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September 1, 1939September 2, 1945 There was no fanfare or enthusiasm Was a continuation from WWI Treaty of Versailles—a direct cause Themes: • New nationalist states • Failure of collective security (LON) Axis vs. Allies • Axis stems from Mussolini speech: referring to a vertical line between Rome and Berlin as “an axis around which all European states” could collaborate Tripartite Treaty of 1940 extended the Rome-Berlin Axis to Japan USA, Great Britain and France favored appeasement (Munich) WWII was truly a global conflict (unlike WWI which was fought in Europe) • Fighting occurred in all major world areas except the Americas Axis powers enjoyed many early victories USA’s entrance and Germany’s failed invasion of Russia turned the tide New mechanized warfare and advancements made it the most deadly conflict in history Saturation bombing (fire bombing)—Dresden, Hamburg Atom Bombs—Nagasaki, Hiroshima Over 75 million people killed Nazi defeat exposed the horrors of the Holocaust Accelerated the decline of GB and FRA as world powers USA and USSR emerged as the two superpowers leading to the ideological conflict of the Cold War Germany invaded Poland—Sept. 1, 1939 Britain and France honored their agreement to defend Poland and declared war on Germany—Sept. 3, 1939 Germany used “Blitzkrieg” or lightening war • Tanks, airplanes and trucks were used in all-out attack (Denmark & Norway /April 1940) Germany easily took Poland in six weeks Sitzkrieg or “Phony War” • Hitler consolidated his gains in Poland and equipped his military in preparation for the coming attack against Europe France remained behind the Maginot Line/Brits send support • A series of concrete fortifications that extended 200 miles along the Western Front Germany attacked through neutral Holland and Belgium—going around Maginot Line (May 1940) Germans split Franco-British troops Cornered entire British army at Dunkirk • GB sent all ships to Dunkirk to rescue (Miracle at Dunkirk—300,000 troops saved) Mussolini sensed an easy victory, so he declared war on France June 22, 1940 Hitler captured Paris Germans set up a ‘puppet state’ called Vichy France Led by Marshall Petain (hero, Premier, treason) French resistance led by Charles de Galle • Fled to GB and attacked Vichy France throughout the remainder of the war By 1940, Hitler ruled over all of continental Europe (no UK…Italy—ally…USSR—still neutral) Winston Churchill (PM 1940-1945, 19511955) refused to surrender to Hitler August 15—German Luftwaffe began to bomb Britain to prepare for invasion The RAF used radar to help defend against attack Hermann Goering (head of Luftwaffe) suggested bombing major cities Aug ‘40-June ’41—dusk to dawn Oops…by focusing on civilian targets and not military, the Brits were able to boost military production and anti-aircraft defense Hitler attacked Russia—June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa (German King during 1st Crusade) Hitler wanted to control the Ukraine’s wheat fields and Caucasus’s oil fields 3 million Germans ‘blitzed’ Stalin by surprise By October 1941, Leningrad had been surrounded (25 miles from Moscow) Russian winters are COLD! (-20°)—summer uniforms! Fuel and Oil froze…no trucks, no weapons Battle of Leningrad—900 days 1.5 million civilians died (not of hunger!) This drained Germany’s resources and caused a two front war USA entered the war on December 8, 1941 • Neutrality declared in 1939 • Broke neutrality to help Churchill during BOB • Traded 50 old destroyers to GB for military bases in Newfoundland and the Caribbean • March 1941: “Lend-Lease Act” Lend or sell war materials to any country that was deemed vital to defense FDR: “Arsenal of democracy” Hitler: “economic declaration of war” August 1941: The Atlantic Charter • Broad set of peace principals Freedom from fear and want National sovereignty (self-determination) Similar to Wilson’s 14 Points Permanent system of general security (later the UN) Japan takes French Indo-china (Vietnam) and Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) • USA banned the sale of oil to Japan In retaliation, Japan