Download Industrial Revolution: Science

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How Britain became an Industrial Power
Machines
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Child Labor
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Politics
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*How Britain Effected the World
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Science
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Economy
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BY: ALESHA S., ANNA M., ASHLEY B., CRYSTAL G., and JULIA C.
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Works Cited
The inventors of the Industrial Revolution contributed
greatly to the aide of production and advancement in
factories. The inventors listed below made major
inventions that affected the Industrial Revolution.
 John Kay
 James Hargreaves
 James Watt
 Edmund Cartwright
 Eli Whitney
 Thomas Newcomen
 Richard Arkwright
 Robert Fulton
•1704-1780
•Invented the cotton gin in 1733
•Home was attacked from angry textile workers; afraid that his
invention would take their jobs
•Fled to England; died from poverty around 1780
 1720-1722
 Weaver
 Carpenter
 Inventor from
Lancashire, England
 Invented Spinning
Jennifer or “Spinning
Jenny” in 1764
o 1664-1729
o Ironmonger
o Created the first
practical steam engine
used to pump water;
invention known as the
“Newcomen steam
machine”
 1936-1819
 Home-schooled for most
of his life
 Opened a workshop with
his friend Professor John
Robison
 Acknowledged for
perfecting the
Newcomen’s engine
 1743-1823
 English Clergyman
 Made first power loom in
1784 but patented it in
1785
 Also known for patented
wool combing machine
in 1789
 1765-1825
 Invented the cotton gin
on March 14th, 1794
 Also invented the first
musket with
interchangeable parts
 Worked as a farm laborer
and a school teacher
 Wanted to study law
 1732-1792
 Invented spinning frame
 Invention first powered
by water wheels
 Built first textile mill in
Cromford, England in
1774
 30,000 people employed
in 785 factories using
Arkwright’s patent
• 1765-1815
• American engineer and
inventor
• Developed a new type of
steam warship
• Commissioned by
Napoleon Bonaparte in
1800 to design the
Nautilus, to make the
first practical submarine
Child Labor
Industry in Britain
Apprenticeships
When the concept of child labor was still
new, children worked as apprentices and
learned a specific trade, receiving training
instead of wages. Some also worked as
chimney sweeps, starting as young as four
years old. The chimney sweep was
considered one of the most exploited child
workers of the time.
Industry and Factories
1769- The first textile mills were built.
Factory labor systems were criticized for
•strict discipline
•harsh punishment
•unhealthy working conditions
•low wages
•inflexible work hours
The concept of child labor as abuse and exploitation of children became a
major subject of debate. Children as young as five years old worked as many
as sixteen hours a day, six days a week. They often went all day without meals
or breaks.
Supporters of child labor argued that conditions in factories were no worse
than at home or in the fields and the work was beneficial to the children and
their families.
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The term Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the
period itself.
The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many
kinds of goods.
Some of this increase in production resulted from the introduction of power-driven
machinery and the development of factory organization. Before the revolution,
manufacturing was done by hand or simple machines.
Britain had a better transportation network than any other country in Europe. The
British also had mastery of the seas, excellent ports, and a large merchant fleet.
The term Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the
period itself
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s. It started
spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. By the
mid-1800s, industrialization had become widespread in western Europe and the
northeastern United States.
How Britain Became an Industrial Power
Continued
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The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods.
Some of this increase in production resulted from the introduction of power-driven machinery and the
development of factory organization.
Before the revolution, manufacturing was done by hand or simple machines.
Power-driven machines replaced handwork, and factories developed as the best way of bringing
together the machines and the workers to operate them.
The country had large deposits of coal and iron, the two natural resources on which early
industrialization largely depended. Other industrial raw materials came from Great Britain's colonies.
Great Britain's colonies not only provided raw materials, but also provided markets for manufactured
products. These colonial markets helped stimulate the textile and iron industries, which were probably
the two most important industries during the Industrial Revolution.
Individual investors played a vital part in the growth of the Industrial Revolution from the beginning.
Many English merchants made fortunes during the 1700's from European wars, from the slave trade
with North America, or from commerce with Britain's colonies. These merchants and other English
people began seeking investment opportunities after seeing industries make large profits.
Most banks did not directly invest in factories or make loans to factory owners for the purchase of
machinery. Some banks, however, made short-term loans to industrialists to cover their operating
expenses. Such loans allowed industrialists to use their own money to buy equipment and improve and
expand their factories. Banks mainly provided credit to farmers, wholesalers, and retail merchants,
who then placed orders with manufacturers.
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Although Britan had become a monarch, the majority of the
population were deprived from the electoral system… As it’s
industry grew(along with a stronger middle class) britan
needed an electoral reform to balance it’s new power.
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Chartism- an ideology that called for poilical reform in the
country. Chartism’s name was based on the People’s
Charter ( a document written in 1838 by William Lovett and
other radicals of the London Working Men’s Association).
 The
Charter called for
several changes to the
Parliamentary system:
Universal Male
Suffrage
Annual
Parliaments
Vote by ballot
Equal electoral
votes for the
residents
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Socialism- System of government where the
state plans and controls the economy and
collectively owns the means of producing and
distributing goods.
