Download PPT 1 - Intro, Face/Head/Neck

1/16/17
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Vince Austin,
Bluegrass Technical
and Community College
CHAPTER
Elaine N. Marieb
Katja Hoehn
10
PART A
Human
Anatomy
& Physiology
The Muscular
System
I. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles
A. Skeletal muscles work together or in opposition
B. Muscles only pull (never push)
C. As muscles shorten, the insertion generally moves
toward the origin Insertion = ??? Origin = ????
Insertion = Attachment on moveable bone
Origin = attachment to fixed/immovable bone
D. Whatever a muscle (or group of muscles) does,
another muscle (or group) “undoes”
SEVENTH EDITION
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
E. Muscle Classification: Functional Groups
1. Prime Movers / Agonists Agonist = “leader”
a. provide the major force for producing a specific
movement
2. Antagonists
a. oppose or reverse a particular movement
• 
• 
• 
• 
Opposite side of joint
Triceps is antagonist to biceps
Relaxed or stretched when the agonist is moving
Can provide resistance to control movements
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3. Synergists syn=“together erg=“work”
a. Add force to a movement
b. Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement
§  Joint stabilizers (finger flexors)
4. Fixators
a. synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s
origin (scapula)
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II. Naming Skeletal Muscles
A. Location of muscle
1. bone or body region associated with the muscle
(temporalis / temporal bone)
B. Shape of muscle
1. deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
C. Relative size
1. maximus – largest (gluteus maximus)
2. minimus - smallest (gluteus minimus)
3. longus – long
4. brevis - short
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D. Direction of fibers (imaginary axis)
1. rectus – fibers run straight up & down
2. Transversus – fibers run at 90º
3. Oblique – fibers run at 45º
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E. Number of origins
1. biceps (two origins)
2. triceps (three origins)
F. Location of attachments
1. named according to point of origin or insertion
(sternocleidomastoid = dual origin on sternum and
clavicle / insertion on mastoid process)
G. Action
1. flexor, extensor, or adductor (as in the names of
muscles that flex or extend, respectively)
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3. Pennate penna = “feather”
a. short fascicles that attach
obliquely to a central tendon
running the length of the
muscle
b. rectus femoris
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B. Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
1. Lever
a. rigid bar (lever/bones) that moves on a
fulcrum (joints), or fixed point
A. Arrangement of Fascicles
1. Parallel
a. fascicles run parallel to
the long axis of the muscle
b. Example - Sartorius
c. “strap-like”
2. Fusiform
a. spindle-shaped muscles
b. Example - biceps brachii
c. “spindle-like”
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4. Convergent
a. fascicles converge
from a broad origin to a
single tendon insertion
b. pectoralis major
5. Circular
a. fascicles are arranged
in concentric rings
b. orbicularis oris
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B. Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
Mechanical
Advantage
2. Effort
a. force applied to a lever (muscle contraction)
3. Load
a. resistance moved by the effort (actual bone)
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Mechanical
Disadvantage
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C. Lever Systems: Classes
C. Lever Systems: Classes
1. First class
a. fulcrum is between the load and the effort (can
be mechanical advantage or disadvantage)
b. Lifting your head off your chest
2. Second class
a. load is between the fulcrum and the effort
(uncommon in body / mechanical advantage)
b. Standing on your toes
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
C. Lever Systems: Classes
A. Muscles: Name, Action, and Innervation
3. Third class
a. effort is applied between the fulcrum and the
load (great speed / mechanical disadvantage)
b. Most skeletal
1. Name and description of the muscle
a. be alert to information given in the name
2. Origin and insertion
a. Origin - attachment to the immovable bone
b. Insertion - attachment to the movable bone
c. there is always a joint between the origin and
insertion
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Action
a. best learned by acting out a muscle’s movement
on one’s own body
4. Nerve supply
a. name of major nerve that innervates the muscle
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A. Muscles of the Scalp
Bipartate = “2 parties”
1. Epicranius
(occipitofrontalis)
a. bipartite muscle
consisting of the:
1) Frontalis
2) Occipitalis
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B. Muscles of the Face
1. Eleven muscles
are involved in
lifting the
eyebrows, flaring
the nostrils,
opening and
closing the eyes
and mouth, and
smiling
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C. Muscles of Mastication
1. There are four pairs of muscles involved in mastication
a. Prime movers
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
2. Galea aponeurotica
a. cranial aponeurosis
connecting above
muscles
3. These two muscles
have alternate actions
of pulling the scalp
forward and backward
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B. Muscles of the Face
2. All are innervated by
cranial nerve VII
(facial nerve)
3. Usually insert in skin
(rather than bone), and
adjacent muscles often
fuse
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b. Grinding movements
1. Pterygoids
2. Buccinators
2. All are
innervated
by cranial
nerve V
(trigeminal
nerve)
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D. Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
1. Three major muscles that anchor and move the
tongue
2. All are innervated by cranial nerve XII
(hypoglossal nerve)
E. Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat:
Suprahyoid
1.  Four deep throat
muscles
2. 
3. 
Anchor the tongue
4. 
Elevate the hyoid
5. 
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F. Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat:
Infrahyoid
1. Straplike muscles that depress the hyoid and
larynx during swallowing and speaking
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G. Muscles of the Neck: Head Movements
3. Lateral head movements are accomplished by the
sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
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Form the floor of
the oral cavity
Move the larynx
superiorly during
swallowing
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G. Muscles of the Neck: Head Movements
1. Major head flexor is the sternocleidomastoid
2. Synergists to head flexion are the suprahyoid and
infrahyoid
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G. Muscles of the Neck: Head Movements
4. Head extension is accomplished by the deep
splenius muscles and aided by the superficial
trapezius
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