa & the East • Efficient merchant marine system to transport goods anywhere in the world The Industrial Revolution • Benefits of Industrialization – Better clothes, better heat, better food – Increased goods – More jobs – More opportunities Advantages of Industrializing First Growth of early British factories was impressive. As early as 1820, only 30% of the British labor remained in agriculture, while 80 to 100% of the continental labor was still devoted to agriculture. Britain was able to specialize in industry and import agricultural products from the continental Europe. Due to the effects of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the Industrial Revolution was delayed in continental Europe. It would not arrive until 1830. The French only began industrializing in the period 1830 – 1871, and only with a focus on luxury items and small-scale manufacturing. German industrialization happened even later in the 1870s and 1880s after the German unification process. The Industrial Revolution Economic Effects Social Effects • New inventions and development of factories • Long hours worked by children in factories • Increase in population of cities • Poor city planning • Loss of family stability • Expansion of middle class • Harsh conditions for laborers • Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes • Improved standard of living • Creation of new jobs • Encouragement of technological progress • Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s • Increased production and higher demand for raw materials • Growth of worldwide trade • Population explosion and a large labor force • Exploitation of mineral resources • Highly developed banking and investment system • Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication Political Effects • Child labor laws to end abuses • Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx) • Trade unions • Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism • Reform bills in Parliament