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Socialism grew during the 1800’s as a reaction
to the Industrial Revolution. It’s asserting
nature, proclaiming more state influence,
equal rights, and an end to brutality, and it
strongly opposed Individualism and Laissezfaire politics (The policy that the government
should leave the market to it’s own devices
and should not interfere with the economy).
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He was a French Aristocrat. Also he
was one of the first socialist. He
supported the public controls of
means of production and
recognized that the economy’s
organization of society was very
important in the different types of
society.
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He also believed in historical
precedent, like Marx, and said that
history progressed through
construction and deconstruction.
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And English entrepreneur who
turned into a socialist. He was
very successful in the textile
industry, getting a huge fortune
before turning his interest to the
circumstances of workers.
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He is called the “Father of British
Socialism”. He established a
community that provided
excellent working conditions. He
made funded schools, non-profit
stores, and other social services.
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Born in Germany, Karl Marx
was a political philosopher.
He went to Paris where he
made friends with Friedrich
Engels. Marx accepted
Socialism.
He outlined his belief that all
directions of an individual’s
life are determinded by that
individual’s relationship to
the means of production.
Karl also believed that the
only changes in this power
structure would come
through revolution. This
theory is now know as The
Marx Dialectic.
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At the ending the group in control, the thesis- or
the existing society, with it’s power fixed in a
certain class.
Against the them is the Anti-Thesis, the group
that wants social change and doesn’t have
any power
When the tightness has grown sufficient, a
revolution happens.
In Marx theory, revolution was the only method
to instigate real social change.
The result of the Revolution is the Synthesis,
which is a combination between the Thesis and
the Anti-thesis. This, in turn, becomes the new
thesis, and remains so until a new Anti-thesis
sparks another revolution.
In the end, the result of this was communism, a
utopian society based on equality between
individuals with all having equal access to the
means of production.
MACHINES
Machines helped productivity levels rise.
 More products made in less time.
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 Machines
 Steam
invented
engine
 Throstle (water frame)
 Spinning machines
 Spinning jenny
 Weaving
These are some of the inventions that were very helpful in
people’s every day life.
THE SPINING JENNY
The spinning jenny was used to help
produce yarn in less time.
STEAM ENGINE
The steam engine was first used to pump water out of mines.
The later steam engine was used for productive uses by using
them as a driving force of the industrial revolution.
THROSTLE
A machine formerly used for spinning
fibers such as cotton or wool. .
By 1848 the British produced more iron than the rest of the world combined. As
in textile production, in iron making a number of inventions appeared to respond
to problems. Refining of the brittle cast iron was improved to make it more
malleable and tougher. At the same time more efficient mining processes for both
coal and iron ore were used to ensure a constant supply of raw materials.
To further dominate the metals market, in the 1850s Henry Bessemer (1813-1898)
developed a process to make steel, a harder and more malleable metal, quickly and
cheaply.
So effective was the process that between 1856 and 1870 the price of British steel
fell to one half the amount formerly charged for the best grade of iron. The drastic
reduction in price, a mark of industrialization, had a positive impact on all areas
of the economy.
In the period after midcentury Britain produced more than two-thirds of the
world's coal and more than half of the world's iron and cloth. Industrial
development encouraged urbanization and by 1850 more than half of the
population lived in cities and worked in industries.
The British continued to enjoy the highest per capita income in the world, and
the island nation stood head and shoulders above the world in terms of economic
and material strength
Continued
Britain helped with providing the world with machines
and other technological advancements.
They have left lasting effects around the world.
By: Ashley Bandish, Anna McJunkin,
Alesha Shatley, Crystal Genaux, Julia
Collver
 The
following conditions were some major
factors that contributed to the increase of
Britain's economy:
 Road improvements
 Canal construction
 Ocean trade monopoly
 Strong military forces
 Excellent national banking system
 Inventions
 Increased productivity
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New inventions made it possible for the increase in
factory production. The new ideas led to better
technology, mass production and eventually a surplus.
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Some inventions that were made are below:
Flying shuttle
Spinning Jenny
Power loom
Cotton gin
Atmospheric engine
Watt's steam engine
These inventions helped to make the products more
efficient, the workers safer and production faster.
 Britain
traded
goods such as:
tobacco, sugar,
tea, and slaves
internationally
A
sewer running water in individual homes
 Provides a much more sanitary environment
 Exported
five times as much iron as imported
 In 1848, produced more iron than the whole
world
 Education
increased due to Britain’s factories
being able to afford to give their workers
higher wages. Therefore, more people were
getting higher statuses in society.
 Henry
Bessemer
developed a process
to make steel
harder and more
malleable
 British steel fell to
one half the amount
charged for the best
grade of iron
 Had a positive
effect on the
economy
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 Bellis, Mary. "Flying Shuttle - John Kay." Inventors. 24 Apr. 2009
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Works Cited Continued
 "Lecture 17: The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England."
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The History Guide -- Main. 24 Apr. 2009
<http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html>.
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