attacks Peal Harbor on December 7, 1941 Sunday morning, December 7, 1941 Sneak attack 2,500 dead No ‘live’ recording…we interrupt this program December 8, 1941 • FDR…”a date that will live in infamy”…”we will win through to absolute victory” • USA and GB declare war on Japan December 11, 1941 • Germany and Italy declare war on the USA Turned the tide for good! Churchill to Roosevelt: Europe first, then the Pacific El Alamein, May ‘42: Gen. Bernard Montgomery (GB) and Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower (USA) combined forces to destroy Gen. Erwin Rommel’s (The Desert Fox)—kept GB’s control over Suez Canal. Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, May-June ‘42: Established U.S. naval supremacy in the Pacific. U.S. defeated Japan and prevented another attack on Pearl Harbor Guadacanal, August ‘42: Gen. Douglas MacArthur led the Marines in their first offensive in the Solomon Islands. This was the first attack in the ‘island-hopping campaign’ (selective targets) toward invading mainland Japan. Stalingrad, August ‘42-February ‘43: After six months of house to house fighting, the Soviets defeated the German army. This was the turning point in the European theatre. Casablanca, January ‘43: Roosevelt and Churchill: let’s attack Sicily and Italy and fight until the Axis “unconditionally surrender” Invasion of Sicily, July ‘43-August’44: Gen. George S. Patton (USA) and Gen. Montgomery invaded Sicily then mainland Italy. Mussolini resigned and Italy surrendered until German troops sent reinforcements, reinstated Mussolini and fought Allied troops until the end of the war in Europe. Tehran, Iran: November 28-December 1, 1943: • Agreed on postwar occupation of Germany, demilitarization of Germany and creation of an international peace organization (UN) • Churchill and Roosevelt promise to open a second front in France. • Russia had dibs on “liberating” Eastern Europe—major Cold War implications! D-Day/Invasion of Normandy/Operation Overlord, June 6, 1944: Eisenhower directed the largest amphibious assault of the war. By August, Paris was liberated and by 1944, all of France was liberated. Battle of the Bulge, December 1944: Germany’s last offensive of the war. Axis created a ‘bulge’ in the Allies front line, but did not break it. January 1945: Russia successfully marches through Poland February 1945: Allied firebombing of Dresden killed 135,000 Yalta (Southern Russia), February 4February 11, 1945: the Big Three drew up the structure of postwar Europe. Germany—divided into four zones of occupation Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe (Poland) and declare war on Japan in return for land lost to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. Battle of Iwo Jima, March 1945: vicious fight leading to 26,000 U. S. troops killed. Firebombing of Tokyo led to 80,000 deaths. Battle of Okinawa, April 1945: U.S. was now on Japan’s doorstep Mussolini tried to escape with his mistress but was caught, beaten, killed and hung upside down on April 28, 1945. Hitler married his mistress on April 29 then committed dual suicide in a Bunker in Berlin on April 30. May 8, 1945—Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) Potsdam Conference, July/August 1945: Churchill (then Clement Atlee), Stalin and Harry Truman met in Potsdam, Germany. The issue of postwar Germany and free elections in Eastern Europe were addressed again. • Truman demanded that Stalin carry out free elections in E. Europe. Stalin refused…the seeds of distrust are planted! Truman: “We Stalin: I know have the bomb” Hiroshima, August 6, 1945: Pilot Paul Tibbets flew the Enola Gay over Hiroshima dropping “Little Boy” …the first atom bomb dropped in war. Approximately 70,000+ were killed immediately with 40,000+ dying in the weeks that followed. 90% of the city was destroyed. Nagasaki, August 9, 1945: The U.S.A dropped the second (and last) atom bomb in war…. “fat man” killed 40,000+ immediately and another 70,000+ in the weeks the followed. On the same day, Russia declares war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. September 2, 1945—Victory in Japan Day (VE Day) World War II is OVER